Deck 16: Marine and Coastal Systems and Resources

Question 1

Where would you find a kelp forest?

A)in a silty coastal area
B)in a coral reef
C)along a continental shelf
D)in an estuary
E)in a salt marsh

Answer 1

along a continental shelf

Question 2

What are groundfish?

A)various species that live in littoral habitats,such as tuna and whitefish
B)various species that live in benthic habitats,such as halibut and flounder
C)fish that are ground up and used for bait
D)various species that are found in estuaries
E)fish that form the base of the food web of deep -water habitats

Answer 2

various species that live in benthic habitats,such as halibut and flounder

Question 3

Which of the following is TRUE of eutrophication in marine systems?

A)It provides needed limiting nutrients.
B)It is rare and occurs only in bad weather.
C)It can aid corals by killing parasites.
D)It can lead to algal blooms and red tides that kill fish.
E)It does not occur.

Answer 3

It can lead to algal blooms and red tides that kill fish.

Question 4

Bottom trawling is most likely to harm ________________.

A)estuaries
B)jetliners
C)sea turtles such as giant leatherbacks
D)coral reefs
E)the ocean's photic zone

Question 5

All of the following statements about mangroves are true EXCEPT ________________.

A)mangroves have root systems that can act as snorkels for getting oxygen from the air
B)mangroves and kelp are usually found growing in the same area
C)mangroves are adapted to growing in a salty environment
D)mangroves protect shorelines from tsunamis and storm surges
E)mangrove forests are often destroyed to build shrimp aquaculture facilities

Question 6

________________ involves the exceptionally strong warming of the eastern Pacific.

A)A La Niña event
B)A Pacific shallow -water warming event
C)The Coriolis effect
D)A Pacific deep -water warming event
E)An El Niño event

Question 7

Ocean water is saltiest ________________.

A)where there is high evaporation and low precipitation
B)at the equator
C)where there is a large amount of glacial melting
D)where rains are the heaviest
E)in estuaries

Question 8

Currently,the greatest ecological crisis facing marine organisms and food webs is ________________.

A)overharvesting
B)plastic dumping
C)radiation
D)oil spills
E)abandoned fishing nets

Question 9

Oceanographers are studying the thermohaline currents to determine whether ________________.

A)they could be replaced with artificial currents if damaged by changing temperatures
B)fresh water is more dense than saltwater
C)warm water from polar and glacial melt is affecting the chemistry of the currents
D)global climate change may slow or alter their path
E)ocean water is becoming more acidic

Question 10

A 2003 study reported that of industrialized fishing. ________________% of large -bodied fish and sharks were lost in the first decade

A)10
B)20
C)40
D)50
E)90

Question 11

What is the most reasonable explanation for the recent trend in dolphin numbers in the eastern Pacific,as shown in part (b)?

A)Dolphins are not federally protected,and therefore their populations have not recovered.
B)Dolphin populations have not recovered because humans have caught much of their prey,reducing the number of fish that are available to eat.
C)Tuna fleets still catch a considerable number of dolphins as bycatch,so their numbers have not recovered.
D)Although dolphins are no longer being caught as bycatch,their populations have not recovered because fleets are now fishing for these dolphins.
E)Dolphin populations have not recovered because an Ebola -like pathogen has been decimating their populations.

Question 12

The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 ________________.

A)increased gas taxes to pay for the Exxon Valdez spill
B)was a global treaty signed by all oil -transporting nations
C)required that by 2015 all oil tankers in U.S.water be double hulled
D)restricted oil movement to land rather than sea
E)is not effective at altering national oil incidents

Question 13

All of the following are true of ocean currents EXCEPT ________________.

A)they are always rapid and powerful
B)they are driven by wind
C)they are driven by density differences
D)they are driven by temperature
E)they are driven by gravity

Question 14

Zooxanthellae are ________________.

A)symbiotic algae that provide corals with energy via their photosynthetic activity
B)symbiotic bacteria that decompose tissues of dead animals in oceans
C)symbiotic bacteria that fix nitrogen in oceans
D)an invasive species of kelp in the Indian Ocean
E)an endangered species of fish in the Pacific Ocean

Question 15

El Niño and La Niña events ________________.

A)both decrease water temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean
B)both increase water temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean
C)produce changes of opposite direction in temperature and precipitation patterns
D)occur in precise patterns every 10 years
E)both increase water temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico

Question 16

Salt marshes are ________________.

