Deck 10: Attraction and Relationships: From Initial Impressions to Long-Term Intimacy

Question 1

What is "functional distance" to a social psychologist?

A) It is the distance between you and your best friend.
B) It is an aspect of architectural design that determines what people you see most often.
C) It is a measure of how close you feel to your family and friends.
D) It is the distance between your home and your job. It defines how many people you are likely to see on your way to work.

Answer 1

It is an aspect of architectural design that determines what people you see most often.

Question 2

Arthur Aron has proposed that a central human motivation is __________.

A) self-esteem
B) self-absorption
C) self-expansion
D) self-reliance

Answer 2

self-expansion

Question 3

Propinquity is MOST similar to which of the following?

A) physical closeness
B) similarity
C) attractiveness
D) communality

Answer 3

physical closeness

Question 4

Distance is to __________ as familiarity is to __________.

A) the propinquity effect; opposites attract
B) functional distance; complementary attraction
C) the propinquity effect; the mere exposure effect
D) romantic love; the mere exposure effect

Question 5

You have been hired by a company to come up with an advertising campaign to sell more shoes. Based on the mere exposure effect, you propose __________.

A) flooding the market with pictures of the shoes
B) giving away samples for a few people to try
C) running a campaign that advertises the comfort of the shoes
D) running a campaign that is focused on the cheap price of the shoes

Question 6

Leandro tends to be happy when in relationships with others. However, right now, he's away from home and the absence of meaningful relationships is leading to __________.

A) being more productive at work
B) feeling even greater happiness from material objects
C) feelings of loneliness, hopelessness, and helplessness
D) experiencing hallucinations

Question 7

The introduction to Chapter 10 discusses some assumptions we make about men and women and relationships that are not true. Which of the following is an age-old adage that has been shown by research to be wrong?

A) Birds of a feather, flock together.
B) Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
C) Opposites attract.
D) Love will find a way.

Question 8

If an architect were to capitalize on functional distance, and design an apartment building in which all tenants had an equal chance of taking advantage of the propinquity effect, the building would have which of the following features?

A) a long hallway, with apartments separated by large spaces
B) a U-shaped hallway
C) It would be circular, with elevators, laundry facilities, and mailboxes equidistant from all tenants.
D) It would be in a straight line, with mailboxes at one end and elevators at the other end.

Question 9

When Festinger and his colleagues studied friendship patterns among married couples in an apartment complex at MIT, they found that people who lived at the foot of the stairs or near mailboxes had more friends on upper floors than did other people who lived on the first floor. This illustrates the power of __________ to influence friendship patterns.

A) physical distance
B) functional distance
C) similarity
D) movement patterns

Question 10

Consider the following piece of folk wisdom: "Opposites attract." The social-psychological concept of __________ is most closely related to this truism.

A) similarity
B) complementarity
C) reciprocity
D) correspondence

Question 11

Self-expansion refers to a desire to __________.

A) overlap or blend with another person, so that you have access to that person's knowledge, insights, and experience
B) continue your education to support your future career goals
C) broaden your beliefs by visiting with others who don't share your current belief system
D) gain many friends to build a good support system

Question 12

Katie and Jon are in the same accounting class, they live in the same wing of their dormitory, and they usually both study at the campus coffeehouse in the morning before class. Over time, Katie and Jon become attracted to each other. What force is most likely at work here?

A) complementarity
B) propinquity
C) reciprocal liking
D) similarity

Question 13

Video chatting, e-mail, and texting may influence interpersonal relationships because they increase the __________ of people even if they do not affect their physical proximity.

A) propinquity
B) similarity
C) reciprocal liking
D) social exchange

Question 14

Arlene finds that even though she sat in the opposite corner of the classroom from Ronda during the entire term of their chemistry class, when they bump into each other at a party, she seems to like Ronda more than the strangers around. This is best explained by ____________.

A) the mere exposure effect
B) functional distance
C) the propinquity effect
D) similarity

Question 15

Jacob is about to start a new job. Given that he wants to make lots of new friends, he should choose the office that is located __________.

A) by the vending machines
B) in the far corner
C) in the basement, away from the other offices
D) at the far end of the hall

Question 16

Lem is looking at new cars. Each one he sees has a certain trim detail across the hood which he somewhat likes at the start of the day. At the end of the day, and fifteen cars later, he really likes the detail. His opinion is influenced by the __________.

