Deck 5: Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development

Question 1

The Moro reflex is a response to _____, whereas the grasping reflex is a response to _____.

A) sound or movement; touch
B) touch; sound or movement
C) smell; sight
D) sight; smell

Answer 1

sound or movement; touch

Question 2

The scientific perspective on infant reflexes has changed over time to suggest

A) less voluntary or directed movement on the part of the infant.
B) a greater role for the mother in helping the infant to develop reflexes.
C) a greater genetic legacy to such reflexes.
D) more deliberation and control on the part of the infant.

Answer 2

more deliberation and control on the part of the infant.

Question 3

How long does it take for most infants to establish a sucking style that matches how mothers hold them, how the milk is coming out of the bottle or breast, and the infant's temperament?

A) one day
B) one week
C) several weeks
D) several months

Answer 3

several weeks

Question 4

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between the rooting and sucking reflexes?

A) Both involve avoiding toxic substances.
B) Rooting involves locating food; sucking involves eating food.
C) Sucking involves eating; rooting involves bonding with a caregiver.
D) Rooting involves grasping a food source; sucking involves locating food.

Question 5

Baby Chloe startles when she hears a loud sound. She arches her back, throws back her head, and flings out her arms. Which reflex is she demonstrating?

A) sucking
B) Moro
C) rooting
D) grasping

Question 6

How is the Moro reflex different from an infant's shivering, yawning, and sneezing reflexes?

A) It helps an infant ingest food.
B) It helps an infant find food.
C) It is part of an infant's survival reflexes.
D) It is useful only to an infant, not to an adult.

Question 7

Well-developed gross motor skills allow infants to become more independent. Independence is important because it:

A) is a prerequisite for the development of fine motor skills.
B) allows more and different kinds of interactions with the environment.
C) fosters greater numbers of dendritic connections in muscle tissue.
D) allows infants to strengthen the bonds with their primary caregivers.

Question 8

Which reflex involves many responses from the whole body?

A) sucking
B) rooting
C) Moro
D) grasping

Question 9

Infants start to be able to walk

A) as soon as they can make alternating leg movements.
B) before they can make alternating leg movements.
C) as soon as they can produce forward stepping movements.
D) only after they are able to balance on one leg long enough to swing the other leg forward and shift their weight without falling.

Question 10

According to Esther Thelen, motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting. Her theory is called the _____ theory.

A) bio-psycho-motor
B) dynamic systems
C) bio-behavioral
D) perceptual systems

Question 11

Janice strokes the cheek of newborn Robby. He turns his head toward that cheek and opens his mouth. This is an example of the _____ reflex.

A) sucking
B) Moro
C) rooting
D) grasping

Question 12

Infants root in order to

A) find something to grasp.
B) find something to suck.
C) calm down.
D) go to sleep.

Question 13

Marta is developing new abilities, such as sitting and standing, but is not yet able to climb or ride on riding toys. Marta is in her

A) first year.
B) second year.
C) prenatal stage.
D) reflex stage.

Question 14

What mechanisms help infants survive before they have an opportunity to learn adaptive behavior?

A) reflexes
B) motor skills
C) vision and hearing
D) dynamic systems

Question 15

Baby Karyn has just learned to sit independently. Approximately how old is she likely to be?

A) 1 year
B) 3 weeks
C) 2 months
D) 6 months

Question 16

What component of the process of walking do infants first master?

A) crouching and hip movements
B) stabilizing balance on one leg
C) forward stepping movement
D) alternating arm swings

Question 17

Which reflex enables an infant to obtain nourishment?

A) sucking
B) Moro
C) grasping
D) rooting

Question 18

Activities that use large muscles develop

A) the grasping reflex.
B) fine motor skills.
C) gross motor skills.
D) the sucking reflex

Question 19

According to the dynamic systems theory, how do infants develop motor skills?

A) Infants perceive something new in the environment that motivates them to act. They use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.
B) Motor development comes about through the unfolding of a genetic plan, or maturation.
C) Motor skills are initially influenced by biology but become increasingly dependent on environmental factors.
D) Infants take bits and pieces of data from sensations and build representations of the world in their minds.

Question 20

Infants normally are able to sit, stand, and walk using furniture support ______, and climb and balance their feet in a squatting position _________.

A) within the first 6 months; within the first year
B) within the first year; within the second year
C) after 18 months of age; after 24 months of age
D) after 1 year of age; after 2 years of age

Question 21

Baby Jasmina is sitting in her high chair and picks up Cheerios using her thumb and forefinger. This newfound ability is due to the development of

A) the palmer grasp.
B) the pincer grip.
C) gross motor skills
D) reaching ability

Question 22

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding gross motor activity during middle and late childhood?

