Deck 15: Adolescence: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Twelve-year-old Michael wants to become a doctor when he grows up, because he is convinced that one day he will find the cure for cancer. Michael's egocentrism has led him to develop a _____ about his ability to achieve future success.

Answer 1

personal fable

Question 2

Explain what is meant by the term digital natives. Describe two benefits and two downsides of being a digital native.

Answer 2

Digital natives are those people, including today's adolescents, who have been networking, texting, and clicking for definitions, directions, and data all their lives. The benefits of their level of comfort with technology are: (1) providing peers for those who formerly felt isolated, (2) the ability to take classes online, (3) some computer games have been shown to be better at teaching content than standard methods, (4) access to information more quickly and extensively than through a regular library, and (5) access to information about health and sex. The downsides are: (1) it encourages rapid shifts of attention, (2) multitasking without reflection, (3) visual learning instead of invisible analysis, (4) use of the Internet to send and receive inappropriate photos of themselves and peers, and (5) an avenue for cyberbullying.

Question 3

Drake, an adolescent, drank six energy drinks in three minutes. Even though he started to experience heart palpitations, he believed that he would not suffer any ill effects. His certainty resulted from his _____ fable.

Answer 3

invincibility

Question 4

Eight-year-old Eduardo is learning multiplication of real numbers because he is in the _____ operational stage of cognitive development.

Question 5

Due to egocentrism, young adolescents consider themselves to be_____, special, and more admired or disliked than they actually are.

Question 6

An adolescent girl suffers great discomfort at having to go to math class with wet hair after her swimming class because she feels that all eyes are on her. This girl, like many adolescents, is responding to a(n) _____.

Question 7

Hypothetical thought involves the ability to reason in _____ propositions.

Question 8

State two risks associated with the invincibility fable and two risks associated with the imaginary audience.

Question 9

Young adolescents think intensely about themselves and what others think about them. David Elkind described this as adolescent _____.

Question 10

First, define adolescent egocentrism, and then name and define two universal examples of it. Second, provide an example of a time when you exhibited adolescent egocentrism in your own life and name the type of egocentrism it was.

Question 11

Define secondary education and indicate why it is important for individuals and nations.

Question 12

Differentiate between inductive and deductive reasoning and offer an example of each.

Question 13

An adult recalls taking large risks as an adolescent, never considering the consequences of being caught and ignoring the advice of others. His behavior can be explained by the _____ fable of adolescence.

Question 14

Sixteen-year-old Clarissa is learning to multiply unreal numbers-e.g., (17x)(-4y)-because she is in the _____ operational stage of cognitive development.

Question 15

Explain what is meant by cyberbullying, who is most likely to be involved, and two potential effects of cyberbullying on the victim.

Question 16

What typically happens to student achievement and behavior during middle school? What are two factors that contribute to this pattern?

Question 17

When thinking about possibilities that may or may not reflect reality, an adolescent can use _____ thought.

Question 18

Thoroughly define analytic thought and intuitive thought. Tell which type of thinking adolescents tend to use to a greater extent and why.

Question 19

Explain what the PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) is and describe how U.S. students perform on this assessment compared to their international peers.

Question 20

Piaget referred to the stage of cognitive development that involves the ability to think logically about abstract ideas as _____ thought.

Question 21

In _____ reasoning, one begins with a general premise and draws logical, specific conclusions from it.

Question 22

Students who hold the _____ believe that they can master whatever they seek to understand.

Question 23

Students who leave high school without graduating tend to be _____ boys from minority ethnic groups.

Question 24

Many U.S. states require high school students to pass high-stakes _____ in order to graduate.

Question 25

Because today's adolescents have grown up with access to technology such as texting and clicking for directions, they are known as _____.

Question 26

Allison took a picture of herself naked, and she texted it to her boyfriend. This is known as _____.

Question 27

Students who hold the _____ conclude that nothing they do can improve their academic skill.

Question 28

Deductive reasoning is also known as _____ reasoning.

Question 29

For many students, academic achievement _____ and behavioral problems increase during middle school.

Question 30

_____ reasoning involves using specific experiences to form a general conclusion.

Question 31

Luis is in the seventh grade. If he is typical, he attends a(n) _____ school.

Question 32

Thinking can occur in two ways-intuitive/analytic, implicit/explicit, creative/factual, etc.-which is known as _____.

Question 33

Recognition for academic excellence is especially elusive in _____ school because teachers at this level tend to mark more harshly than those at other levels.