A) similarity effect
B) mere exposure effect
C) familiarity effect
D) proximity effect

Question 17

Moreland and Beach (1992) had a confederate attend large university classes for a systematically varied number of class sessions. She attended some classes a few times and other classes many more times. In keeping with the research on the mere exposure effect presented in the text, when unsuspecting students in those classes were later shown photos of the confederate, when would they have liked her best? When she had __________.

A) worn their school colors to all the classes
B) challenged the professor
C) attended more classes
D) attended class only a few times

Question 18

You are strongly attracted to Mario, and you very much want him to like you, too, but you're afraid that if you open your mouth, he won't like you. If you're too nervous to interact with Mario, you can take advantage of the mere exposure effect and __________.

A) "accidentally" brush up against him once when you stand in line to buy coffee
B) frequent the same coffee shop that he goes to, making sure that he sees you every day
C) ask a friend to point you out the next time you happen to be in the same coffee shop
D) expose your worst features first, and your strongest features later

Question 19

Festinger, Schachter, and Back (1950) traced friendship formations among couples in an apartment complex at MIT. They found that residents were most likely to be friends with people __________.

A) similar to them
B) of the same gender
C) who lived closer to them
D) whom their partners befriended first

Question 20

Which of the following adages most directly contradicts research findings on the propinquity effect?

A) Familiarity breeds contempt.
B) You never get a second chance to make a good first impression.
C) Birds of a feather flock together.
D) Opposites attract.

Question 21

Tony is just looking for a romantic fling, nothing serious. If Tony would describe himself as a preppy, conservative Protestant, whom would he be more likely to choose for a short-term, sexual relationship?

A) Linda, the daughter of his minister
B) Brenda, a preppy member of Young Republicans
C) Zelda, who is a New Age artist
D) Paula, who is member at Tony's yacht club and goes to his church

Question 22

According to the authors of your text, how does shared DNA play a role in relationships?

A) Genetically similar individuals often end up doing the same thing at the same time in the same place.
B) Genetically dissimilar individuals are drawn together as though their genetics need to be complementary for a relationship to form.
C) Genetically dissimilar individuals are evolutionarily drawn to each other to expand the gene pool.
D) Shared DNA does not play a role in relationship formation.

Question 23

Recall that Boyden and his colleagues (1984) found that gay men who were stereotypically masculine desired a partner who was most of all logical, and that gay men who were stereotypically feminine desired a partner who was most of all expressive. These findings support the role of __________ to influence attraction.

A) sex role stereotypes
B) similarity
C) complementarity
D) sexual orientation

Question 24

Based on research presented in this chapter, whom is Benjamin going to sit closest to in the library? Benjamin is wearing glasses, a university sweatshirt, and is moderately attractive.

A) Hallie, a very attractive cheerleader dressed in her uniform
B) Wendy, a somewhat attractive sophomore wearing glasses
C) Sienna, a somewhat unattractive art student wearing tie-dyed pants
D) Ava, a very attractive business major in a suit

Question 25

You attend a party even though you dislike meeting new people and tend to be very shy. Once there, you approach a young woman who is standing alone in the corner trying not to make eye contact with anyone. You begin talking to her about how you dislike the discomfort of meeting new people and that parties drain your energy. She totally agrees with everything you say, confirming that you both see eye-to-eye on a lot. You find, at the end of the evening that you like this young woman. According to social psychologists, why is this so?

A) You both are alone and that is attractive.
B) We tend to like people who share our own attitudes.
C) We tend to like people who can play the devil's advocate to our ideas and attitudes.
D) We tend to like people that we have never seen before, so we have no preconceived notions about them.

Question 26

Researchers (Kubitscheck & Hallinan, 1998) studied the influence of tracking (grouping students by academic ability) on friendship formation. They discovered that tracking fostered __________, which in turn increased the __________ of students "tracked" together.

A) communication; equity
B) propinquity; similarity
C) reciprocal liking; propinquity
D) social exchange; reciprocal liking

Question 27

According to the research by Koranyi and Rothermund (2012), reciprocal liking is powerful enough to keep us from our basic tendency to pay more attention to __________.

A) attractive bodies
B) attractive faces
C) personality
D) attitudes and beliefs

Question 28

If you were a student in 1966 at Elaine Hatfield (Walster) and her colleagues' first-year orientation dance, what would most likely influence your desire to date again the person with whom you were paired?