A) Only one child in a thousand can hit a tennis ball over the net at the age of 11.
B) Girls usually outperform boys in large-muscle activities until adolescence when the opposite is true.
C) Elementary-aged boys usually outperform girls in large-muscle activities.
D) Children at this age can master activities such as running, climbing, and skipping rope. However, once they master them, they don't find them pleasant and enjoyable anymore.

Question 23

Miri can walk quickly and run stiffly for a short distance. She loves to stand and kick her soccer ball. Miri is likely between the ages of _____ months.

A) 9 and 12
B) 13 and 18
C) 18 and 24
D) 36 and 48

Question 24

Tom wants to attend his son's little league game. His son is embarrassed by Tom's loud cheering, though, and asks Tom not to come. What should Tom do?

A) go anyway and cheer
B) go but not cheer
C) go but hide so his son can't see him
D) respect his son's wishes and stay home

Question 25

Rachel Clifton and colleagues (1993) demonstrated that infants

A) have to see their own hands in order to reach for an object.
B) do not have to see their own hands in order to reach for an object.
C) have good control over their fine motor skills as early as a few days after birth.
D) cannot use cues from muscles, tendons, and joints to guide their reaching until after they are over 12 months of age.

Question 26

Which of the following reasons BEST explains why 4-year-old Tanisha might knock over a tower of blocks she is building and start again?

A) She fails to place a block squarely on the stack she is assembling.
B) She tries too hard to place every block perfectly.
C) She makes careless movements because she doesn't pay enough attention to what she is doing.
D) Knocking the tower down is more interesting than building it up.

Question 27

Joey is the best batter on his little league team. Which of the following is a consequence of playing organized sports that Joey may encounter?

A) unrealistic expectations for academic success
B) focusing more on academic work
C) unrealistic expectations for success as an athlete
D) limitations on developing peer relations and friendships

Question 28

Baby Ty reaches and grips a toy using his whole hand. This ability is called the

A) palmer grasp.
B) pincer grasp.
C) gross motor skill.
D) "sticky mittens" experience.

Question 29

Gross motor skills include activities such as running, whereas fine motor skills include activities such as

A) jumping.
B) gymnastics.
C) cutting with scissors.
D) crab walking.

Question 30

The "sticky mittens" studies found that

A) gross motor development determines fine motor development.
B) experience is irrelevant to the development of fine motor skills.
C) experience plays a role in the development of grasping and manipulating objects.
D) experience plays a role in grasping but not manipulation of objects.

Question 31

Peak physical performance usually occurs during

A) adolescence.
B) the 20s.
C) the 30s.
D) the 40s.

Question 32

Infants are likely to reach motor milestones at different ages depending on the culture. This is probably due to

A) climate and nutrition
B) activity opportunities and physical manipulation.
C) genetic inheritance and nutrition.
D) climate and activity opportunities.

Question 33

Playing organized sports can have which of the following negative effects on a child?

A) undue pressure and stress to achieve and win
B) overly developed muscle mass
C) decreased cognitive functioning
D) increased peer pressure for substance abuse

Question 34

Three-year-olds scribble all over the page, but 4-year-olds can make more precise drawings because 4-year-olds have more developed

A) grasping abilities.
B) fine motor skills.
C) gross motor skills.
D) palmer grasping abilities.

Question 35

To foster faster motor development in infants, which of the follow practices can be effective?

A) giving infants opportunities for exercise
B) stroking, massaging, or stretching the babies
C) frequently exercising the babies' trunk and pelvic muscles
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 36

A significant achievement in an infant's interactions with the environment is the

A) onset of reaching and grasping.
B) grasping reflex.
C) Moro reflex.
D) sucking reflex.

Question 37

Tammy is middle-aged and walks daily with her friends. Research shows that she can expect which of the following in older adulthood?

A) a higher risk of obesity
B) arthritis in her knees and hips
C) the same level of motor ability loss as her non-walking counterparts
D) a lower level of motor ability loss

Question 38

Which of the following athletes would MOST likely show peak performance during adolescence?

A) golfer
B) swimmer
C) sprinter
D) marathon runner

Question 39

Brent's biological functions are beginning to decline. How old is he?

A) 65
B) 50
C) 45
D) 30

Question 40

What skills involve movements such as buttoning a shirt or typing?

A) fine motor
B) gross motor
C) reflexes
D) perceptual-motor

Question 41

Sound waves transmitted to David's auditory nerve create _____. David's reinterpretation of the sound waves as the school bell is _____.

