Deck 11: Middle Childhood: Biosocial Development

Question 1

Discuss the "hygiene hypothesis" as it relates to childhood illness. State two facts that support this hypothesis.

Answer 1

The hygiene hypothesis states that modern children are overprotected from dirt and microbes when they are young, and thus they are prevented from experiencing infections and childhood diseases that would strengthen their immune systems. Support for this hypothesis comes from data indicating that 1) first-born children are more likely to develop asthma, 2) farm children are less likely to develop asthma, and 3) children born by cesarean section (a very sterile procedure) have more asthma.

Question 2

_____ and environmental factors safeguard middle childhood.

Answer 2

Genes (Genetics)

Question 3

Identify the signs of autism spectrum disorder and explain early signs of the disorder.

Answer 3

The signs of autism spectrum disorder are (1) impaired social communication and interaction; and (2) restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Children with any form of autism find it difficult to understand the emotions and point of view of others.
Signs are usually first seen in infancy, with a lack of a social smile or face gazing.

Question 4

According to some psychologists, modern children are overprotected from bacteria and viruses, so they often are not exposed to minor infections and diseases that strengthen their immune systems. Experts call this idea the _____.

Question 5

Several neurological advances occur during middle childhood, including selective attention and faster reaction time. First, describe selective attention and provide an example to illustrate this neurological advance. Second, describe faster reaction time and provide an example to illustrate this neurological advance.

Question 6

Active play in school hours has _____.

Question 7

In the United States, about 75 percent of children saw a _____ for preventive care in the previous year.

Question 8

Describe how advances in children's brain functioning fuel physical development during the school years.

Question 9

Differentiate between aptitude tests and achievement tests, and identify two criticisms of testing.

Question 10

In addition to _____ and poor parenting practices, social policies such as a lack of parks and subsidies for sugar are other factors described in the text as causes of childhood obesity.

Question 11

Children having a body mass index (BMI) above the 85th percentile for one's age is the definition of _____.

Question 12

Seven-year-old Brian has been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Describe some of his behaviors, and tell two things that his parents and teachers can do to help him cope.

Question 13

The chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that makes breathing difficult is called _____.

Question 14

The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others is referred to as _____.

Question 15

Children having a body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile for one's age is the definition of _____.

Question 16

Tyler's mother is trying to decide whether or not to sign up her 7-year-old son for Little League baseball. Offer two reasons why she should encourage this activity.

Question 17

Define dyslexia and describe two symptoms.

Question 18

Identify three ways in which overweight or obesity could affect a school-age child. Then indicate the potential outcome of childhood health habits.

Question 19

Explain three of the causes of increased childhood obesity in the United States today.

Question 20

Differentiate between mainstreaming and inclusion in educating children with special needs.

Question 21

A special-needs child may spend part of the day receiving targeted tutoring from a specially trained teacher in a designated place called a _____ room.

Question 22

The four general principles of developmental psychopathology are: diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context; disability changes year by year; life may be better or worse in adulthood; and _____.

Question 23

The most commonly prescribed drug for ADHD is _____.

Question 24

The term given to learning disorders in the area of math is _____.

Question 25

The shortened name for a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is _____.

Question 26

The legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the best educational context in which they can be expected to learn is called the _____ environment.

Question 27

Over the past few decades, the rates of ADHD have _____ in the United States.

Question 28

Within the framework of developmental psychopathology, _____ is when one cause can have many final manifestations.

Question 29

Most children with autism spectrum disorder show signs in _____.

Question 30

A person uses a(n) _____ test to measure how much a student knows about a particular subject.

Question 31

The disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or by hyperactive or impulsive behaviors is called _____.

Question 32

A test designed to see how well a child is reading in the third grade is called a(n) _____ test.

Question 33

A high-functioning variation of autism in which the affected individual's speech is close to normal was once referred to as _____ syndrome.

Question 34

A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs is called a(n) _____, often called an IEP.

Question 35

To say that disorders are _____ means that two or more different disorders are present in the same person.

Question 36

Howard Gardner proposed that there are _____ different types of intelligences.

Question 37

A diagnosis that is characterized by impaired social understanding and repetitive behavior is called _____ disorder.