A) the date's intelligence
B) the date's self-esteem
C) the date's physical attractiveness
D) the date's similarity to you

Question 29

When Newcomb (1961) randomly assigned male students at the University of Michigan to be roommates at the start of the school year, he found that __________ and __________ were powerful predictors of who would become friends.

A) demographic similarity; physical attractiveness
B) demographic similarity; attitude similarity
C) attitude similarity; physical attractiveness
D) physical attractiveness; the number of friends in common

Question 30

In research on the contribution of genetics and relationships, which of the following best characterizes the conclusions drawn by researchers?

A) People who share more DNA are more likely to be friends.
B) People who share little DNA are more likely to be friends.
C) Shared DNA is only common in close, intimate relationships.
D) It was clear that DNA drives our attraction to others for both friends and romantic relationships.

Question 31

A meta-analysis (Montoya, Horton, & Kirchner, 2008) determined that __________ similarity predicted liking and attraction better than __________ similarity.

A) perceived; actual
B) actual; demographic
C) actual; perceived
D) genetic; perceived

Question 32

Reciprocal liking is __________.

A) our liking someone because we believe they like us
B) leaning toward another person and making clear eye contact
C) approving what someone else says, even if we don't agree
D) liking someone because of their similarities to us

Question 33

Research by Christakis and Fowler (2014) found that people share more DNA with their friends than with strangers. Which of the following conclusions is valid? Having similar __________.

A) genetics causes friendships with certain people
B) DNA forces us to become friends with certain people
C) genetics predisposes people to make certain behavioral choices, so that they end up in groups with similar people
D) DNA makes some people more unattractive

Question 34

Based on the research by Koranyi and Rothermund (2012), when Lincoln is in a happy relationship, he is least likely to pay attention to which of the following?

A) Sandra, the English department's sexy staff assistant
B) Tina, the starting forward for the basketball team
C) Ellen, his really smart lab partner
D) Charlotte, the interesting visiting student from Australia

Question 35

In romantic relationships, when would similarity with your partner be the LEAST important?

A) if your partner is from a collectivist culture
B) if you are just looking for a "fling"
C) if you are high-skilled interpersonally
D) if you are seeking a committed relationship

Question 36

Shakim is outgoing, an extrovert, and confident in who she is. She will most likely be attracted to __________.

A) someone who is stoic
B) someone who is emotional and easily swayed in their beliefs
C) someone who is introverted and still questions where they are going in their life
D) the young man who lives next door, who is strong and confident too

Question 37

In your text, a study is presented where researchers are studying physical similarity and seating choice. When providing participants with a chair and with someone similar to them or dissimilar to them, what were the results of the study?

A) Participants sat farther away from the confederate when the confederate was similar in appearance to them.
B) Participants sat closer to the confederate when the confederate was similar in appearance to them.
C) Participants used the classic measure of personal space for placing their chairs next to the unknown confederate.
D) Participants allowed researchers to select the placement of their chair in all conditions.

Question 38

The greatest amount of research supports the notion of __________ over the notion of __________.

A) complementarity; similarity
B) propinquity; similarity
C) similarity; complementarity
D) mere exposure; similarity

Question 39

Based on what the authors of your text present about similarity and liking, who would Russ (a liberal philosophy major) be most likely to become friends with?

A) George, a conservative accounting major
B) Emily, a college Democrat and philosophy major
C) Armand, a registered Independent and biology major
D) Wilamena, a conservative religion major

Question 40

Both Jacques and Brittany find themselves in traffic court to testify about being rear-ended by another driver. Both were physically okay, but both now have anxious reactions when a traffic light changes and they must stop more quickly than normal. How might this shared experience impact their relationship?

A) They will be less attracted to each other because they are each a reminder of a terrible experience.
B) They will be more attracted to each other because they share this experience.
C) They will be less attracted to each other because they are both emotionally unstable from the experience.
D) They will be more attracted to each other because they both know there will be a large financial settlement from the accident and they could share that settlement.

Question 41

Researchers used computer graphics to generate composite faces that reflected the exact mathematical average of the facial features of a large number of individual photographs. They then asked participants to rate the attractiveness of the composite photograph and the individual photographs that were combined to make up the composite. These researchers found that __________.