Question 34

_____ thought arises from beliefs and assumptions rather than a logical premise.

Question 35

The statement "If it walks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it must be a duck" is an example of _____ reasoning.

Question 36

Two modes of information processing advance during adolescence. One mode is analytic thought and the other mode is _____ thought.

Question 37

Adolescent victims of cyberbullying are particularly likely to suffer from _____.

Question 38

When electronic devices are used to harass someone, with rumors, lies, embarrassing truths, or threats, it is known as _____.

Question 39

Students who hold the incremental theory will pay attention, participate in class, study, complete their homework, and learn. They are displaying _____ motivation.

Question 40

Every nation is experiencing an increasing number of students in _____ schools.

Question 41

Ron thinks he is more unique and admired than other adolescents his age, and he is certain that everyone is paying attention to his every action. It appears that Ron has started to experience adolescent _____.

A) modesty
B) moral reasoning
C) egocentrism
D) logic

Question 42

Emily had an argument with Jayla at school. Now, she's lying in bed, replaying what was said and what she should have said instead. Emily is _____.

A) ruminating
B) pouting
C) recollecting
D) projecting

Question 43

Many adolescents feel that their own thoughts and experiences are far more extraordinary than those of other people. This is part of their _____.

A) personal fable
B) postoperational thought
C) moral reasoning
D) invincibility fable

Question 44

The _____ is an international test taken by 15-year-olds; it is designed to measure the problem solving and practical cognition used in daily life.

Question 45

When adolescents fantasize about how others will react to their new hairstyle, they are creating a(n) _____.

A) personal fable
B) abstract audience
C) personal identity
D) imaginary audience

Question 46

During puberty, young people center on themselves, in part because brain maturation heightens _____.

A) self-esteem
B) self-consciousness
C) self-concept
D) self-identity

Question 47

Tucker insists that he can't wear the new jeans his mom got for him because they look too new, and his classmates will make fun of them. After spending the evening making deliberate cuts in the fabric and fraying the edges, he declares that the jeans are now suitable to wear. Tucker's concerns illustrate _____.

A) modesty
B) moral reasoning
C) adolescent egocentrism
D) logic

Question 48

The belief that unless one's number is up, one cannot be harmed by things that would hurt someone else is referred to as _____.

A) the invincibility fable
B) the personal fable
C) the imaginary audience
D) deductive reasoning

Question 49

Analysis of national educational practices and scores on the PISA finds that teachers and administrators who feel _____ correlate with high achievement among students.

Question 50

The power of the invincibility fable may be observed in _____.

A) a 17-year-old boy who drives cautiously
B) an 18-year-old girl who insists that her boyfriend use a condom
C) young military recruits who hope to be sent into combat
D) an adolescent who sings, thinking that the neighbors must be listening

Question 51

Sixteen-year-old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating _____.

A) the personal fable
B) deductive reasoning
C) self-awareness
D) the invincibility fable

Question 52

_____ is the theorist who coined the term adolescent egocentrism.

A) Erikson
B) Skinner
C) Elkind
D) Kohlberg

Question 53

During puberty, adolescents' thoughts center on _____.

A) friends
B) society
C) family
D) themselves

Question 54

Many high school graduates enter college, but even 10 years after the usual age for high school graduation, only about _____ percent of U.S. young adults have earned a bachelor's degree.

Question 55

As Ms. Carlson returned the student papers she had graded, she was thinking about the fact that she had forgotten to pick up her dry cleaning on the way to school. As a result of her thoughts, her face had a look of displeasure on it as she handed Donald's paper to him. Even though the paper had "A" and "Good job!" written at the top of it, Donald saw Ms. Carlson's expression and concluded that she must not like him. Donald's mistaken belief is evidence of his adolescent _____.

A) modesty
B) moral reasoning
C) egocentrism
D) logic

Question 56

Adolescents thinking intensely about themselves and about what others think of them is called _____.

A) hypotheticalism
B) deductive thinking
C) inductive thinking
D) adolescent egocentrism

Question 57

Internationally, _____ education that explicitly prepares students for jobs via a combination of academic classes and practical experience seems to succeed better than a general curriculum.

Question 58

The term imaginary audience refers to adolescents' _____.

A) ability to understand how others perceive them
B) belief that everyone is watching their behavior and appearance
C) constant posing and posturing before mirrors
D) belief that others are spying on them

Question 59

A 15-year-old girl realizes that the dress she has worn to school has a small stain on it. Her belief that everyone will notice the stain is an example of _____.

