Deck 3: Social Cognition: How We Think About the Social World

Question 1

Our automatic analysis of our environment is based on our __________ and knowledge of the world.

A) feelings
B) past experiences
C) thoughtful analysis
D) impressions

Answer 1

past experiences

Question 2

When most Americans walk into a fast food restaurant chain, they know they should walk up to the counter to order, pay, and pick up their food, rather than sit down and wait to be served. This knowledge of how to act in such a situation is called __________.

A) controlled thinking
B) a stereotype
C) a counterfactual thought
D) a schema

Answer 2

a schema

Question 3

In general, when people first encounter a novel situation, they tend to __________.

A) be in a state of complete confusion until they have explored extensively
B) size up the situation quickly and effortlessly, and for the most part correctly
C) size up the situation quickly and effortlessly, but with frequent and extensive errors that are corrected only with experience
D) size up the situation quickly and effortlessly, but with frequent and extensive errors that are impervious to change

Answer 3

size up the situation quickly and effortlessly, and for the most part correctly

Question 4

Katarina meets a young man who has long hair, saggy pants, multiple facial piercings, and many tattoos. Katarina applies a schema from her past experience and immediately categorizes this young man as __________.

A) an intellectual
B) a fraternity brother
C) a party boy
D) an engineering student

Question 5

Carol has a subtle "Mona Lisa" smile that is much harder to detect than an obvious toothy grin. Assume that before you met Carol, a mutual friend described her as warm and friendly. The first time Carol smiled at you, if you were to rely on your schemas, you would probably conclude that she is __________.

A) bored with talking to you
B) a friendly person
C) a cool, aloof person
D) very hard to read

Question 6

__________ refer(s) to the way people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions about themselves and others.

A) Social cognition
B) Schemas
C) Counterfactual thinking
D) Decision rules

Question 7

Ahkem is considering buying a new car. He has narrowed his choices down to two models. On a sheet of paper, he begins writing down the positive characteristics of each car and the negative characteristics of each car. He will be using this list to help guide his final decision. In this example, Ahkem is using __________.

A) automatic thinking
B) illogical thinking
C) self-fulfilling thinking
D) controlled thinking

Question 8

Korsakov's syndrome is a neurological disorder that makes sufferers unable to form new memories. The world is disorienting and incoherent to patients with this disorder, so they often confabulate and invent fictions to make the world less scary and confusing. A social psychologist might say that these patients __________.

A) invent schemas where none exist
B) have lost their schemas
C) can only use controlled but not automatic processes
D) are not concerned with reducing ambiguity

Question 9

Based on the information in this chapter, when we meet someone new, we are likely to __________.

A) consider carefully all information about him or her before forming an impression
B) use only internal characteristics such as personality to form an impression
C) categorize this person based on our schemas and other people we know
D) rely on scripts to form an accurate impression

Question 10

According to the authors of your text, when people use automatic thinking, they tend to size up new situations __________.

A) slowly and inaccurately
B) quickly and inaccurately
C) slowly and accurately
D) quickly and accurately

Question 11

New students often have to concentrate very hard to take notes in class. They must listen to the lecture, pick out what is important, and focus their attention only on the classroom. As students gain experience, they can more easily identify what is important and what is not, they can often multitask, and they gain a deeper understanding of lectures. This example shows how students move from __________ thinking to __________ thinking as they gain experience in the classroom.

A) unconscious; conscious
B) random; systematic
C) automatic; controlled
D) controlled; automatic

Question 12

We can form impressions of people we interact with rather quickly and effortlessly. We do this by engaging in an automatic analysis of our environments, based on __________.

A) our past experiences and knowledge of the world
B) information provided by our parents
C) biological signals we receive from other people
D) rewards given to us by our friends

Question 13

When you meet your new roommate for the first time, he is wearing glasses, listening to classical music, and reading a copy of The New York Review of Books. You think, "Well, maybe rooming with an intellectual this year will be good for me." You instantly categorized your roommate as an intellectual on the basis of your __________.

A) schemas
B) memories
C) intuitions
D) heuristics

Question 14

Moises is so used to stopping to get gas on the way home from work that he finds he stops one night at the gas station even though his tank is full. Moises is experiencing __________.

A) counterfactual thinking
B) judgmental heuristics
C) automatic thinking
D) controlled thinking

Question 15

The fact that students "instantly" know the difference between a classroom and a party is an example of __________.