A)found in temperate intertidal zones
B)found where mangroves grow along shorelines
C)typically found on remote tropical islands
D)typically found wherever violent wave action scours a shoreline
E)too salty (saline)for most species found in the intertidal zone

Question 17

The ________________ is the area that underlies the shallow water bordering continents.

A)continental shelf
B)surface zone
C)pycnocline
D)bathymetric zone
E)topographic shelf

Question 18

Water in the surface zone of the ocean is,for the most part, ________________ .

A)the saltiest
B)low in oxygen
C)the coldest
D)well mixed
E)the densest

Question 19

If you are a marine biologist who wants to study organisms that are capable of chemosynthesis,where would you collect organisms for your research?

A)near deep -ocean hydrothermal vents
B)in mangrove forests
C)in kelp forests
D)in the pelagic zone
E)in estuaries

Question 20

As water warms,it ________________.

A)becomes more alkaline
B)sinks
C)dissolves increased amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
D)decreases in temperature
E)decreases in density

Question 21

Explain how increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and warmer coastal waters resulting from global climate change may affect coral reefs.

Question 22

All of the following are allowed in marine protected areas EXCEPT ________________

A)fishing
B)oil drilling
C)the installation of oil pipelines
D)the harvesting of kelp
E)the laying of fiber -optic cables

Question 23

What does it mean to say that we are "fishing down the food chain"?

Question 24

What are the motives for establishing marine protected areas and reserves? How do marine sanctuaries differ from reserves?

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of bycatching?

A)Canadian fishermen switch to catching capelin because of the moratorium on cod fishing.
B)Fishing fleets surround a marine reserve and try to capture any fish entering and leaving the reserve.
C)A shark is captured and killed because it keeps swimming by a crowded public beach.
D)A fishing fleet destroys a coral reef while they bottomtrawl for shellfish.
E)Fishermen accidentally catch sea turtles while drift netting for pelagic fish.

Question 26

Explain the NADW in the context of global climate change.

Question 27

Approximately overexploited ________________% of the world's marine fish populations are either fully exploited or

A)20
B)40
C)50
D)60
E)80

Question 28

Discuss the importance of the goods and services that ocean ecosystems provide for humans.

Question 29

In the thermohaline circulation systems,surface water is ________________

A)cold and dense
B)driven by winds from north to south
C)warm and dense
D)less salty,less dense,and warmer
E)saltier and colder

Question 30

Red tides are caused by ________________

A)increased ocean carbon dioxide content
B)sharks attacking harbor seals and walruses
C)increased ocean oxygen content
D)the position of the moon
E)elevated nutrient levels

Question 31

Discuss how fishing practices can damage ecosystems.Include problems associated with driftnets,longline fishing,and bottom -trawling.

Question 32

In 2006,Congress ________________ to address the issue of solid wastes in oceans.

A)passed the Marine Debris Research,Prevention and Reduction Act
B)instituted the FAO
C)first established Marine Protected Areas
D)passed the U.S.Oil Pollution Act
E)passed the Mangrove Protection Act

Question 33

Explain the response of Canadian cod populations in the area of the Grand Banks after the 1992 moratorium on cod fishing.

Question 34

The rapid melting of Greenland's ice cap could disrupt the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation by ________________

A)adding excess nutrients to cold northern waters
B)acidifying ocean waters of the North Atlantic
C)adding huge amounts of less dense fresh water to the surface of the North Atlantic
D)adding heat and salt to deep ocean waters in the North Atlantic
E)adding huge amounts of dense fresh water to the deep ocean in the North Atlantic

Question 35

Explain the goals of traditional fisheries management.What approach do scientists think would improve current management techniques?

Question 36

In 1992,the Canadian government ________________

A)ordered a ban on cod fishing
B)started harvesting manganese nodules from the ocean floor
C)gave subsidies to fishermen who were losing money owing to low fish harvests
D)enacted laws to protect many species of whales
E)banned the use of trawl fishing

Question 37

Discuss the impacts of human -made pollution on ocean ecosystems.

Question 38

Most present -day fisheries managers ________________

A)want all laws regarding fishing to be abolished
B)favor protection of commercially valuable species and not others
C)favor short -term solutions to marine ecosystem problems
D)favor taxes on commercial fishing boats
E)wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference