Deck 10: Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

Many children between the ages of 3 and 7 have _____, which-although make-believe-combat loneliness and aid in emotional regulation.

Answer 1

imaginary friends

Question 2

_____, controlling the expression of emotions, is the preeminent psychosocial task between ages 2 and 6.

Answer 2

Emotional regulation

Question 3

Discuss the long-term outcomes that are associated with the four parenting styles.

Answer 3

Children who are raised by authoritative parents are successful, articulate, happy with themselves, and generous with others. These children are usually liked by teachers and peers, especially in cultures that value individual initiative (e.g., the United States).
Children who have authoritarian parents become conscientious, obedient, and quiet but not especially happy. Such children tend to feel guilty or depressed, internalizing their frustrations and blaming themselves when things don't go well. As adolescents, they sometimes rebel, leaving home before age 20.
Children who have permissive parents lack self-control, especially in the give-and-take of peer relationships. Inadequate emotional regulation makes them immature and impedes friendships, so they are unhappy. They tend to continue to live at home, still dependent on their parents, in early adulthood.
Children with neglectful/uninvolved parents tend to be immature, sad, lonely, and at risk of injury and abuse not only during childhood but throughout their life span.

Question 4

Describe neglectful/uninvolved parenting and compare it to the permissive parenting style.

Question 5

Name and describe the three different types of play. Explain why each type is important for a child's psychosocial development.

Question 6

Describe the three parenting styles identified by Diana Baumrind.

Question 7

When a child has formed an understanding of self, including gender, size, and personality, that child has developed a _____.

Question 8

Define intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. How might parents and teachers help children become intrinsically motivated? Identify three outcomes for a person who is extrinsically motivated.

Question 9

Who was the most influential researcher on parenting styles? When and with what subject sample did this researcher conduct research? Explain the limitations of this research.

Question 10

If a child plays soccer to please her parents as opposed to playing for her own sake, she is exhibiting _____ motivation.

Question 11

According to Freud, what emotions occur during the phallic stage? What behaviors does a child exhibit by the end of this stage?

Question 12

Briefly describe what happens during Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage.

Question 13

When anger leads a child to hit, kick, and hurt other people, that child has _____ problems.

Question 14

_____ are irrational, crippling fears that diminish as emotional regulation improves.

Question 15

When a person understands other people's feelings and concerns, that person has _____.

Question 16

If a child starts doing a behavior because he is rewarded for it but continues doing the behavior even after the rewards stop, it means that the extrinsic motivation has become _____.

Question 17

According to Erik Erikson, the crisis experienced by children during early childhood is _____ versus guilt.

Question 18

Discuss the role of emotional regulation in the psychosocial development of a child. What are two signs of emotional regulation in children?

Question 19

A person's _____ plays a role in how different behaviors and emotions are expressed.

Question 20

Explain the difference between sex and gender as described in the text. Give three examples of gender schema.

Question 21

Children who develop into successful, happy adults who are generous with others are most often reared by _____ parents.

Question 22

John accidentally knocked over Casey's block tower, so Casey hit him. Casey was displaying _____ aggression.

Question 23

While experiencing Freud's _____ complex, a boy begins to masturbate, fear castration, and develop sexual feelings toward his mother.

Question 24

According to Freudian theory, children resolve the Oedipus and Electra complexes by means of _____, a defense mechanism through which children try to become like the same-sex parent.

Question 25

A little boy who prefers to dress as a soldier rather than Cinderella because his understanding is that boys don't dress as Cinderella has developed a _____ schema.

Question 26

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends no more than _____ a day of screen time for preschool children.

Question 27

_____ behavior is intended to harm someone else.

Question 28

One type of play identified by Mildred Parten in which children play together and take turns is called _____ play.

Question 29

A form of play in which children act out roles and plots is called _____ play.

Question 30

_____ identified the four dimensions of parenting as strategies for discipline, expressions of warmth, communication, and expectations for maturity.

Question 31

An emotion that develops when children feel intense dislike or hatred toward others is called _____.

Question 32

Girls prefer to play with dolls and boys prefer to play with soldiers; these are _____ differences.

Question 33

Children play best with playmates of the same _____ and social status.

Question 34

While experiencing Freud's _____ complex, a girl experiences an unconscious desire to replace her mother and win her father's romantic love.

Question 35

Freud called the period from the ages of 3 to 6 years the _____ stage.

Question 36

The type of play characterized by children playing with similar toys in similar ways but not together is called _____ play.

Question 37

The most common type of active play is called _____ play.

Question 38

Boys tend to have more muscle mass than girls; this is a(n) _____ difference.

Question 39

According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of one's parents is the _____.

Question 40

Nevaeh noticed that a new girl in her preschool class was standing alone watching the other children. When Nevaeh asked the girl if she would like to play with her, she exhibited _____ behavior.

Question 41

Which factor helps a young child to demonstrate initiative as Erikson details it in his third stage of psychosocial development?

A) neurological maturity and a longer attention span
B) a child's sense of guilt and shame
C) a decrease in the child's emotional regulation
D) apprenticeship opportunities offered by a child's parents

Question 42

A method of discipline that evokes a child's shame, guilt, and gratitude is called _____ control.

Question 43

In a study of the synergy of emotional regulation between mothers and their 3-year-old children while playing with a puzzle, researchers found that _____.

A) the children usually gave up and watched their mothers construct the puzzles
B) mothers in the study needed advice on how to scaffold better
C) puzzles were an inappropriate task for mothers and small children
D) mothers and children regulated or deregulated each other's emotions

Question 44

In the marshmallow test, young children could eat a marshmallow immediately or get two if they waited. What has longitudinal data from these children revealed about those who were able to wait?

A) They were no different from those who didn't wait.
B) Those who waited grew up to do better in college than those who didn't wait.
C) Waiting to eat the marshmallow caused the children to become more cautious adults.
D) Waiting to eat the marshmallow was not associated with any specific outcomes.

Question 45

Jared, age 5, describes himself as a good soccer player with black hair who laughs a lot. His description demonstrates his developing _____.

A) self-esteem
B) self-concept
C) self-deprecation
D) self-criticism

Question 46

Which of the following illustrates brain plasticity in emotional regulation?

A) Marvin throws a temper tantrum when his mother puts his favorite toy away.
B) Velma has a sweet disposition, rarely getting upset.
C) Jeff's father angrily snatches Jeff's toy away, and Jeff screams angrily at his father.
D) Steve is cranky after a long day of playing at the park.

Question 47

An angry 5-year-old girl might stop herself from hitting another child because she has developed _____.

A) social referencing
B) self-esteem
C) identification
D) emotional regulation

Question 48

According to Erikson, children have _____ and thus believe that they can achieve any goal.

A) a sense of self-doubt
B) a weak self-concept
C) strong feelings of guilt
D) an unrealistic self-concept

Question 49

Erikson called the psychosocial developmental stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age _____.

A) initiative versus guilt
B) industry versus inferiority
C) the preoperational stage
D) autonomy versus inferiority

Question 50

Two-year-old Julia repeatedly exclaims, "Me do it!" when her mother tries to help her. Although this behavior is frustrating, her mother understands that doing things independently will develop Julia's sense of _____.

A) initiative
B) trust
C) integrity
D) emotional regulation

Question 51

William is at the toy store and sees a construction set. He asks his dad if he can have it for his birthday. His dad asks him, "Do you think you would be able to use it?" William reminds his dad that he is good at building with blocks. What does this example demonstrate?

A) William's dad's inappropriate questioning of William's initiative
B) William's need to prove himself worthy to his father
C) William's positive self-concept
D) William's sense of shame and doubt

Question 52

_____ is a disciplinary technique that requires a child to stop all activity and sit quietly by himself or herself for a specific length of time.

Question 53

Because parents so often remind their children of their positive accomplishments, it is common for children to develop _____.

A) protective optimism
B) trust
C) integrity
D) emotional regulation

Question 54

_____ makes children believe that they will be good at anything they try to do.

A) Overwhelming pride
B) Protective optimism
C) Extrinsic motivation
D) Intrinsic motivation

Question 55

By the age of 6 years, most children have developed their _____.

A) self-concept
B) career skills
C) ethnic identity
D) lifelong personality

Question 56

The preeminent psychosocial accomplishment between the ages of 2 and 6 is learning when and how to _____.

A) make friends
B) know right from wrong
C) regulate emotions
D) make choices

Question 57

"Wow, look how tall your tower is!" Lila's mother exclaims. When the tower falls and Lila is disappointed, her mother says, "Those blocks are pretty slippery. They fall too easily from such a nice tall tower." From which country is Lila?

A) United States
B) Japan
C) China
D) Korea

Question 58

Adeline can describe some of her characteristics, including what emotions she feels. The achievements reveal that she has developed _____.

A) social referencing skills
B) high self-esteem
C) an identity
D) her self-concept

Question 59

A disciplinary method in which a caregiver talks extensively with the offending child to get the child to understand why his or her behavior was wrong is called _____.