A) controlled thinking
B) automatic thinking
C) a heuristic
D) social cognition

Question 16

When Robin meets her friend's new roommate, she sees that she has easels and paints strewn about, and that she has decorated her side of the room with lots of handmade ceramic pots and paintings. At first, Robin is most likely __________.

A) to use her "artistic" person schema and assume that her friend's roommate is free-thinking and creative
B) not to make any assumptions about her friend's roommate's preferences and tastes
C) to use her "artistic" person schema and focus on her friend's roommate's deviations from the schema, such as the fact that she is majoring in business
D) to change her "artistic" person schema when she discovers that her friend's roommate is a business major

Question 17

Parents seldom spend a lot of time explaining to their children how to ride a bicycle. Instead, they often get a bike with training wheels and let the children learn for themselves how to ride a bike. This is because our understanding about how to ride a bicycle is based on __________.

A) automatic thinking, which is difficult to describe to someone else
B) controlled thinking that can only be learned by experience
C) intuition, which is difficult to express in language that a child can understand
D) personal experience that is not likely to be believed by the child

Question 18

People form __________ people and situations quickly and effortlessly.

A) expectations of
B) impressions of
C) judgments about
D) beliefs about

Question 19

__________ thinking is nonconscious, effortless, and unintentional, whereas __________ thinking is conscious, effortful, and intentional.

A) Biased; accurate
B) Automatic; controlled
C) Controlled; automatic
D) Illogical; logical

Question 20

Which of the following characteristics is NOT a part of automatic thinking?

A) Unintentional.
B) Voluntary.
C) Effortless.
D) Nonconscious.

Question 21

In the 1977 study regarding the story about Donald and priming, the researcher wanted to study the impact of priming on the students' __________.

A) ability to solve a puzzle
B) impressions of Donald
C) expectations of their teacher
D) IQs

Question 22

Professor Chadwick is young and looks even younger than his years. He dresses in jeans, grubby tennis shoes, and Hawaiian print shirts. One day in the hallway, he strikes up a conversation with a student. During the conversation, the student begins to complain about the poor teaching of the faculty in the department and about the bad things he's heard about the course that Professor Chadwick teaches. Needless to say, when the student finds out he was actually talking to a professor, he feels embarrassed and avoids Professor Chadwick. What is the moral of this story?

A) Students should be seen and not heard.
B) Schemas may make us efficient but sometimes at a cost in accuracy.
C) Heuristics make us more efficient, but only if we apply them to schemas.
D) The world would be a better place if people abandoned their schemas altogether.

Question 23

According to the perspective presented in the chapter, a person who grew up in a home with an alcoholic parent who sees a man acting in a somewhat strange manner may be __________ likely to interpret this behavior as due to alcohol because of __________.

A) more; chronic accessibility of an alcoholic schema
B) more; ego-defensive biases
C) less; chronic accessibility of an alcoholic schema
D) less; ego-defensive biases

Question 24

In the 1977 study regarding the story about Donald and priming, the researchers wanted to measure the impact of the __________ on their positive or negative interpretation of Donald's behaviors.

A) word types participants learned
B) time of day the participants completed the task
C) instructions the teacher gave to the participants
D) reading time participants required

Question 25

Ethan and Heather see a man stumbling around as he walks down the street. Ethan, who belongs to Alcoholics Anonymous, thinks the man is drunk, but Heather, who just watched a TV special on Michael J. Fox, thinks the man has Parkinson's disease. These differing interpretations of the same behavior seem to be caused by Ethan and Heather's differences in __________.

A) accessibility
B) current goals
C) stereotypes
D) self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 26

In an experiment by Harold Kelley (1950), some college students were told that their guest lecturer was a warm person, while others were told that he was a cold person. Those students who were told that he was a warm person evaluated him more positively than those who had been told he was cold. This demonstrates that schemas can be subject to __________.

A) priming
B) alteration
C) flaws
D) change

Question 27

In a study described in the textbook, participants memorized either the word "reckless" or the word "adventurous" before reading an ambiguous passage in which Donald is described as engaging in a number of recreational activities (e.g., driving in a demolition derby, white-water rafting) where he risks injury and even death. This method was used to study the concept of __________.

A) priming
B) attribution formation
C) representativeness
D) counterfactual thinking

Question 28

Daniel is headed out on a blind date. The friend who set him up told him that his date was valedictorian of her graduating class. As Daniel is talking with his date, he begins to question his own understanding of math when she tells him that 1+1=3. His perception that she is right, even though it goes against what he understands, is due to __________.