Question 38

The most commonly diagnosed learning disorder is _____, which involves unusual difficulty with reading.

Question 39

A child's failure to master a particular skill that most children of that age acquire easily may be an indication that the child has a(n) _____.

Question 40

The kind of test designed to measure one's ability to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge is called a(n) _____ test.

Question 41

Middle childhood is the _____ period of the entire life span.

A) healthiest
B) riskiest
C) shortest
D) longest

Question 42

Children usually have all of their permanent teeth by age _____.

A) 4
B) 6
C) 10
D) 12

Question 43

Callie asks Jenna whether she wants to play tag with a group of her friends. Jenna joins the group of children. The children decide on the rules for tag and, as they play, they make sure that each child is following the rules. This informal, child-initiated game of tag is likely taking place _____.

A) in a neighborhood
B) in school
C) under the direction of a parent
D) in a sports league

Question 44

When comparing the growth of children from ages 6 to 11 to infants or adolescents, one notices that children _____.

A) grow slowly and steadily
B) grow faster than they did in early childhood
C) grow at the same rate from ages 2 to 12
D) have a tremendous growth spurt during the school years

Question 45

In the United States, about _____ percent of children saw a dentist for preventive care in the previous year.

A) 25
B) 50
C) 75
D) 100

Question 46

Which child is most likely to participate in a childhood sports league?

A) middle- and upper-class boys
B) children with special needs
C) low-SES children
D) inner-city children

Question 47

Which child is most likely to participate in a childhood sports league?

A) Randy, a 10-year-old boy who lives in the suburbs
B) George, a 10-year-old boy with autism spectrum disorder
C) Ada, a 12-year-old girl who lives in the suburbs
D) Romeal, a 10-year-old boy who lives downtown

Question 48

Removal of fluoride from the water in Calgary, Canada, was associated with _____.

A) improvements in children's health
B) reduction in obesity rates
C) increased water consumption
D) poorer teeth among second-grade children

Question 49

Children between the ages of 6 and 11 are within the developmental stage referred to as _____.

A) infancy
B) early childhood
C) middle childhood
D) adolescence

Question 50

Gifted and talented students might be students with high IQs or students who are _____ thinkers.

Question 51

Physical activity within schools has _____ over the years.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) hindered academic achievement
D) remained stable

Question 52

Body movement can improve intellectual functioning by _____.

A) reducing cerebral blood flow
B) including tests of academic concepts
C) improving cerebral blood flow
D) mimicking cognitive challenges

Question 53

Children who have poor health due to economic or social reasons are vulnerable to poor health lifelong, even if their socioeconomic status later improves. The text explains this as resulting from _____.

A) poor diet in adulthood
B) lack of exercise in adulthood
C) prolonged stress and unhealthy food in childhood
D) playing too many video games in childhood

Question 54

Physical activity can affect children by _____.

A) increasing depression
B) improving academic achievement
C) reducing problem-solving ability
D) improving oral health practices

Question 55

The benefits of physical activity during the middle childhood years _____.

A) are unrelated to health in adolescence and adulthood
B) protect health in adolescence but are unrelated to health in adulthood
C) are unrelated to health in adulthood but protect health in adolescence
D) can last a lifetime

Question 56

What have researchers said about the importance of recess, especially for children from disadvantaged backgrounds?

A) Recess is often the only opportunity for them to learn the rules to organized sports.
B) Without recess, children lack free time to catch up on their reading assignments.
C) Recess may be the only opportunity to practice social skills with other children.
D) Without recess, children miss out on unstructured time with adults.

Question 57

Research suggests that among children who saw a dentist for preventive care, 70 percent _____.

A) had low incomes
B) ate out regularly
C) had teeth that were in good shape
D) regularly eat dessert

Question 58

Research suggests that children who are deprived of _____ often have reduced mastery of reading and math.

A) city life
B) tests
C) screen time
D) recess

Question 59

The worldwide death rate during the middle childhood years has _____ since 1950.

A) quadrupled
B) doubled
C) stayed the same
D) decreased

Question 60

Which factor contributes to the decline in neighborhood play among children?

