Deck 1: Biopsychology as a Neuroscience: What is Biopsychology, Anyway?

Question 1

An advantage of biopsychological research on nonhuman animals as opposed to humans is that

A) the brains of nonhumans are simpler.
B) there are fewer ethical constraints in studying nonhumans.
C) research in several species makes it possible to use the comparative approach.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Answer 1

all of the above

Question 2

The human brain weighs about

A) 0.3 kilograms (0.7 pounds).
B) 0.8 kilograms (1.8 pounds).
C) 1.0 kilograms (2.2 pounds).
D) 1.3 kilograms (2.9 pounds).
E) 2.3 kilograms (5.1 pounds).

Answer 2

1.3 kilograms (2.9 pounds).

Question 3

Biopsychology is the scientific study of the

A) biology of behavior.
B) brain.
C) chemistry of the brain.
D) biology of the brain.
E) biology of cognition.

Answer 3

biology of behavior.

Question 4

What distinguishes biopsychology from the other subdisciplines of neuroscience?

A) its focus on the study of behavior
B) its focus on animal subjects
C) its focus on psychiatric disorders
D) its focus on psychoactive drugs
E) both C and D

Question 5

The comparison of brain-behavior relations in different species is called

A) the comparative approach.
B) ethology.
C) biopsychology.
D) evolutionary biology.
E) none of the above

Question 6

Which of the following is a major theme of your text?

A) thinking creatively about biopsychology
B) clinical implications
C) the evolutionary perspective
D) neuroplasticity
E) all of the above

Question 7

According to the textbook, the science of biopsychology as it is practiced today emerged as a discipline in about

A) 1549.
B) 1649.
C) 1749.
D) 1849.
E) 1949.

Question 8

The man who played a key role in the emergence of biopsychology as a discipline by writing "The Organization of Behavior" is

A) Sperry.
B) Hebb.
C) Lashley.
D) Milner.
E) Pinel.

Question 9

Structure of the nervous system is to function of the nervous system as

A) biopsychology is to psychology.
B) neuroanatomy is to neurophysiology.
C) neuropathology is to clinical psychology.
D) neuroscience is to biopsychology.
E) biopsychology is to neuroscience.

Question 10

Psychology is often defined as the scientific study of

A) psychophysics.
B) behavior.
C) biopsychology.
D) the brain.
E) conditioning.

Question 11

Research has now established that the brain is

A) static.
B) immutable.
C) plastic.
D) white.
E) gray.

Question 12

The study of the nervous system is called

A) neuroscience.
B) psychology.
C) biopsychology.
D) neurochemistry.
E) neurophysiology.

Question 13

Psychobiology, behavioral biology, and behavioral neuroscience are all approximate synonyms for

A) cognitive behavior.
B) behavioral psychology.
C) biopsychology.
D) neurophysiology.
E) neuroscience.

Question 14

Which of the following animals are currently the most common subjects of biopsychological research?

A) monkeys
B) chimpanzees
C) dogs
D) rats and mice
E) cats

Question 15

Which subdiscipline of neuroscience focuses on the study of brain disorders?

A) ethoexperimental psychology
B) biopsychology
C) developmental neurobiology
D) neuropathology
E) neuroendocrinology

Question 16

The human brain is composed of various cells, including about 100 billion that are specialized to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. These specialized cells are called

A) glial cells.
B) axons.
C) neurons.
D) oligodendroglia.
E) sulci.

Question 17

Biopsychology is a branch or division of

A) neuropsychology.
B) psychophysiology.
C) neuroscience.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 18

Jimmie G., the man frozen in time, had a severe problem with his

A) memory.
B) temperature regulation.
C) IQ.
D) attention.
E) ability to tell time.

Question 19

The main difference between human brains and the brains of their mammalian relatives is that human brains tend to be bigger and

A) whiter.
B) all gray.
C) have more cortex.
D) have two hemispheres.
E) both C and D

Question 20

Which of the following is the youngest scientific discipline?

A) physics
B) astrology
C) biology
D) biopsychology
E) chemistry

Question 21

The division of biopsychology that studies the neural mechanisms of behavior through the direct manipulation of the brains of laboratory animals in controlled experiments is

A) physiological psychology.
B) psychophysiology.
C) neuropsychology.
D) cognitive neuroscience.
E) both A and B

Question 22

The Coolidge effect refers to the fact that

A) rats often gorzalka after sex.
B) a sexually-fatigued animal will often resume sexual activity if its current partner is replaced with a new one.
C) the members of some species do not become sexually fatigued.
D) male animals tend to become sexually fatigued.
E) prolonged copulation is more difficult for males.

Question 23

The advantage of humans over other primates as subjects in biopsychological research is that they

A) are often cheaper.
B) can report their subjective experiences.
C) can follow verbal directions.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 24

Which of the following is not regarded as one of the major divisions of biopsychology?

A) physiological psychology
B) clinical psychology
C) neuropsychology
D) psychophysiology
E) psychopharmacology

Question 25

Which subdivision of biopsychology is most likely to be identified with an experiment in which the effects of Prozac on the ability of mice to learn a maze is studied?