A) priming
B) heuristics
C) controlled thinking
D) a self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 29

According to the authors of your text, what are the three reasons that schemas become accessible?

A) Chronic accessibility due to experience; a current goal; priming
B) Priming; recent experiences; current goals
C) Chronic accessibility due to experience; priming; base rate information
D) Priming; chronic accessibility due to experience; non-applicable information

Question 30

Recall that Harold Kelley (1950) told some college students that their guest lecturer was a warm person, and others that he was a cold person. The visitor then lectured for twenty minutes and behaved in a very arrogant way during the lecture. When students evaluated the lecturer, __________.

A) no matter what the expectation, none of the students liked the arrogant lecturer
B) those students who expected a warm person interpreted his "arrogance" as insecurity
C) students expecting a warm person rated the lecturer as funnier, but no less arrogant, than students who expected a cold person
D) students who expected a cold person rated the lecturer as less arrogant than students who expected a warm person

Question 31

In Kelley's (1950) research about the guest lecturer, the researcher wanted to study the impact of __________ on the students' later impressions of the lecturer.

A) personality descriptions
B) the teacher's expectations
C) the quality of the information in the lecture
D) the lecturer's presentation style

Question 32

In Kelley's (1950) research about the guest lecturer, the students were told that the guest lecturer was either a "warm" person or a "cold" person. The researcher wanted to see if this information would impact how they __________ after the lecture.

A) rated the lecturer on personality
B) understood the information presented
C) retained information
D) left the lecture hall

Question 33

Jerrica received an F on a recent exam at school. When her mother arrives home, the house is clean, dinner has been started, and the laundry is all done. Jerrica is trying to get her mother to see her as very responsible before she breaks the news about the exam. Jerrica is using __________ to help her in this situation.

A) controlled thinking
B) counterfactual thinking
C) representativeness heuristic
D) priming

Question 34

Alice goes to see a rerun of Jaws (a movie about a vicious shark) a few days before she takes off to Florida on spring break. On break, she finds that she is now too nervous to spend much time actually in the water, since she is convinced that anything she sees in the water is a shark. Her heightened sensitivity is due to __________.

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) priming
C) anchoring and adjustment
D) representativeness

Question 35

You are listening to a radio broadcast that describes a person who donated a kidney to a complete stranger in need of a transplant, when the phone rings and the firemen's association asks you to make a donation. The idea of priming suggests that you will __________.

A) be less likely to make a donation because your self-esteem has been threatened by realizing that you will never be as saintly as the person in the story
B) be more likely to make a donation because you are in a good mood after hearing the heartwarming story
C) be more likely to make a donation because the schema of being charitable has been made more accessible
D) not be affected in your likelihood of making a donation by the radio broadcast

Question 36

Based on the study by Harold Kelley (1950) presented in your text, if you were to describe yourself to a blind date as being witty, how would she be most likely to view a slightly sarcastic comment you made?

A) As rude
B) As insensitive
C) As funny and witty
D) As extremely sarcastic

Question 37

Researchers had participants memorize a number of words before reading an ambiguous passage about a character named Donald. The words participants read influenced how they interpreted Donald's somewhat ambiguous behavior. The take-home message of this study is that thoughts have to be __________ before they affect our impressions of the social world.

A) either accessible or applicable
B) accessible, but not necessarily applicable
C) applicable, but not necessarily accessible
D) both accessible and applicable

Question 38

Faustino is a musician who plays the trumpet in the band at his school. When he sees Isabel carrying a case into the school, he assumes she is a musician as well. Faustino's schema is __________.

A) accessible because of his experience with the band
B) primed by the representativeness heuristic
C) primed by his need to get to know new people
D) accessible because of his goal to get her phone number

Question 39

Diana currently has a goal to lose fifteen pounds by the summer, and she notices that lately her friend Sarah hasn't been eating much. Based on your text's discussion of how current goals can affect accessibility, how is Diana most likely to interpret Sarah's behavior?

A) Sarah is ill and has no appetite.
B) Sarah has symptoms of depression.
C) Sarah must be on a diet, too.
D) Sarah must not like the food.

Question 40

When the psychologist asks, "Tell me the first thing that comes to mind," he/she is asking for the most __________ schema.

A) functional
B) accessible
C) colorful
D) fulfilled

Question 41

In the study by Shariff and Norenzayan (2007) presented in your text, when participants were primed with words related to God or fairness to others, they behaved __________.

