Deck 14: Families, Lifestyles, and Parenting

Question 1

In which social context does reciprocal socialization take place?

A) exosystem
B) microsystem
C) macrosystem
D) chronosystem

Answer 1

microsystem

Question 2

After months of singing "Itsy Bitsy Spider" with her mother, baby Nicole is beginning to do some of the song's actions by herself. Her mother encourages the independent action by letter Nicole control the songs actions for brief moments. This is an example of

A) mutual synchrony.
B) scaffolding.
C) reciprocal socialization.
D) mutual gaze.

Answer 2

scaffolding.

Question 3

Bronfenbrenner terms the links between microsystems a(n)

A) mesosystem.
B) exosystem.
C) macrosystem.
D) chronosystem.

Answer 3

mesosystem.

Question 4

Tony is a second-generation immigrant who is heavily influenced by his ethnic heritage and cultural practices. This influence is an example of Tony's

A) mesosytem.
B) exosystem.
C) macrosystem.
D) chronosystem.

Question 5

The phenomenon in which children and parents learn from each other is termed

A) reciprocal socialization.
B) mutual synchrony.
C) scaffolding.
D) launching.

Question 6

Chad's father spends three days a week away from home on business trips and is usually tired and grouchy on the day he returns home. This causes stress in Chad's

A) microsystem.
B) macrosystem.
C) chronosystem.
D) exosystem.

Question 7

Being single offers the potential advantage of _____ but the potential disadvantage of _____.

A) forming friendly relationships with other adults; too much freedom
B) self-reliance; lack of intimacy
C) emotional distance; lack of physical intimacy
D) self-knowledge; feedback

Question 8

Gary complains, "When I was young, people stayed married to each other. Nowadays everyone's divorced." Gary is comparing

A) microsystems.
B) exosystems.
C) mesosystems.
D) chronosystems.

Question 9

Bronfenbrenner terms the culture in which an individual lives a(n)

A) mesosystem
B) exosystem
C) macrosystem
D) chronosystem

Question 10

Bronfenbrenner terms the influences from another setting that an individual does not experience directly a(n)

A) mesosytem.
B) exosystem.
C) macrosystem.
D) chronosystem.

Question 11

Sheri's infant daughter mimics facial expressions and hand gestures. This is an example of

A) scaffolding.
B) a polyadic system.
C) a reciprocal interaction.
D) launching.

Question 12

Subtle changes in a culture can have a significant influence on the family. What is one effect of increased urbanization and mobility in our society?

A) Older parents and grandparents have lost some of the socializing role in the family.
B) Young parents depend more than ever on insight and help from their own parents in raising a family.
C) There has been an increase in heavy drinking, demoralized attitudes, and health disabilities.
D) Child rearing has become inconsistent and lackadaisical.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a stressor often experienced by immigrant families?

A) language barriers
B) lack of support networks
C) change in socioeconomic status
D) pressure by mainstream culture to preserve one's cultural identity

Question 14

Steven now recognizes the signs indicating that his infant daughter needs a nap. This is an example of

A) reciprocal socialization.
B) scaffolding.
C) launching.
D) a mutual dyad.

Question 15

For children, which of Bronfenbrenner's systems would be MOST heavily influenced by the increasing number of women working outside of the home?

A) exosystem
B) macrosystem
C) microsystem
D) mesosystem

Question 16

_____ involve(s) a parent or teacher adjusting the level of guidance to fit the child's performance.

A) Scaffolding
B) Reciprocal socialization
C) Developmental trajectories
D) A polyadic system

Question 17

Lori and Spencer have a loving and supportive marriage. What is a likely indirect result of their satisfied relationship?

A) satisfied relationships with each spouse's family of origin
B) fewer personal friendships
C) sensitive, responsive parenting
D) increased involvement in community events

Question 18

The main point of the epigenetic view of development is

A) a child-directed pattern of development.
B) a parent-directed pattern of development.
C) a bidirectional exchange between heredity and environment.
D) a bidirectional exchange between parent or peer group and child.

Question 19

Bronfenbrenner terms the setting in which the individual lives, such as family, peers, school, and work a(n)

A) exosystem.
B) chronosystem.
C) macrosystem.
D) microsystem.

Question 20

Sometimes Michelle's mom takes work calls while they are eating dinner. This influence on Michelle comes from her

A) mesosystem.
B) exosystem.
C) macrosystem.
D) chronosystem.