A) experimental psychology
B) psychopharmacology
C) psychophysiology
D) physiological psychology
E) neuropsychology

Question 26

In a well-designed experiment, there is only one systematic difference between the conditions. This difference is manipulated by the experimenter and is called the

A) between-subject variable.
B) within-subject variable.
C) dependent variable.
D) independent variable.
E) confounded variable.

Question 27

In a successful experiment, the independent variable affects the

A) confounded variable.
B) dependent variable.
C) correlated variable.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 28

The posture of lordosis in a female rodent indicates that she

A) is looking for food.
B) will attack if provoked.
C) is defending a litter of pups.
D) is sexually receptive.
E) is sexually fatigued.

Question 29

Which of the following makes it difficult to make causal interpretations of experimental results?

A) independent variables
B) dependent variables
C) constant variables
D) confounded variables
E) none of the above

Question 30

The corpus callosum is a

A) large medical dictionary.
B) source of hypothalamic hormones.
C) membership directory of the Society for Neuroscience.
D) part of the neocortex.
E) neural pathway that connects the left and right hemispheres.

Question 31

Which subdiscipline of biopsychology is identified with the measurement of scalp EEG activity and ANS activity in humans?

A) psychophysiology
B) experimental psychology
C) physiological psychology
D) neuropsychology
E) psychopharmacology

Question 32

Research that is intended to bring about direct benefit to humankind is

A) biopsychological research.
B) pure research.
C) case-study research.
D) applied research.
E) correlational research.

Question 33

The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the

A) brain.
B) cerebellum.
C) great cerebral commissure.
D) cerebral hemispheres.
E) all of the above

Question 34

In some studies, subjects are not assigned to particular conditions; instead subjects are selected because they are already living under these conditions (e.g., alcohol consumers and alcohol nonconsumers). Such studies are

A) quasiexperiments.
B) case studies.
C) true experiments.
D) randomized experiments.
E) unethical.

Question 35

Which subdiscipline of biopsychology is most likely to be identified with the assessment of the memory deficits of patients with damage to the frontal portions of the neocortex?

A) neuropsychology
B) physiological psychology
C) psychopharmacology
D) experimental psychology
E) psychophysiology

Question 36

What do Hubel, Sperry, Axelrod, Moniz, Pavlov, and Golgi have in common? They are all

A) biopsychologists.
B) neuroanatomists.
C) neuropsychologists.
D) psychologists.
E) Nobel Prize winners.

Question 37

The research of a biopsychologist working for a drug company would likely be

A) largely pure.
B) completely pure.
C) psychopharmacological.
D) applied.
E) both C and D

Question 38

The term "within-subjects design" refers to experiments in which

A) each subject is exposed to each condition of the experiment.
B) a different group of subjects is tested in each condition of the experiment.
C) some groups of subjects receive drug injections.
D) invasive procedures are used, that is, those in which the internal physiology of the subjects is manipulated.
E) either C or D

Question 39

A major shortcoming of case-study research is that

A) it is always done on sick people.
B) it cannot be applied to laboratory animals.
C) it is too general.
D) the degree to which the results can be generalized is unclear.
E) both A and B

Question 40

The experiment of Lester and Gorzalka (1988) is significant because it constitutes the first strong evidence of a Coolidge effect in

A) females.
B) humans.
C) nonhumans.
D) hamsters.
E) rats.

Question 41

A term that refers to higher intellectual processes such as thought, memory, and attention is

A) "cognition."
B) "motivation."
C) "emotions."
D) "prosody."
E) "IQ."

Question 42

Scientists in many fields study the unobservable

A) with electron microscopes.
B) with microelectrodes.
C) by scientific inference.
D) by direct observation.
E) by direct measurement.

Question 43

Experimental evidence suggests that the brain damage commonly observed in people who consume a lot of alcohol is caused by

A) the direct toxic effects of alcohol on the brain.
B) thiamine deficiency.
C) vitamin B? deficiency.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 44

The major method of cognitive neuroscience is

A) single cell recording.
B) the electrocardiogram.
C) the ethological approach.
D) the electrooculogram.
E) none of the above

Question 45

The first prefrontal lobotomy performed on a human was

A) performed by Lima.
B) based on the study of Becky.
C) performed with a leucotome.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 46

Which part of the brain is illustrated (the shaded area) in the accompanying drawing?

A) prefrontal cortex
B) occipital cortex
C) corpus callosum
D) caudate
E) hypothalamus

Question 47

The visual system bases its perception of motion on a comparison between movement of the image on the

A) retina and the neural commands sent from the brain to the eye muscles.
B) cornea and its movement on the retina.
C) retina and contractions of the eye muscles.
D) retina and movement of the eyes.
E) two retinas.

Question 48

Many schizophrenics have

A) regular EEG waves.
B) irregular heartbeats.
C) difficulty in the smooth visual tracking of regularly moving objects.
D) both A and B
E) none of the above

Question 49

Some comparative psychologists study behavior in the laboratory, whereas others conduct

A) ethological research.
B) case studies.
C) experiments.
D) applied research.
E) converging operations.