A) an affordance; perception
B) perception; affordance
C) perception; sensation
D) a sensation; perception

Question 42

What is the name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus?

A) habituation
B) dishabituation
C) visual preference
D) affordance

Question 43

Which of the following methods should Dr. Kim use if she wants to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another?

A) visual preference
B) habituation-dishabituation
C) high-amplitude sucking
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 44

As measured on the Snellen chart, a newborn's vision is estimated to be

A) 20 /100.
B) 20 /240.
C) 20 /150.
D) 20 /50.

Question 45

According to the ecological view of sensory-perceptual development, how do we perceive and eventually represent objects in our minds?

A) We take bits and pieces of data from sensations and build up representations of the world.
B) Environmental stimuli motivate us to fine-tune gross and fine motor movements in order to act.
C) We directly and accurately perceive information that exists in the world around us, known as affordances, which guide the way we interact and adapt to the world.
D) We first act on the world, and through action, we develop our perception.

Question 46

In order for David to realize that he heard the train approaching fast, it has to involve the process(es) of

A) sensation.
B) perception.
C) both sensation and perception.
D) neither sensation nor perception.

Question 47

Which of the following statements is TRUE of fine motor skill development during middle and late childhood?

A) Increased myelination affects the development of gross motor skills, but not fine motor skills.
B) Letter size becomes bigger and more even with age.
C) Boys usually outperform girls in fine motor skills.
D) Girls usually outperform boys in fine motor skills.

Question 48

William James said that the newborn's perceptual world is "a blooming, buzzing confusion." What did he mean by this (now disproved) idea?

A) The newborn's environment is loud.
B) The newborn has advanced skills in hearing even soft sounds.
C) The newborn lacks the perceptual skills to make sense of the surrounding stimuli.
D) The newborn can see clearly, but hearing is not well developed.

Question 49

Christopher knows that the ball he is holding is smaller than the dog across the street, even though the retinal image of the dog is actually smaller than that of the ball. This is an example of

A) perceptual shape constancy.
B) size constancy.
C) depth perception.
D) accommodation of the eye.

Question 50

Sensation occurs when information

A) interacts with sensory receptors-the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.
B) is interpreted by the brain.
C) affects organs such as the heart and lungs.
D) interacts with the brain, but the brain cannot make any meaning interpretations.

Question 51

Robert Fantz measured how long an infant looks at different visual stimuli. Which experimental method is this?

A) habituation
B) dishabituation
C) high-amplitude sucking
D) visual preference

Question 52

When a 2-day-old infant consistently shows a visual preference for a bull's-eye pattern over a checkerboard pattern, we know that the infant

A) has normal 20/20 vision.
B) can see fine details as well as adults can.
C) can see the difference between the two patterns (stimuli).
D) recognizes circles more quickly than squares.

Question 53

At what age is an infant able to distinguish male from female faces and discriminate between ethnic groups?

A) 2 days
B) 10 days
C) 3 months
D) 1 years

Question 54

Eighteen-month-old Bridger is running in the park when he reaches a steep embankment. He stops, looks up, and then drops to his hands and knees and begins crawling up. This illustrates the concept of

A) sensation.
B) perception.
C) affordances.
D) visual acuity.

Question 55

Third-grader Thania forms her cursive letters in small even rows. What BEST accounts for her improving dexterity?

A) better developed gross motor skills
B) increased myelination
C) bone ossification
D) increased muscle development

Question 56

Which of the following is used in habituation studies?

A) sucking behavior
B) heart and respiration rates
C) the length of time an infant looks at an object
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 57

Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between sensation and perception?

A) Sensation and perception are independent processes.
B) Sensation occurs after perception.
C) Perception cannot occur unless sensation takes place first.
D) Perception involves information interacting with sensory receptors, while sensation involves meaningful interpretations.

Question 58

Baby Jacci, who is 2 days old, is shown four drawings: a blue square, a white oval, a drawing of a face, and a bright red circle. Based on Fantz's work, which will she probably prefer to look at?

A) the oval
B) the face
C) the square
D) the bright red circle

Question 59

Eleanor and James Gibson purport that all objects and surfaces offer opportunities for people to perform activities on them based on said person's capabilities. They refer to such opportunities as

A) sensations.
B) affordances.
C) perceptions.
D) ecological views.

Question 60

Su-Fang would like to hang one picture above her baby's crib. Which of the following would attract the MOST attention from the infant?