Question 21

A recent study in Great Britain found that the highest cited reason for a breakdown in marriage was

A) domestic violence.
B) unfaithfulness.
C) growing apart.
D) arguments.

Question 22

Barton and Alonna just moved in together. They will MOST likely

A) split up within 5 years.
B) marry within a year.
C) live together for several years but eventually marry.
D) have a child within 5 years but not necessarily marry.

Question 23

She is likely to feel

A) content with her independence and freedom.
B) societal pressure to marry.
C) resentful that most of her friends are married.
D) desperate to find an available partner.

Question 24

When she is angry or stressed, Jackie confides in her best friend rather than her husband. Which of Gottman's marriage principles does this violate?

A) overcoming gridlock
B) nurturing fondness and admiration
C) solving solvable conflicts
D) turning toward each other instead of away

Question 25

In which of the following countries is chastity the MOST important factor in determining a marriage partner?

A) China
B) Japan
C) Sweden
D) the United States

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true regarding marriage in the United States?

A) Domesticity is a highly valued trait in a future spouse.
B) A 1981 law sets the minimum age for marriage at 22 for males and 20 for females without parental consent.
C) The majority of adults will marry at some time in their lifetime.
D) Chastity is the most important consideration in a prospective spouse.

Question 27

Gloria knows that one of her husband's favorite ways to spend an evening is for the two of them to read side by side. She finds a book for herself and sets aside time so they can do this together. This is an example of which of Gottman's marriage principles?

A) solving solvable conflicts
B) establishing love maps
C) overcoming gridlock
D) letting your partner influence you

Question 28

As of 2011, what percentage of U.S. adult couples cohabit before getting married?

A) more than 75 percent
B) approximately 60 percent
C) 40 percent
D) 20 percent

Question 29

Ron and Sheri lived together for 2 years, became engaged, and then married. According to the majority of studies done on the subject, compared to those who do not cohabit, Ron and Sheri are more likely to

A) be happy.
B) be unhappy.
C) divorce and return to cohabitation.
D) divorce.

Question 30

In 2016, the U.S. average age for first marriage was 29.5 years for men and 27.4 years for women. These ages for first marriages are

A) basically the same as 10 years ago.
B) slightly lower than recent years.
C) rising for men, but declining for women.
D) higher than at any point in U.S. history.

Question 31

Sixty-year-old Wanda has moved in with her 62-year-old friend, Mike. Which of the following is MOST likely true regarding their decision to cohabit?

A) They will most likely marry within 2-3 years.
B) They will experience significantly better physical health as compared to their married counterparts.
C) They more than likely moved in together for companionship rather than for love.
D) They are part of a declining trend in cohabitation among older adults.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for dealing with divorce?

A) Focus more on the future than the past.
B) Use strengths and resources to cope.
C) Don't expect to be happy in everything you do.
D) Start dating as soon as you can.

Question 33

In the United States, cohabiting arrangements

A) tend to be short-term, with one-third lasting less than one year.
B) tend to be long-term, with one-third lasting more than three years.
C) result in lower rates of divorce in couples who cohabit before marriage.
D) result in higher rates of marital satisfaction.

Question 34

Which of the following is TRUE of marital satisfaction?

A) Marital satisfaction is not correlated with parenting competence.
B) Individuals in happy marriages tend to live longer than those in unhappy relationships.
C) People in happy marriages are likely to be more emotionally and physically tired because of the added strain of caring so deeply for another individual.
D) People in unhappy marriages are less likely to get sick, because they often receive therapy for stress reduction.

Question 35

Which of the following is the main cause for divorce among middle-aged and older adult men?

A) alcohol or drug abuse
B) different values, lifestyles
C) cheating
D) no obvious problems, just fell out of love

Question 36

Divorce contributes to higher rates of psychiatric disturbance, depression, and alcoholism for

A) men.
B) women.
C) both men and women.
D) neither men nor women.

Question 37

Scott and Kristine have decided to live together after dating for a couple of months. Based on research, which of the following becomes more likely once they start living together?

A) less commitment
B) physical aggression
C) positive communication
D) frequent sexual intercourse

Question 38

Which of the following is the main cause for divorce among middle-aged and older adult women?

A) no obvious problem, just fell out of love
B) verbal, physical, or emotional abuse
C) alcohol or drug abuse
D) cheating

Question 39

When divorces occur, it usually happens after _____ years.

A) 1-5
B) 5-10
C) 10-15
D) 15-20

Question 40

Which of the following statements is TRUE of divorce?