A) the personal fable
B) adolescent egocentrism
C) clothes consciousness
D) school phobia

Question 60

Marsha says, "There is no way I am going to school today with this bruise on my cheek. Everybody is going to laugh at me." Marsha is demonstrating _____.

A) a volatile mismatch
B) an implicit judgment
C) the imaginary audience
D) the invincibility fable

Question 61

In Inhelder and Piaget's balance experiment, a child who systematically tests the idea that the relationship between weight and distance is reciprocal is probably age _____.

A) 4
B) 7
C) 10
D) 14

Question 62

Bottom-up reasoning is also referred to as _____ reasoning.

A) top-down
B) theoretical
C) concrete
D) inductive

Question 63

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Hypothetical thought is tied to the everyday world as the individual knows it.
B) Hypothetical thought is emotionally based.
C) Hypothetical thought involves imagined possibilities.
D) Hypothetical thought is an aspect of concrete operational thinking.

Question 64

"If-then" propositions require _____.

A) concrete thought
B) operational thought
C) postformal thought
D) hypothetical thought

Question 65

Elle, an adolescent, believes that government should pay for all citizens' health care. From this premise, she reasons about the particulars of how and why government-funded health care would work. This is an example of _____.

A) adolescent egocentrism
B) intuitive thinking
C) inductive reasoning
D) deductive reasoning

Question 66

Juanita just solved this math problem: (35xy²)(6zy³). Her ability to do so places her in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question 67

Three different girls tell Brian that Titanic is their all-time favorite movie. He concludes that all girls love that movie. Brian has just used _____.

A) hypothetical reasoning
B) inductive reasoning
C) deductive reasoning
D) adolescent egocentrism

Question 68

Avery, who is 14 years old, is attending her first swim team practice. She is very sensitive to the facial expressions, body language, communication styles, and other social cues given by her new teammates. Avery's sensitivity to these social cues is aided by her adolescent _____.

A) hypothetical thinking
B) deductive thinking
C) inductive thinking
D) egocentrism

Question 69

All Christians believe in the Bible, and Josiah is a Christian; therefore, Josiah believes in the Bible. This is an example of _____.

A) deductive reasoning
B) theoretical reasoning
C) concrete reasoning
D) formal reasoning

Question 70

Jeremy is 7 years old and has been asked to balance a scale with weights that can be hooked to the arms of the scale. Jeremy will probably _____.

A) solve the problem through a trial-and-error strategy
B) put weights on both sides without considering distance from the center of the scale
C) understand the inverse relationship between distance and weight
D) put all of the weights on one side of the scale

Question 71

Which term refers to reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out specifics?

A) hypothetical reasoning
B) inductive reasoning
C) deductive reasoning
D) adolescent egocentrism

Question 72

Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence _____.

A) formal operational thought
B) invincibility thinking
C) metacognition
D) concrete operational thinking

Question 73

Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality defines _____.

A) inductive reasoning
B) perceptual thought
C) hypothetical thought
D) deductive reasoning

Question 74

In Inhelder and Piaget's balance experiment, trial-and-error problem solving was most characteristic of those of the age defined by _____.

A) unrealistic thought
B) concrete operational thought
C) logical thought
D) formal operational thought

Question 75

When Piaget and Inhelder asked children of different ages to balance a scale using several different weights, they found that by age _____, some children used logic to understand a reciprocal relationship.

A) 4 or 5
B) 7 or 8
C) 9 or 10
D) 13 or 14

Question 76

Which term refers to the ability to begin with specifics, such as accumulated facts, and then make general conclusions?

A) hypothetical reasoning
B) inductive reasoning
C) deductive reasoning
D) adolescent egocentrism

Question 77

Justine is 14 years old. Her parents are frequently annoyed because Justine tends to ask critical questions such as, "Why can't I have wine with dinner? You do," or "I don't understand why I'll be able to vote when I'm 18, but I have to wait until I'm 21 to buy alcohol!" This demonstrates Justine's _____.

A) inductive reasoning
B) perceptual thinking
C) hypothetical thinking
D) deductive reasoning

Question 78

Using _____ thinking, a person might think, "If it barks like a dog and wags its tail like a dog, it must be a dog."

A) deductive
B) preoperational
C) reductive
D) inductive

Question 79

One of the most prominent aspects of formal operational thought is the ability to _____.

A) reject adult thoughts and values
B) think in terms of possibilities
C) take another person's point of view
D) use practical problem-solving skills

Question 80

Deductive reasoning is also referred to as _____ reasoning.

A) top-down
B) theoretical
C) concrete
D) bottom-up