A) a red circle
B) a drawing of a face
C) a bright yellow oval
D) a bright white square

Question 61

Forty-seven-year-old Dixie is able to read better when she holds the book further from her face. The recent decline in her visual acuity is common among individuals her age and is known as

A) glaucoma.
B) macular degeneration.
C) dark adaptation.
D) presbyopia.

Question 62

Stella has just returned from the doctor and was told she has cloudy areas in the lenses of her eyes. Stella has

A) glaucoma.
B) dark adaptation.
C) macular degeneration.
D) cataracts.

Question 63

Fifty-two-year-old Curtis is beginning to lose his ability to focus and maintain images on his retina. This condition is known as

A) macular degeneration.
B) cataracts.
C) glaucoma.
D) presbyopia.

Question 64

Al avoids driving at night because it is difficult for his eyes to adjust after he passes oncoming cars. Al is having a problem with

A) dark adaptation.
B) depth perception.
C) presbyopia.
D) his blind spot.

Question 65

Thora's grandson has noticed that Thora uses increasingly brighter colors and larger shapes in her paintings. Thora may be compensating for

A) glaucoma.
B) a reduction in the quality or intensity of light reaching the retina.
C) a problem with dark adaptation.
D) presbyopia.

Question 66

Two-year-old Saunder rubs his eyes, squints, tilts his head, and blinks excessively. Saunder's parents should

A) give him more daytime naps.
B) encourage more nighttime sleep.
C) make an appointment with an ophthalmologist.
D) wait for the results of the kindergarten vision screening.

Question 67

The disease marked by retina deterioration is called

A) glaucoma.
B) cataracts.
C) macular degeneration.
D) presbyopia.

Question 68

Eyedrops are used to treat

A) macular degeneration.
B) glaucoma.
C) cataracts.
D) presbyopia.

Question 69

Robert's teacher notices that he keeps blinking his eyes and squinting to see the board. These are signs that Robert may have

A) attention deficit disorder.
B) vision problems.
C) color blindness.
D) presbyopia.

Question 70

DeCasper and Spence (1986) measured babies' sucking rates as they listened to a story they had heard in the womb (The Cat in the Hat) and to a story they had not heard (The King, the Mice, and the Cheese). The study concluded that

A) amniotic fluid blocks sound waves from reaching the fetus.
B) the fetus could not learn before birth, but infants can learn right after birth.
C) the fetus could learn even before birth.
D) the infants showed equal interest in both stories.

Question 71

Many preschool children are _____, and first graders ______.

A) farsighted; become more farsighted until late childhood.
B) farsighted; can focus their eyes and sustain their attention on close-up objects.
C) nearsighted; become farsighted until late childhood.
D) nearsighted; can focus their eyes and sustain their attention on close-up objects.

Question 72

From the top of the Ferris wheel, the people on the ground look small, but Allison knows they are regular-sized humans. This is an example of

A) accommodation of the eye.
B) depth perception.
C) shape constancy.
D) size constancy.

Question 73

Baby Mary recognizes the table as in the same shape, even though the table appears in different shapes depending on the angle from which it is observed. This is an example of

A) size constancy.
B) depth perception.
C) shape constancy.
D) accommodation of the eye.

Question 74

In the Gibson-Walk experiment, most of the babies who were encouraged to crawl across the glass over the visual cliff would

A) crawl across it without hesitation.
B) not crawl across it.
C) crawl across it if their mothers coaxed them.
D) crawl across it, but showed a significant increase in heart rate indicating anxiety.

Question 75

Harley's ophthalmologist is glad he came in. She gives him eye drops to treat a buildup of fluid that can destroy his vision if it goes untreated. Harley has

A) presbyopia.
B) macular degeneration.
C) glaucoma.
D) cataracts.

Question 76

Kyle has progressive presbyopia. What is likely to help correct this condition?

A) bifocal glasses
B) intraocular glasses
C) laser surgery
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 77

Allan is having laser surgery to repair the deterioration of his retina. He has

A) glaucoma.
B) presbyopia.
C) cataracts.
D) macular degeneration.

Question 78

Compared to younger drivers, older drivers

A) show a decline in motion sensitivity.
B) need to expend more cognitive effort when driving.
C) overestimate the time needed for an approaching vehicle to reach its location.
D) All of these answers are correct

Question 79

Will is going to have surgery to remove a thick layer on his eye that is causing cloudy vision. He has

A) glaucoma.
B) macular degeneration.
C) cataracts.
D) presbyopia.

Question 80

Ilene has difficulty visually negotiating steps and street curbs. She is having a problem with

A) dark adaptation.
B) depth perception.
C) presbyopia.
D) a growing blind spot.