A) The divorce rate in the United States is steadily rising.
B) Divorce among midlife couples is caused almost exclusively by extramarital affairs.
C) Divorce is linked to psychological and physical problems.
D) Divorce usually happens within the first three years of marriage.

Question 41

A mother who plays a strong managerial role in parenting would MOST likely do which of the following for her adolescent daughter?

A) Monitor her choice of friends and activities.
B) Control her after-school extracurricular activities.
C) Set out clothes for her to wear each day.
D) Establish strict rules and enforce frequent punishment.

Question 42

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is highly demanding and not very responsive?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

Question 43

Which of the following is an advantage of parents having children early (in their 20s)?

A) The mother is likely to have fewer medical problems.
B) Parents will have more physical energy.
C) Parents are less likely to have built-up expectations for their children.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 44

The restrictive, punitive parenting style in which parents exhort the child to follow directions and be respectful is termed by Baumrind as

A) authoritative.
B) neglectful.
C) authoritarian.
D) indulgent.

Question 45

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is highly involved but not very demanding?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

Question 46

The parenting style that encourages a child to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is termed by Baumrind as

A) authoritative.
B) neglectful.
C) indulgent.
D) authoritarian.

Question 47

Christie allows her children many freedoms with very few limits and believes their creativity will be enhanced this way. Her children lack self-control and are domineering with peers. Which of Baumrind's parenting styles does Christie employ?

A) neglectful
B) indulgent
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Question 48

Matt and Tamela reward good behavior and ignore bad behavior when possible. When punishment is required, they calmly employ techniques like time-outs and verbal reasoning. Which of Baumrind's parenting styles do Matt and Tamela employ?

A) neglectful
B) authoritative
C) indulgent
D) authoritarian

Question 49

Which of the following is an advantage of having children later (in their 30s)?

A) The mother is likely to have fewer medical problems.
B) Parents will have more physical energy.
C) Parents are likely to be more mature.
D) Women are happy to take a break from their careers.

Question 50

About half of adults remarry within ________ year(s) after their divorce.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 7

Question 51

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding gay or lesbian relationships?

A) Areas of conflict in a homosexual relationship are very like those of heterosexual partners.
B) Homosexuals change partners frequently and are generally less committed in their relationships.
C) In most homosexual relationships, one partner takes on a masculine role and the other takes the feminine role.
D) The majority of children with gay or lesbian parents grow up to also have a homosexual orientation.

Question 52

Children of which parenting style may act aggressively and have a greater tendency toward depression?

A) indulgent
B) authoritarian
C) neglectful
D) scaffolding

Question 53

Jeff and Amber demand respect and immediate obedience from their children. They use spanking as a primary form of punishment. Which of Baumrind's parenting styles do Jeff and Amber employ?

A) authoritative
B) neglectful
C) indulgent
D) authoritarian

Question 54

When parents are very involved with their children and place few demands or controls on them, Baumrind terms the parenting style

A) indulgent.
B) authoritarian.
C) authoritative.
D) neglectful.

Question 55

Karri spends time finding positive, interesting activities for her 15-year-old daughter, Brooke. Karri encourages Brooke to offer input and choose among the activities. Karri's parental role is best described as

A) dictator.
B) manager.
C) friend.
D) observer.

Question 56

Evaluations of the Bringing Baby Home project revealed all of the following EXCEPT

A) parents' improved ability to work together as partners in parenting.
B) fathers were more involved with and sensitive to their baby.
C) that mothers' postpartum depression symptoms were eliminated.
D) babies showed better overall development than babies in a control group.

Question 57

Courtney is often left to entertain and manage herself. When she approaches her mother, she is brushed aside and made to feel a nuisance. This is an example of which of Baumrind's parenting styles?

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

Question 58

What percentage of 40- to 44-year-old U.S. women remained childless in 2014?

A) 5 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 15 percent
D) 20 percent

Question 59

When a parent is uninvolved in the child's life, Baumrind terms the parenting style

A) authoritative.
B) authoritarian.
C) neglectful.
D) indulgent.

Question 60

Which parenting style may lead to children who are egocentric, domineering, and noncompliant?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) indulgent
D) neglectful

Question 61

Heather is dating 17-year-old Tyler, who was severely maltreated as a child. Heather is at risk for which of the following?