A) participants preferred the composite photo to the individual photos
B) women responded more positively to the composite photos than did men
C) participants preferred "babyfaced" individual photos to the composite photo
D) participants thought they had previously met the person in the composite photo

Question 42

According to research conducted by Cunningham and his colleagues (1986), there is overlap in what men and women find attractive in the opposite sex. For example, both men and women find __________ attractive in members of the opposite sex.

A) large eyes and prominent cheekbones
B) small noses and chins
C) narrow hips and flat stomachs
D) high foreheads and thick, glossy hair

Question 43

Recall that recent research finds that people rating the physical attractiveness of faces most prefer faces that resemble their own. This finding suggests that __________ is critically important in physical attraction.

A) self-esteem
B) ego defense
C) familiarity
D) heritability

Question 44

Men and women both view physical attractiveness as the most desirable characteristic in potential __________.

A) friends
B) sexual partners
C) coworkers
D) long-term relationship partners

Question 45

When researchers suggest that people tend to prefer an "average" face as being most physically attractive, they mean that people prefer __________.

A) the face of a regular-looking person
B) the face based on mathematically averaged composites
C) the most common face in a culture
D) someone who is a "5" on attractiveness on a 1 to 10 scale

Question 46

Which of the following statements does NOT match the research on attraction?

A) There is general agreement across cultures on what constitutes an attractive face.
B) Infants tend to prefer the same faces that adults do.
C) Averaged faces (e.g., computer-generated composites) are the most highly attractive faces.
D) Large eyes, prominent cheekbones, and big noses are attractive features in both sexes.

Question 47

Stanley is building a robot in the year 2054. Fulfilling a fantasy and taking advantage of the technology available, he decides to make his robot have a female form and be physically appealing. To have the most success in this, what should he do?

A) Make sure to use only faces from his own culture as the basis for his robot's face.
B) Have his robot have highly unique and unusual exotic features.
C) Create a robot with a face that is the composite of highly attractive faces.
D) Avoid using babyface features for his robot's face.

Question 48

Recall that Elaine Hatfield (Walster) and her colleagues (1966) randomly paired incoming students for a first-year orientation dance. They found that men __________.

A) valued physical attractiveness more than women did
B) valued physical attractiveness less than women did
C) valued attractiveness, whereas women valued intelligence
D) and women both valued physical attractiveness

Question 49

Research suggests that there is __________ between babies and adults, men and women, and people from several cultures as to what is considered physically attractive.

A) a vast discrepancy
B) disagreement
C) amazing consistency
D) no correlation

Question 50

Researchers (Sergios & Cody, 1985) conducted a replication of the study by Hatfield (Walster) and her colleagues (1966), in which men and women were paired at random for a "blind date" dance. In their study, Sergios and Cody studied gay men. They found that __________.

A) the importance of physical attractiveness seems to be limited to heterosexuals
B) gay men are similar to heterosexuals in the importance of attractiveness
C) gay men place significantly more emphasis on physical attractiveness
D) gay men seem to prefer those who are comparable to themselves in attractiveness

Question 51

There is mounting evidence suggesting that people who are more physically attractive are perceived and treated differently than those who are less attractive. One striking example of this was found in the context of __________.

A) speed of service at fast-food restaurants
B) health outcomes of premature infants in the hospital
C) prices quoted from a car salesperson
D) performance on a job interview

Question 52

Sheila is considered to be very attractive by both men and women. Which of the following features is she MOST likely to have?

A) large chin
B) large eyes
C) high forehead
D) full lips

Question 53

Recall that Perrett et al. (1994) created two kinds of composite faces, an "average attractive" composite and a "highly attractive" composite, using photographs of Caucasian and Japanese men and women. They then asked participants in Great Britain and Japan to rate these faces. Which of the following was NOT a finding of their study?

A) The highly attractive composites were rated as significantly more attractive than the average attractive composites.
B) Japanese and British participants differed in their assessments, with people preferring faces from their own ethnicity.
C) The highly attractive faces were more extreme in the features that are generally considered attractive (e.g., if high cheekbones in general are attractive, then highly attractive faces have higher cheekbones).
D) The features that were considered attractive were similar to the features found to be attractive by other researchers.

Question 54

Research has found that there is agreement across cultures concerning what constitutes an attractive face; that infants prefer photographs of attractive faces to unattractive ones and that they prefer the same faces that adults do; and that statistically average faces tend to be seen as attractive. These findings provide support for a(n) __________ interpretation of the importance of physical attractiveness.