Question 50

If an object is moving to the left at a constant speed and you are rotating your eyes to the left at twice the speed, you will see the object moving

A) to the right at the same speed.
B) to the right at twice the speed.
C) to the right at half the speed.
D) to the left.
E) back and forth.

Question 51

Morgan's canon is

A) a weapon used by Morgan.
B) a surgical instrument used by Moniz.
C) a method used to tame bulls.
D) a brain operation.
E) none of the above

Question 52

According to the text, the division of biopsychology that deals generally with the biology of behavior, rather than specifically with the neural mechanisms of behavior, is

A) physiological psychology.
B) psychobiology.
C) neural biology.
D) comparative psychology.
E) none of the above

Question 53

A volunteer with curarized eye muscles, who viewed a stationary target, saw the target move

A) in the direction opposite to the direction in which his eyes drifted.
B) in the direction opposite to the direction in which he attempted to move his eyes.
C) in the same direction as he attempted to move his eyes.
D) rapidly back and forth.
E) rapidly up and down.

Question 54

Common participants in the conduct of cognitive neuroscientific research are

A) cognitive psychologists.
B) computer experts.
C) biopsychologists.
D) mathematicians.
E) all of the above

Question 55

In psychophysiology, the usual measure of brain activity is the

A) EKG.
B) ANS.
C) EEG.
D) electroencephalogram.
E) both C and D

Question 56

Scientists study past ice ages, evolution, neural inhibition, gravity, evaporation, and thinking by

A) neuroscience.
B) scientific inference.
C) generalization.
D) operational sets.
E) direct observation.

Question 57

The principle that precedence should be given to the simplest interpretation of a behavior when more than one interpretation is possible is called

A) the principle of precedence.
B) the principle of simplicity.
C) Delgado's canon.
D) the principle of convergence.
E) Morgan's canon.

Question 58

The major method of cognitive neuroscience is

A) functional brain imaging.
B) structural brain imaging.
C) autonomic nervous system recording.
D) the ethological approach.
E) the intelligence test.

Question 59

Scientific progress is most likely when different approaches are focused on a single problem, particularly when the strengths of one approach compensate for the weaknesses of the others. This is called

A) converging operations.
B) comparative analysis.
C) critical thinking.
D) scientific inference.
E) functional imaging.

Question 60

The primary symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is

A) severe memory loss.
B) epilepsy.
C) insomnia.
D) dehydration.
E) obesity.

Question 61

Many psychophysiological measures are indicators of the activity of the __________ nervous system, which regulates the body's inner environment.

Question 62

Korsakoff's syndrome is often associated with a __________ deficiency.

Question 63

The division of biopsychology that makes the greatest use of functional brain imaging is __________.

Question 64

In 1949, Egas Moniz was awarded the Nobel Prize for

A) demonstrating that the two cerebral hemispheres have different functions.
B) writing "The Organization of Behavior."
C) research on the visual system.
D) studies of hormone production by the brain.
E) none of the above

Question 65

This drawing illustrates

A) Lima's original prefrontal lobotomy.
B) Moniz's original prefrontal lobotomy.
C) a transorbital prefrontal lobotomy.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C

Question 66

__________ are the biopsychologists who focus on the study of human patients with brain damage.

Question 67

In the U.S. alone, more than __________ psychiatric patients have received a prefrontal lobotomy.

A) 40
B) 400
C) 4,000
D) 40,000
E) 400,000

Question 68

Korsakoff's syndrome is most prevalent in chronic __________.

Question 69

According to the text, __________ played a key role in the emergence of the field of biopsychology by writing a book published in 1949.

Question 70

The study of nervous system disorders is called __________.

Question 71

The general method that scientists use to study unobservable objects and events is called __________.

Question 72

A __________ -subjects design is an experimental design that involves testing a different group of subjects under each condition of the experiment.

Question 73

Which prefrontal lobotomy procedure is illustrated by this drawing?

A) the procedure later used by Freeman in Canada
B) the procedure introduced by Moniz and Lima
C) the improved prefrontal lobotomy procedure developed in Sweden
D) the transorbital prefrontal lobotomy
E) both B and C

Question 74

There is more to biopsychology than the study of the neural mechanisms of behavior. The division of biopsychology that best illustrates this point is __________.

Question 75

The EEG, or __________ , is commonly recorded from the scalp.

Question 76

The largest neural pathway that connects the left and right halves of the brain is called the __________.

Question 77

__________ research is research intended to bring about a direct benefit to humankind.

Question 78

Delgado's claim of a caudate taming center should have been dismissed immediately because it violated __________.

Question 79

Biopsychologists who use drugs to manipulate the brains and behavior of their subjects are called __________.

Question 80

The __________ effect refers to the fact that a copulating male that becomes incapable of continuing to copulate with one sex partner can often recommence copulating with a new sex partner.