A) more selflessly
B) more selfishly
C) selflessly, but only if they themselves were religious
D) unpredictably, because the researchers used an ineffective prime

Question 42

Ms. Honeywell is an elementary school teacher who maintains that in her thirty-five years of experience, boys just tend to do better at math than girls. Recently, she has read a number of studies that show that girls and boys actually have about the same level of math ability. Based on information about how teachers create and sustain self-fulfilling prophecies, what is Ms. Honeywell most likely to think about the study results?

A) "Well, I guess everyone is wrong once in a while-maybe boys and girls are the same."
B) "I don't buy it-three times as many boys as girls in my classes have excelled at math."
C) "Come to think of it, I think girls may actually be better than boys."
D) "Who cares? Girls are better than boys at reading, anyway-the differences even out."

Question 43

Based on the study by Shariff and Norenzayan (2007) presented in your text, if you are religious and pass by several churches, then a block or so later a homeless person asks you for change, how are you likely to behave?

A) You would probably take the person to the churches you passed to get help.
B) You would be very unlikely to give the person money.
C) You would be more likely to give the person money.
D) Passing by churches would not prime you to give more money, but passing by banks might.

Question 44

In a controlled experiment, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) informed grade school teachers that some of their students (called "bloomers") would show great academic improvement in the upcoming year. In reality, the "bloomers" were chosen randomly by the researchers, and were no smarter than any of the other students. Which of the following best describes the results of this study? At the end of the year, __________.

A) bloomers and non-bloomers performed equally well on an IQ test
B) bloomers improved more on an IQ test than did non-bloomers
C) non-bloomers improved more on an IQ test than did bloomers
D) there were no IQ differences between bloomers and non-bloomers, but the bloomers were more interested in school

Question 45

When people have an expectation about what another person is like, it may influence how they act toward that person; this further results in that person's behaving consistently with the other's original expectations. This is known as __________.

A) the self-fulfilling prophecy
B) priming
C) automatic thinking
D) belief perseverance

Question 46

In the self-fulfilling prophecy, a perceiver has a(n) __________ that affects the __________ of the target of perception.

A) bias; emotional reaction
B) expectation; behavior
C) schema; schema
D) emotional reaction; expectation

Question 47

The studies by Rosenthal and Jacobson on self-fulfilling prophecies have concluded that the teachers treated the "bloomers" in class differently than the other children. In which of the following ways did the teachers treat these students differently?

A) They gave bloomers more personal attention.
B) They forced bloomers to do extra homework.
C) They gave the bloomers bonus points for no real reason.
D) They scolded the bloomers more harshly when they got an answer wrong.

Question 48

How are self-fulfilling prophecies and schemas related?

A) Self-fulfilling prophecies are deliberate attempts by people to confirm their schemas.
B) Self-fulfilling prophecies are inadvertent and unconscious influences on behavior by an individual's schemas.
C) Self-fulfilling prophecies are deliberate attempts to treat people in an unbiased manner.
D) Self-fulfilling prophecies are examples of priming of schemas.

Question 49

Recently, a state department of education decided to lower the grade needed to pass the writing portion of a standardized test. Assuming that Rosenthal and Jacobson's research remains true in today's classrooms, what is most likely to happen to students' writing ability as a result?

A) Their writing will get much better with less pressure to make a high grade.
B) Their writing will get worse because they are not being held to a higher standard.
C) Their writing will remain the same.
D) Their scores in other subjects will get better since they don't have to worry so much about writing.

Question 50

Recall that Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson (1968) informed grade-school teachers that some of their students (called "bloomers") would show great academic improvement in the upcoming year. Also recall that students labeled "bloomers" actually showed greater increases on IQ tests compared to students who were not labeled "bloomers." These differences occurred because teachers __________.

A) decided to devote their attention to the students with the most promise
B) spent significantly more time interacting with "bloomers"
C) challenged "bloomers" more and gave them more and better feedback
D) distracted "non-bloomers" by providing them with too much personal attention

Question 51

Warren believes that Tom is an outgoing, gregarious person. "Whom did you hang out with this weekend?" Warren asks Tom. "Tell me about all of the fun things that you have planned for the summer," Warren continues. Although Tom is usually rather quiet and reserved, he responds to Warren in an outgoing, friendly manner. This is an example of __________.

A) the perseverance effect
B) the primacy effect
C) reconstructive memory
D) a self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 52

Based on information from the authors of your text, what is one possible explanation as to why girls and boys perform about the same in math in elementary school while a gender gap appears around puberty?