A) social perception
B) social role
C) evolutionary
D) behaviorist

Question 55

Feingold (1990) conducted a meta-analysis of a number of studies that addressed gender differences in the importance that people place on physical attractiveness. Based on his findings, which of the following people is LEAST likely to be influenced by physical attractiveness?

A) Hans, whose behaviors are observed
B) Maria, whose behaviors are observed
C) Paul, whose attitudes are measured
D) Susan, whose attitudes are measured

Question 56

Evolutionarily speaking, one reason that people prefer the familiar over that which is unfamiliar is that __________.

A) unfamiliar things can be potentially dangerous
B) familiar things are always good
C) unfamiliar things require more cognitive effort to process
D) familiar things tend to fall into our schemas and stereotypes

Question 57

Feingold (1990) conducted a meta-analysis of a number of studies of the importance that men versus women placed on the physical attractiveness of potential partners. According to his findings, there tends to be a larger gender difference (such that men are more influenced by physical attractiveness) when __________ are being measured than when __________ are being measured.

A) behaviors; evaluations
B) attitudes; behaviors
C) evaluations; attitudes
D) attitudes; evaluations

Question 58

In studies on what people find attractive, the __________ of the face seems to be very important.

A) size
B) shape
C) symmetry
D) distinctiveness of the features

Question 59

When researchers reviewed the literature on standards of beauty across cultures, they found that the attractiveness ratings among participants of all different races and ethnicities ranged from .66 to .93. These relatively large positive correlations suggest that __________.

A) standards of beauty differ significantly across cultures
B) standards of beauty are similar within cultures, but not across cultures
C) cultural values determine what is attractive
D) regardless of culture or background, people can agree on what is attractive

Question 60

When people are asked to rate the attractiveness of faces, the faces that they MOST prefer __________.

A) have the fewest blemishes
B) most resemble those of their current romantic partners
C) most differ from their own
D) most resemble their own

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT supported by the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype?

A) It is found across different cultures.
B) It affects judgments about peoples' morality.
C) It has a "kernel of truth" in that beautiful people may indeed be more socially competent.
D) It differs somewhat across cultures in a way consistent with the culture's individualistic or collectivist values.

Question 62

Researchers provided men with photographs of either attractive women or unattractive women and told the men that their conversation partner was the woman in the photograph. They found that men who believed they were talking with an attractive woman __________ than did men who thought they were talking with an unattractive woman.

A) talked less
B) behaved in a warmer way
C) were more nervous
D) were more confident

Question 63

An evolutionary psychologist would be most likely to base theories on __________.

A) laboratory experiments
B) observations of social roles
C) cultural variations
D) natural selection

Question 64

Of the following statements regarding attraction, which one is correct?

A) Attractive people are seen as threatening and cold.
B) Attractive people are perceived as less intelligent than unattractive people.
C) Both men and women are treated differently based on their physical attractiveness.
D) Physical attractiveness only affects how men perceive women.

Question 65

In all likelihood, there is a kernel of truth to the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype; that is, attractive people are often more warm and socially skilled than less attractive people. According to the authors, this is probably because attractive people __________.

A) are treated differently than unattractive people
B) have higher self-esteem than unattractive people
C) are more introverted than attractive people
D) compensate by emphasizing their intelligence

Question 66

Research examining the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype cross-culturally has found that __________.

A) Americans and Koreans both believe that more attractive people are more sociable, friendly, popular, and likable.
B) Americans believe that attractive people are more generous, trustworthy, and honest than do Koreans.
C) Koreans believe that attractive people are more dominant and assertive than do Americans.
D) Americans and Koreans do not believe that attractive people are any happier or more well-adjusted than less attractive people.

Question 67

Researchers (Wheeler & Kim, 1997) asked American, Canadian, and Korean students to rate the attractiveness of people in yearbook photographs, and to rate the people in the photographs on a number of personality dimensions. Whereas Koreans associated "beautiful" with integrity and concern for others, North Americans associated "beautiful" with personal strength. These differences suggest that __________.