Question 60

Because emotional regulation requires practice, maturation, and work, it is referred to as _____.

A) effortful processing
B) labor intensive
C) effortful control
D) demanding control

Question 61

The desire to pursue a goal that comes from within a person is called _____.

A) extensive motivation
B) extrinsic motivation
C) intrinsic motivation
D) intensive drive

Question 62

Because of their ability to understand group categories, young children _____.

A) prefer to play in groups with even numbers of children
B) begin to express their innate sexism and racism
C) are less likely to notice another child's sex or race
D) remember more about cartoon characters whose names begin with the same letter as theirs

Question 63

Jaspreet frequently plays the piano whenever her family has guests because she enjoys the praise and attention that she receives. When alone, however, Jaspreet rarely plays the piano. Jaspreet's motivation _____.

A) needs to be reinforced by her parents
B) brings her great pleasure
C) is mostly extrinsic
D) will persist through adulthood

Question 64

Which factor contributes to young children's development of impulse control?

A) punishment for impulsive behaviors
B) beginning to set goals for their future
C) maturation
D) watching educational television shows

Question 65

Charlotte spends hours at a time playing with her doll, Emma. She gives Emma a bath, dresses her, feeds her, and pretends to change her diaper. Charlotte is _____ to play with Emma.

A) extensively motivated
B) extrinsically motivated
C) intrinsically motivated
D) intensively driven

Question 66

Which statement is true?

A) Parents around the world play with their children regularly.
B) The ways in which children play are identical around the world.
C) Children's play reflects their culture's practices and values.
D) Children in North America who engage in parallel play are developmentally delayed.

Question 67

If you want to foster intrinsic motivation to play a new game, what should you tell a child?

A) Children of their same sex are usually good at this game.
B) Children of the other sex are usually good at this game.
C) One particular child is good at this game.
D) Children of the other sex aren't very good at this game.

Question 68

"Boys are really good at this game," the researcher told the group of little boys. What effect did this information have on the boys' scores in the game?

A) There was no effect on their scores.
B) The boys scored higher than boys who hadn't been given that information.
C) The boys scored higher than girls.
D) The boys scored lower than boys who hadn't been given that information.

Question 69

Which of the following examples of praise would be effective in fostering intrinsic motivation?

A) "Wow, you're such a good artist!"
B) "You really worked hard on your drawing!"
C) "I like your drawing so much that I'm going to get you new colored pencils!"
D) "Let's put a sticker on the chart to show that you did some artwork today!"

Question 70

Which strategy produced higher scores among children playing a game in a research study?

A) Telling the boys that boys are usually good at this game.
B) Telling the girls that girls are usually good at this game.
C) Telling the children that the other sex is usually good at this game.
D) Telling the children that one particular child is good at this game.

Question 71

Which is one of the stages of play identified by Mildred Parten?

A) personal play
B) pretend play
C) social play
D) parallel play

Question 72

Now that Elle is in kindergarten, she is better able to hide her _____.

A) school books
B) pride about being a girl
C) disappointment at an undesirable gift
D) note from the principal reporting bad behavior

Question 73

Emil has reached the age at which he is unlikely to throw a temper tantrum. He is likely about _____ years old.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 8

Question 74

When 4-year-old Karen is angry, she lashes out by hitting. This is an example of _____.

A) an internalizing problem
B) an externalizing problem
C) modulated emotional expression
D) frustration management

Question 75

A child having an imaginary friend is an example of _____.

A) self-control
B) intrinsic motivation
C) extrinsic motivation
D) protective optimism

Question 76

Regulation of which emotion is emphasized in the United States?

A) anger
B) guilt
C) fear
D) pride

Question 77

Which of the following is an example of an externalizing problem in emotional regulation?

A) Britton, who is fearful and withdrawn
B) Christopher, who lashes out uncontrollably
C) Sophia, who has frequent headaches or stomachaches
D) Elise, who refuses to talk to new people

Question 78

Young children usually play best with _____.

A) their peers
B) their parents
C) older children
D) their younger siblings

Question 79

Which of the following statements is characteristic of a typical young child in the United States?

A) "I wish I was a different religion."
B) "It's embarrassing to be my size."
C) "I'm so proud to be a boy (or girl)!"
D) "I am disappointed that I'm an American."

Question 80

One of the benefits of children having imaginary friends is that _____.

A) there is less pressure to develop friendships with real peers
B) the child will never feel lonely
C) the imaginary friend meets various intrinsic psychosocial needs
D) parents can use the imaginary friend to convince their child to obey