Deck 3: The New Genetics

Question 1

Describe how the gender of a fetus is decided at conception.

Answer 1

Sex is determined by the 23rd set of chromosomes. If the set contains two X chromosomes, then the infant is female. If it contains an X and a Y, then the infant is male. The mother's egg cell is always an X. Therefore, the father's sperm determines the sex of the infant since the sperm can carry either an X or a Y chromosome.

Question 2

All living things are composed of cells, and the work of cells is done by _____.

Answer 2

proteins

Question 3

Explain how color blindness is inherited and why it is much more common in one gender than the other.

Answer 3

Color blindness is an X-linked recessive gene. This means that it is always passed on from a mother on the X chromosome. Since boys have one X and one Y chromosome, if they inherit one recessive gene on the X chromosome, they have no dominant chromosome to overpower it on the Y chromosome. This makes them much more apt to be color-blind. Girls have two X chromosomes. This means that they will usually have a dominant gene on the other X chromosome. Thus, they may carry the trait but will not experience it themselves.

Question 4

If the 23rd pair of chromosomes is _____, the individual will be female.

Question 5

Each variation of a gene is called a(n) _____.

Question 6

The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent is exactly like the code on the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is _____.

Question 7

The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent differs from the code on the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is _____.

Question 8

Briefly describe differentiation and when it begins. Give at least two examples of cell differentiation.

Question 9

A person's collection of genes is referred to as his or her _____.

Question 10

Describe epigenetics and explain how it could influence whether or not a person develops diabetes.

Question 11

Define genotype and phenotype, explain the impact of both on an individual's traits, and give an example of each.

Question 12

Describe three of the surprises revealed upon the completion of the Human Genome Project.

Question 13

What makes Down syndrome a chromosomal condition? Identify four characteristics that are often associated with Down syndrome.

Question 14

Explain how nature and nurture can interact to result in alcohol use disorder.

Question 15

Almost every cell in the human body contains _____ chromosomes.

Question 16

Explain how cells, proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules, chromosomes, and genes are related to each other.

Question 17

_____ are located on chromosomes and are units of instructions for cells.

Question 18

Describe the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins and how each type is conceived.

Question 19

Describe how a one-celled zygote develops into a baby with 26 billion specialized cells due to the processes of duplication, division, and differentiation.

Question 20

In 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, both members of the pair are closely matched. Each of these 44 chromosomes is called a(n) _____.

Question 21

Michelle and Greg are having a baby and are hoping for a boy. _____ is the parent who is responsible for determining the sex of the baby.

Question 22

The interaction of a heterozygous pair of alleles in such a way that the phenotype reflects one allele more than the other is referred to as a(n) _____ pattern.

Question 23

Monozygotic twins have _____ percent of their genes in common.

Question 24

Fraternal twins are also called _____ twins.

Question 25

When someone inherits a recessive gene that is not expressed, that person is a(n) _____ of that gene.

Question 26

Identical twins are also called _____ twins.

Question 27

When an ovum is surgically removed from an ovary, fertilized in a glass lab dish, and then inserted into the uterus, this process is referred to as _____.

Question 28

_____ cells are able to produce any other cells.

Question 29

Jenny and Tina are identical twins. They are the result of one ovum fertilized by _____ sperm.

Question 30

Jackie rushed into the house after school and announced to her parents, "My personality is _____! So many genes make me who I am!"

Question 31

Jenny learned in her high school science class that a female has _____ on the 23rd pair of chromosomes.

Question 32

Chris learned in her high school science class that a male has _____ on the 23rd pair of chromosomes.

Question 33

When the effects of genes add up to influence the phenotype, they are called _____ genes.

Question 34

Oliver has inherited genes that put him at risk for developing diabetes, but he never develops diabetes due to a healthy diet and exercise. This example demonstrates that human characteristics, including diabetes, are _____.

Question 35

A high school science teacher asks students what cells could be used to produce any other cell in the body. If students respond "_____ cells," they will be correct.

Question 36

Individuals' appearance, behavior, and brain and body functions are their _____.

Question 37

Jeff and Ashley are fraternal twins. They are the result of _____ ovum/ova fertilized by two sperm.

Question 38

After about the eight-cell stage within the zygote, cells start to _____, meaning that they take different forms and reproduce at various rates depending on where they are located.

Question 39

If the 23rd pair of chromosomes is _____, the individual will be male.

Question 40

_____ refers to a trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental, that enhance, halt, shape, or alter the expression of genes, resulting in a phenotype that may differ markedly from the genotype.

Question 41

Age has been associated with chromosomal abnormalities in offspring in that the _____ a parent is at conception, the greater the risk of chromosomal abnormalities.

Question 42

A(n) _____ is one of the 46 molecules of DNA (in 23 pairs) that virtually every cell of the human body contains and that, together, contain all the genes.

A) chromosome
B) allele
C) genotype
D) zygote

Question 43

The name of the full set of genes that provides the instructions for making living organisms is the _____.

A) phenotype
B) genotype
C) genome
D) allele

Question 44

The entire packet of instructions to make a living organism is called _____.

A) the genome
B) genes
C) chromosomes
D) the phenome

Question 45

Prospective parents may seek _____ counseling to help determine their risk of passing along chromosomal disorders.

Question 46

Members of the same species share _____.