A) people no longer want to know their neighbors
B) parental obesity
C) the high incidence of juvenile diabetes
D) parents' fear of "stranger danger"

Question 61

Childhood overweight is usually defined as _____ above the 85th percentile.

A) weight
B) skinfold test
C) waist circumference
D) BMI

Question 62

Hannah's BMI is in the 79th percentile, which is associated with being _____.

A) underweight
B) normal weight
C) overweight
D) obese

Question 63

At the beginning of middle childhood, the _____ is less than at any other stage of life.

A) motivation to master a skill
B) number of friends
C) proportion of body fat
D) size of vocabulary

Question 64

Austin is in the grocery store with his mom and he sees the candylike cereal that he saw advertised on television. He asks his mom to purchase it, and she says no. He continues to beg, bargain, and pout until she concedes. Austin demonstrated _____ power.

A) influence
B) demanding
C) child
D) pester

Question 65

Since 1980 the rate of childhood asthma in the United States has _____.

A) doubled
B) tripled
C) decreased
D) stayed the same

Question 66

The belief that children's immune systems need to be exposed to viruses and bacteria in order to strengthen them, but that children are overprotected from this exposure, is called the _____.

A) sterile environment theory
B) hygiene hypothesis
C) spore theory
D) immunity hypothesis

Question 67

Monica brought her 10-year-old son to see the doctor because he was having problems breathing. The doctor informed Monica that her son had inflammation of the airways. Monica's son was diagnosed with _____.

A) asthma
B) obesity
C) sleep apnea
D) diabetes

Question 68

At Devon's recent check-up, her doctor told her that she is obese. Devon's BMI is in the _____ percentile.

A) 17th
B) 37th
C) 71st
D) 97th

Question 69

The hygiene hypothesis asserts that _____.

A) the immune system needs to tangle with microbes when we are young
B) the immune system needs to be protected through very hygienic conditions
C) farm animals are more hygienic than household pets
D) smoking is unhygienic

Question 70

Childhood obesity is usually defined as a BMI above the _____ percentile.

A) 65th
B) 75th
C) 85th
D) 95th

Question 71

Madeline is 9 years old and is considered obese. While her parents acknowledge that they could adopt a healthier lifestyle, they blame genetics for her weight problem. How many genes are estimated to influence Madeline's weight?

A) 5
B) 10
C) dozens
D) hundreds

Question 72

With respect to asthma, the hygiene hypothesis is supported by data showing that _____.

A) children born by vaginal delivery have more asthma
B) farm children have less asthma and other allergies
C) later-born children develop asthma more often than first-born children
D) city children have less asthma and fewer allergies

Question 73

Which factor is most often seen in children who are obese?

A) low blood pressure
B) increased psychopathology
C) high levels of cholesterol
D) increased chance of becoming a bully

Question 74

Marilyn is 7 years old and is classified as obese. Based on information from the text, which would you say contributed to her obesity?

A) She played outdoors frequently.
B) She often didn't get enough sleep.
C) Her parents allowed her to spend one hour or less per day of screen time.
D) After breast-feeding for a year, she was transitioned to solid foods.

Question 75

Which child is at higher risk for developing asthma?

A) a child who lives in a city
B) a child who lives on a farm
C) a child who experienced a vaginal delivery
D) a child who is second-born in the family

Question 76

Asthma is a disorder caused by _____ the airways.

A) inflammation of
B) enlargement of
C) destruction of
D) holes in

Question 77

Obesity has increased because it is common for _____.

A) preschoolers to play outdoors
B) preschoolers to watch TV and drink soda
C) babies to be breast-fed
D) children to walk to school

Question 78

Children are considered overweight when they have BMIs above the _____ percentile.

A) 65th
B) 75th
C) 85th
D) 95th

Question 79

William was doing a class report on asthma and learned that several factors may contribute to its development, including _____.

A) outdoor play
B) early respiratory infections
C) sunlight
D) carpets

Question 80

During middle childhood, children themselves contribute to weight gain by getting adults to do what they want, such as buying them candy or junk food. The ability of children to get adults to do what they want has been referred to as _____ power.

A) influence
B) demanding
C) child
D) pester