A) Estrogen impairs cognition.
B) Testosterone impairs cognition.
C) Self-fulfilling prophecies seem to occur.
D) Peer pressure becomes more important to girls.

Question 53

The self-fulfilling prophecy occurs because we often __________.

A) work to revise our schemas when necessary
B) act based on our schemas
C) distort our perception of reality to support our schemas
D) abandon our schemas when we're under pressure

Question 54

If you were hoping that other research participants would leave you money, according to research by Shariff and Norenzayan (2007), you would hope they were primed with __________.

A) images of angels
B) words related to God or fairness to others
C) subliminal images of religious symbols
D) words such as "mother" and "kind"

Question 55

Self-fulfilling prophecies most often are a result of __________.

A) deliberate attempts by people to confirm their schemas
B) inadvertent and unconscious influences of individuals' schemas
C) deliberate attempts to treat people in an unbiased manner
D) priming

Question 56

What is the take-home message from the research on the self-fulfilling prophecy?

A) Self-fulfilling prophecies are a result of our desire to preserve our self-esteem.
B) Schema-confirming behaviors are conscious and deliberate.
C) Self-fulfilling prophecies are the result of unconscious, unintentional processes.
D) Because their job is assessment of performance, educators are especially susceptible to the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 57

The news often points out girls' relatively poor academic performance on standardized tests compared to boys' performance on those tests. Based on the research presented in this chapter, these gender differences may be due in part to __________.

A) the gender bias that pervades standardized tests
B) biological differences in the ways males and females process information
C) girls' and young women's "fear of success" schemas
D) the power of teachers' self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 58

Allison is a very sweet, intelligent, amicable person. However, Joe hears from her ex-boyfriend that she is hard to get along with and very snobby. According to research on the self-fulfilling prophecy, Joe acts in a(n) __________.

A) neutral way toward Allison, even though he has heard bad things about her
B) unfriendly way toward Allison, which in turn causes her to act in an unfriendly way toward Joe, causing Joe to believe that her ex-boyfriend was right about her
C) unfriendly way toward Allison, yet he finds her to be very amicable and decides that her ex-boyfriend must not know her very well
D) friendly way toward Allison, even though he has heard bad things about her, and finds her to be much friendlier than her ex-boyfriend said she was

Question 59

The authors of your text suggest that with respect to traditional gender differences in scholastic performance, one causal factor may be __________.

A) self-fulfilling prophecies of schoolteachers
B) influences from the media
C) role models at home
D) peer expectations and goals

Question 60

In order for priming to work successfully, thoughts need to be both __________.

A) accessible and salient
B) chronic and experiential
C) applicable and accessible
D) long-term and chronic

Question 61

Your roommate is interested in dating Chris, whom you know from a history class. Your roommate asks if you think Chris is generally a considerate person. You remember how Chris gave you notes when you missed class last week and tell your roommate you think Chris is very considerate. In making your judgment, you have relied upon the __________ heuristic.

A) representativeness
B) base rate
C) availability
D) counterfactual thinking

Question 62

In trying to decide which of two classmates is smarter, you use the rule that "the faster people talk, the smarter they are," so you choose the classmate who talks faster. You have applied a __________ to decide who is smarter.

A) systematic judgment
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) cultural truism
D) judgmental heuristic

Question 63

Eva wants to raise a lot of money for her cat rescue group. Based on the research by Shariff and Norenzayan (2007), the best strategy for doing this involves __________.

A) mentioning fairness or religious imagery several times in the brochures
B) putting happy cat pictures on the brochures
C) telling potential donors they are "stars"
D) mentioning potential donors' names several times

Question 64

Why does the availability heuristic sometimes lead to incorrect inferences?

A) What is easily brought to mind may not be typical of the big picture.
B) People wrongly assume that correlation implies causation.
C) What looks like the typical case may not be representative of the typical case.
D) People are far better at making inferences about themselves than about others.

Question 65

The study by Shariff and Norenzayan (2007) presented in your text showed that under some conditions, participants would be more likely to leave more money for a stranger. What is the larger contribution to understanding social cognition that this study makes?

A) Priming is an inconsistent, ineffective way to change behavior.
B) Goals can be activated and influence people's behavior without their knowledge.
C) People's behavior is affected more strongly when they are primed consciously.
D) People become more charitable when they believe their names will be associated with their donations.

Question 66

If the research on priming and metaphors is correct, which of the following is true? You are more likely to meet your true love on vacation somewhere __________.