A) just physical similarities
B) just behavioral similarities
C) 99 percent of their genes
D) 75 percent of their attitudes

Question 47

The cognitive deficits caused by the genetic condition of _____ are the most common form of inherited intellectual disability.

Question 48

A variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristics is a(n) _____.

A) chromosome
B) zygote
C) genotype
D) allele

Question 49

Each cell in the human body contains _____.

A) 46 pairs of chromosomes
B) 46 chromosomes
C) 23 chromosomes
D) 20 pairs of chromosomes

Question 50

Each gene directs the formation of specific proteins made from a string of _____.

A) chromosomes
B) amino acids
C) gametes
D) DNA

Question 51

Most of the known single-gene disorders are _____.

Question 52

_____ is the statistic that indicates how much of a variation in a particular trait can be traced to genes.

Question 53

The instructions for making amino acids are on about 3 billion pairs of chemicals called _____.

A) couple pairs
B) foundation pairs
C) base pairs
D) copy pairs

Question 54

As urbanization, video games, homework, and fear of strangers have kept more American children indoors, the rate of _____ has increased.

Question 55

Each molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is stored on a _____.

A) chromosome
B) ribonucleic acid (RNA)
C) gene
D) zygote

Question 56

Individuals have 23 _____ in every cell of the body.

A) chromosomes
B) genes
C) pairs of chromosomes
D) pairs of genes

Question 57

A small section of a chromosome that is the basic unit for the transmission of heredity is a _____.

A) gamete
B) gene
C) genotype
D) zygote

Question 58

Research indicates that alcohol use disorder is caused by a combination of nature and _____.

Question 59

All living things are composed of cells. The work of cells is done by _____.

A) proteins
B) zygotes
C) genotypes
D) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 60

Genes with various repeats or deletions of base pairs are referred to as _____.

Question 61

Allen learned in his college biology class that, in sex chromosomes, the _____.

A) Y chromosome is larger than the X chromosome and has more genes
B) X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome and has more genes
C) X and Y chromosomes are the same size, but the X chromosome has more genes
D) X and Y chromosomes are the same size and have the same number of genes

Question 62

The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent differs from the code on the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is _____.

A) homozygous
B) heterozygous
C) monozygotic
D) dizygotic

Question 63

RNA affects genes and alleles by _____.

A) turning some on and some off
B) removing inactive ones
C) inserting additional DNA
D) encouraging activation of desirable traits

Question 64

On the 23rd pair of chromosomes, _____ have two X chromosomes.

A) females
B) embryos
C) sperm
D) males

Question 65

Scott and Darpa are siblings who have the same parents. Scott has heavy, straight eyebrows, whereas Darpa has thinner, arched eyebrows. These differences in eyebrow shape are due to different _____ that each sibling received from their parents.

A) nurture
B) alleles
C) gender
D) advice

Question 66

On the 23rd pair of chromosomes, females have _____.

A) two X chromosomes
B) two Y chromosomes
C) an X chromosome and a Y chromosome
D) just a Y chromosome

Question 67

Michelle and Greg are having a baby and are hoping for a boy. What is responsible for determining the sex of the baby?

A) Michelle's egg
B) Greg's sperm
C) food Michelle ate
D) Michelle's sleeping position

Question 68

On the 23rd pair of chromosomes, males have _____.

A) two X chromosomes
B) two Y chromosomes
C) an X chromosome and a Y chromosome
D) just a Y chromosome

Question 69

Males have one X and one Y on _____.

A) each sperm
B) the 43rd chromosome
C) the 23rd pair of chromosomes
D) each stem cell

Question 70

Genes with various repeats or deletions of base pairs are referred to as _____.

A) polymorphic
B) autosomes
C) polygenic
D) copy number variations

Question 71

Differences among people begin with alleles, which can be caused by transpositions, deletions, or repetitions of base pairs, making some genes _____.

A) polymorphic
B) multimorphic
C) allelemorphic
D) transmorphic

Question 72

The single cell formed from the union of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum, is called a _____.

A) chromosome
B) phenotype
C) genotype
D) zygote

Question 73

The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent is exactly like the code on the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is _____.

A) homozygous
B) heterozygous
C) monozygotic
D) dizygotic

Question 74

_____ is when genes have different effects depending on whether they come from the mother or the father.

A) Additive pattern
B) Dominant-recessive pattern
C) Parental imprinting
D) Copy number variation

Question 75

The one-celled zygote copies itself again and again and changes names as it multiplies. These names include _____.

A) genome
B) blastocyst
C) placenta
D) chorionic villi

Question 76

In 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, both members of the pair are closely matched. Each of these 44 chromosomes is called a(n) _____.

A) allele
B) gamete
C) autosome
D) blastocyst

Question 77

The microbiome consists mostly of _____.

A) harmful germs that threaten health
B) microbes that influence immunity, weight, and more
C) parasites that trigger allergies
D) antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Question 78

Every person begins life as a single cell, which is called a _____.

A) chromosome
B) zygote
C) genotype
D) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 79

The process of methylation can _____ genetic instructions.

A) alter
B) change the genes underlying the
C) delete
D) generate novel

Question 80

An individual's genetic inheritance is called a(n) _____.

A) phenotype
B) allele
C) genotype
D) gamete