A) low self-esteem
B) Tyler's abusive behaviors
C) Tyler's overprotective behaviors
D) depression and self-abusive behaviors

Question 62

Much of the child-parent conflict in early adolescence is likely to center around

A) poor academic performance.
B) the teen's choice of friends.
C) the everyday events of family life.
D) drugs and alcohol use.

Question 63

Of the following, who is MOST likely to abuse a child?

A) a child care provider
B) a teacher
C) a grandparent
D) a parent

Question 64

Allen and colleagues showed that secure attachment to parents during adolescence is positively linked to which of the following?

A) high academic achievement
B) introverted behaviors
C) delaying romantic intimacy and marriage
D) being in an exclusive relationship

Question 65

What argument did Elizabeth Gershoff (2013) make about physical punishment of children?

A) Physical punishment has not been shown to produce any negative outcomes.
B) Defenders have not shown any positive outcomes of the practice.
C) Physical punishment has been linked to very high rates of juvenile delinquency.
D) Parents should be allowed to discipline children based on their own cultural preferences.

Question 66

The support that parents provide one another in raising a child together is called

A) contract parenting.
B) coparenting.
C) emotional parenting.
D) marital scaffolding.

Question 67

In a cross-cultural comparison, how did individuals in the United States stand on the issue of corporal punishment in parenting?

A) They primarily opposed it.
B) They were among the most favorable.
C) Only Western Europe was less favorable toward corporal punishment.
D) They were overall favorable, but not as much as countries in east Asia.

Question 68

Ten-year-old Maria has experienced frequent physical abuse throughout her childhood. She is at risk for which of the following?

A) attachment problems
B) depression
C) delinquency
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 69

Which of the following outcomes is linked to having a history of physical abuse?

A) depression
B) high academic achievement
C) sibling jealousy
D) abnormally high self-esteem

Question 70

Which of the following is almost always present when other forms of maltreatment are identified?

A) emotional abuse
B) physical abuse
C) sexual abuse
D) neglect

Question 71

Which of the following is a key difference in the old and new models of parent-adolescent relationships?

A) The old model suggests using an authoritarian discipline style to parent adolescents.
B) The new model suggests that most adolescent-parent conflict is moderate and can serve a positive function.
C) The old model indicates that parent-child conflict is greatest in early adolescence.
D) The new model recommends that parents detach themselves from their adolescent.

Question 72

Which of the following has been linked to families with a working mother?

A) The family rarely has financial concerns.
B) Children experience more quality time with parents, although quantity time is limited.
C) Children have better peer relations.
D) Children have more egalitarian views of gender.

Question 73

Emily is an emerging adult and has moved out of her childhood home and into an apartment near her college campus. Which of the following is TRUE regarding her relationship with her parents?

A) She will most likely feel compelled to comply with parental expectations.
B) She will most likely cut off ties completely.
C) She will most likely grow closer psychologically to her parents.
D) She will most likely continue to relate to her parents on a child-to-parent basis.

Question 74

As shown by Cooper and others (1982), one benefit of everyday adolescent-parent conflict is that it

A) teaches adolescents that their parents are not perfect.
B) helps adolescents become more autonomous.
C) convinces adolescents that their parents are wiser than they had supposed.
D) teaches adolescents how to be more effective in the way they argue.

Question 75

Which of the following is by far the MOST common form of child maltreatment?

A) physical abuse
B) emotional abuse
C) neglect
D) sexual abuse

Question 76

Lana is a working mother who worries about the effects of her employment on her children. What does research indicate on this topic?

A) Children in child care are likely to suffer from attachment difficulties and cognitive delays.
B) Maternal employment may actually have a positive effect on her children if it results in personal satisfaction for the mother.
C) Mothers can compensate for time away from home by purchasing educational toys and computer programs.
D) Across studied variables, no difference has been shown between the children of working and stay-at-home mothers.

Question 77

Much of adolescent-parent conflict is born of a need to balance

A) friends and family.
B) autonomy and attachment.
C) school and social activities.
D) work experience and academic success.

Question 78

A recent study shows that coparenting is positively linked to

A) academic achievement.
B) juvenile delinquency.
C) children's obesity.
D) children's effortful control.

Question 79

Which of the following factors may contribute to child maltreatment?

A) social isolation
B) single parenting
C) a low socioeconomic status
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 80

Four to five million American families experience ongoing, unhealthy parent-adolescent conflict, which is associated with which of the following adolescent behaviors?

A) teen pregnancy and early marriage
B) secure parent-child attachment later in life
C) increased marital satisfaction for parents
D) increased adolescent self-control, autonomy, and maturity