A) individualistic versus collectivistic values shape stereotypes about beauty
B) stereotypes are less powerful in collectivistic cultures
C) physical beauty is less important in collectivistic cultures
D) physical beauty is more important in collectivistic cultures

Question 68

Researchers provided men with photographs of either attractive women or unattractive women and told the men that their conversation partner was the woman in the photograph. They found that when independent raters evaluated the women's side of the conversation, women who were believed to be attractive actually behaved in a more confident, animated, and warm manner than did women who were believed to be unattractive. These results demonstrate that the __________ might explain why there is a kernel of truth to the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype.

A) negativity bias
B) matching hypothesis
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) power of similarity

Question 69

From the study by Buss and his colleagues, which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) Both men and women rate honesty, trustworthiness, and a pleasant personality as the most desirable qualities in a potential mate.
B) Both men and women prefer potential mates who are younger than they are.
C) Men value physical attractiveness in a potential mate more than do women.
D) Women value ambition, industriousness, and earning capacity in a potential mate more than do men.

Question 70

Advocates of which of the following approaches believe that men and women have different agendas in their relationships with each other?

A) equity theory
B) social attachment theory
C) social exchange theory
D) evolutionary psychology

Question 71

The reproductive success of __________ is measured by the quantity of their offspring, whereas the reproductive success of __________ is measured by raising their offspring to maturity.

A) men; women
B) women; men
C) younger people; older people
D) people in undeveloped countries; people in industrialized nations

Question 72

According to an evolutionary approach to love, why do women prefer men with resources, whereas men prefer women who are attractive?

A) Resources signal competence in men; attractiveness signals reproductive fitness in women.
B) Resources signal relationship commitment in men; attractiveness signals erotic passion in women.
C) Reproduction is more costly to men than to women.
D) Resources signal dominance in men; attractiveness signals willingness in women.

Question 73

Researchers (Wheeler & Kim, 1997) asked American, Canadian, and Korean students to rate the attractiveness of people in yearbook photographs, and to rate the people in the photographs on a number of personality dimensions. They found that __________ students were likely to associate attractiveness with __________.

A) Korean; personal strength
B) all; concern for others
C) North American; integrity
D) all; friendliness

Question 74

According to the tenets of evolutionary theory, reproduction is more costly (in terms of time, energy, and effort) for females than it is for males. Thus, it is advantageous for males to __________ and for females to __________.

A) pursue many females; pair infrequently, and with a carefully chosen male
B) pair with a single female; pair with multiple males
C) live alone; rear offspring in groups
D) pay attention to equity concerns; pay attention to equality concerns

Question 75

Physical beauty confers only limited advantages. Researchers have found that people are MOST likely to associate physical attractiveness with __________.

A) intelligence
B) social competence
C) integrity
D) self-esteem

Question 76

Brian does not know anything about Sally except that she is very attractive. Based on research presented in the text, Brian is MOST likely to make the attribution that Sally is __________.

A) intelligent and honest
B) empathetic and caring
C) dominant and successful in her career
D) sociable and extroverted

Question 77

Evolutionary theory suggests that __________ should be attracted to __________.

A) men; younger, more financially stable women
B) men; older, more physically attractive women
C) women; younger, more physically attractive men
D) women; older, more financially stable men

Question 78

Michelle is online looking for a date to an upcoming event. She notices one very attractive individual who has posted interest in attending the event as well. She thinks he is likely to be very sociable, but her roommate who is from Korea thinks he will also be a good match because he will be __________.

A) generous
B) very smart
C) strong
D) assertive

Question 79

Researchers (Wheeler & Kim, 1997) asked American, Canadian, and Korean students to rate the attractiveness of people in yearbook photographs, and to rate the people in the photographs on a number of personality dimensions. Which of the following traits did ALL participants associate with physical attractiveness?

A) social skills
B) personal strength
C) integrity
D) concern for others

Question 80

Andersen and Bem (1981) conducted a variation of the getting-acquainted telephone study by Snyder, Elizabeth Tanke, and Berscheid (1977). Andersen and Bem provided attractive and unattractive photos of men to women who interacted with men at the other end of a telephone. What would you expect happened when the women thought that the men with whom they were speaking were the men in the photos?

A) The female participants did not fall prey to the self-fulfilling prophecy as did men in previous studies.
B) The results were similar to studies in which men were provided the photos.
C) The men on the other end did not change their behaviors in response to the women's differential treatment.
D) Because the men controlled the conversations, the self-fulfilling prophecy did not occur.