A) sunny and warm
B) cold and snowy
C) urban and industrial
D) crowded and scary

Question 67

Imagine it is the end of a long day and you are hot and ready to head home. If the research on the connection between physical sensations and the judgments they affect is correct, which of the following about social influence is most likely to occur?

A) You will not be influenced because you feel too negatively.
B) You will be more easily influenced because you are happy to hear what they have to say.
C) You will not be influenced because the person doing the influencing is not attractive.
D) You will be more easily influenced because you are there with a friend.

Question 68

When judging other people and ourselves, we use the __________ heuristic.

A) representativeness
B) relativistic
C) availability
D) prophecy

Question 69

Recall the words of Dr. Robert Marion, who was the first physician to correctly diagnose a nine-year-old girl with a rare disease: "Doctors are just like everyone else. We go to the movies, watch TV, read newspapers and novels. If we happen to see a patient who has symptoms of a rare disease that was featured on the previous night's 'Movie of the Week,' we're more likely to consider that condition when making a diagnosis." In essence, Dr. Marion is describing the __________ heuristic.

A) representativeness
B) availability
C) primacy
D) counterfactual

Question 70

According to the authors of your text, what is the primary reason that people often rely on a variety of mental shortcuts?

A) We're too mentally lazy to do the cognitive work involved.
B) We're confronted with an overwhelming amount of social information.
C) We're inherently flawed in our ability to reason.
D) We're motivated to enhance our self-esteem.

Question 71

The availability heuristic is associated with which of the following characteristics of schemas?

A) Elaboration
B) Differentiation
C) Accessibility
D) Clarity

Question 72

In the research presented in the text, people were asked to think about how assertive they were and provide a varying number of examples. The researchers were interested in seeing if __________ would impact how they rated their own assertiveness.

A) the participants' gender
B) how many examples of assertiveness they had to provide
C) how quickly they provided examples
D) how many people were in the experiment

Question 73

Researchers asked some participants to think of six times they had behaved assertively and asked other participants to think of twelve times they had behaved assertively, and then asked all participants to rate how assertive they thought they really were. Participants who tried to generate six examples of assertive behaviors rated themselves as more assertive than did participants who tried to generate twelve examples. The point that this study illustrates is that __________.

A) more assertive people will be able to generate more examples of their past assertive behavior
B) generating examples of assertiveness creates a self-fulfilling prophecy
C) people use the availability heuristic to make judgments about themselves as well as other people
D) people with well-elaborated schemas for assertiveness will be able to generate more examples of assertive behaviors

Question 74

Our use of mental shortcuts usually leads to __________.

A) optimal decisions that could not be bettered if more time were spent
B) faulty decisions that get us into trouble
C) good decisions in a reasonable amount of time
D) faulty decisions, but the fact that we've decided quickly gives us time to cope with the consequences, so there is no harm done in the end

Question 75

Research demonstrated that physical sensation can activate metaphors that influence our judgments about unrelated topics. If you wanted students to take your petition seriously, you should present the information about it __________.

A) on a piece of paper they can take with them
B) on a heavy tablet
C) on a light clipboard.
D) verbally rather than in writing

Question 76

In the study by Shariff and Norenzayan (2007) presented in your text, what made people behave more altruistically, actually leaving more money for a stranger?

A) They were primed with words related to money.
B) They were primed with images of wealth.
C) They were told the next participant would know their names.
D) They were primed with words related to God.

Question 77

Research has demonstrated that metaphors about the body and social judgments influence how we think and the decisions we make. If that is true, the next time you are feeling lonely and as if the world is a cold, heartless place, what should you do and why?

A) Clean your room, because it is associated with "washing away sins"
B) Hold a warm beverage in your hands, because warmth is associated with friendliness
C) Carry something heavy, because that is associated with "carrying the weight of the world"
D) Take a nap, because "life is but a dream"

Question 78

Reasoning based on the ease with which we can bring something to mind involves the use of the __________ heuristic.

A) availability
B) representativeness
C) counterfactual
D) confirmatory

Question 79

The mental shortcuts that people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently are called __________.

A) judgmental heuristics
B) self-fulfilling prophecies
C) schemas
D) controlled processes

Question 80

Instead of considering every single brand and variety of pasta sauce at the grocery store, most people make quick decisions about which one to purchase. This is an example of how people use __________.

A) self-fulfilling prophecies
B) judgmental heuristics
C) controlled processes
D) priming