Deck 7: The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division

Question 1

Parasympathetic stimulation ____ heart rate and ____ the motility in the digestive tract.

A) does not affect, increases.
B) decreases, decreases.
C) decreases, increases.
D) increases, decreases.
E) increases, increases.

Answer 1

decreases, increases.

Question 2

Select the incorrect statement about the parasympathetic nervous system.

A) It signals cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.
B) Its postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine.
C) Its preganglionic fibers release ACh.
D) Part of it originates in the brain.
E) Part of it originates in the sacral region of the spinal cord.

Answer 2

Its postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine.

Question 3

Which is not characteristic of sympathetic pathways?

A) fibers issue from the thoracic and lumbar levels.
B) preganglionic fibers release norepinephrine.
C) postganglionic fibers release ACh.
D) short preganglionic fibers.
E) most preganglionic fibers synapse in the chain ganglia.

Answer 3

postganglionic fibers release ACh.

Question 4

What system would suppress the digestive organs during times of greater physical activity?

A) parasympathetic.
B) enteric nervous system.
C) somatic nervous system.
D) none of these answers.
E) all of these answers

Question 5

The sympathetic nervous system

A) is part of the somatic nervous system.
B) has cholinergic preganglionic and adrenergic postganglionic fibers.
C) originates in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
D) both (b) and (c) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 6

The sympathetic nervous system

A) is always excitatory.
B) innervates only tissues concerned with protecting the body against challenges from the outside environment.
C) dominates in fight-or-fight situations.
D) is part of the somatic nervous system.
E) is part of the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system.

Question 7

This receptor responds to acetylcholine from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers:

A) muscarinic
B) alpha
C) beta
D) nicotinic

Question 8

Parasympathetic system dilates blood vessels going to this structure.

A) sweat glands
B) brain
C) eye.
D) liver.
E) erectile tissues.

Question 9

The motor end plate

A) contains receptor sites that are capable of binding curare.
B) contains acetylcholinesterase.
C) experiences an increase in permeability to cations when combined with acetylcholine.
D) both (b) and (c) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 10

Which cell type does not release acetylcholine as its primary neurotransmitter?

A) sympathetic preganglionic
B) sympathetic postganglionic.
C) parasympathetic preganglionic
D) sympathetic postganglionic
E) alpha motor neurons

Question 11

Postganglionic autonomic fibers

A) end in a single terminal swelling, like a synaptic knob, that releases the neurotransmitter.
B) have numerous varicosities in their terminal branches that simultaneously release neurotransmitter over a large area of the innervated organ rather than on single cells.
C) innervate skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
D) both (a) and (c) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.

Question 12

Which of the following does not characterize the sympathetic nervous system?

A) It promotes responses that prepare the body for strenuous physical activity.
B) It is part of the autonomic nervous system.
C) It has norepinephrine as its postganglionic neurotransmitter.
D) It is always excitatory (that is, it increases the activity in every tissue it innervates).
E) It is part of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system.

Question 13

The parasympathetic nervous system

A) has long preganglionic fibers that end on terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.
B) dominates in quiet, relaxed situations.
C) releases a postganglionic neurotransmitter that binds with muscarinic receptors.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 14

All of the following release acetylcholine except

A) sympathetic preganglionic fibers.
B) parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.
C) sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
D) parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.
E) motor neurons.

Question 15

Sympathetic stimulation ____ heart rate and ____ the motility in the digestive tract.

A) does not affect, decreases.
B) decreases, decreases.
C) decreases, increases.
D) increases, decreases.
E) increases, increases.

Question 16

The overall functioning of the ANS contributes to

A) conservation of energy resources when stress levels are low.
B) mobilization of energy reserves when stress levels are high.
C) suppression of non-vital activities when stress levels are high.
D) homeostasis.
E) all these answers.

Question 17

Innervation of a single target by both branches of the

A) is called dual innervation
B) occurs only for a small number of organs
C) occurs only for sweat gland
D) both (a) and (b)
E) both (a) and (c)

Question 18

Which of the following statements concerning the terminal ganglia is correct?

A) long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end on the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.
B) terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
C) terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.
D) the terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.
E) terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

Question 19

The autonomic nervous system is

A) part of the somatic nervous system.
B) considered to be the involuntary branch of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system.
C) part of the central nervous system.
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.

Question 20

Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers

A) arise from the ganglion chain located along either side of the spinal cord.
B) are cholinergic.
C) secrete norepinephrine.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) both (a) and (c) above.

Question 21

Acetylcholine

A) is released from an axon.
B) destroys acetylcholinesterase.
C) is blocked by sodium.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 22

What would occur if ACh was not removed from the nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle cells?

A) the cell would relax.
B) the cell would repolarize with the opening of chloride channels.
C) the cell would remain contracted until fatigued.
D) sodium would continue to move into the cell causing excitation.
E) both (c) and (d) above.

Question 23

The sympathetic nervous system is always excitatory to the organs it innervates.

Question 24

The neuromuscular junction

A) is the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber.
B) transmits an action potential between the nerve cell and muscle cell on a one-to-one basis.
C) may produce either an EPSP or an IPSP on the motor end plate.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 25

Myasthenia gravis

A) is an autoimmune disease.
B) occurs when the terminal-button vesicles are unable to release adequate amounts of acetylcholine.
C) can be treated with a drug that temporarily inhibits acetylcholinesterase.
D) both (a) and (c) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 26

Which type of receptor binds norepinephrine on cardiac muscle, thus increasing cardiac activity?

A) cholinergic.
B) nicotinic.
C) alpha.
D) beta1.
E) beta2.

Question 27

Acetylcholinesterase

A) has enhanced activity from organophosphates.
B) inactivates a neurotransmitter.
C) is a neurotransmitter.
D) stimulates an excitatory postsynaptic potential.
E) triggers the release of sodium into postsynaptic cells.

Question 28

Select the correct statement about efferent neurons.

A) their cell bodies are located in dorsal root ganglia.
B) they are part of a two-neuron chain in the autonomic nervous system.
C) they arise peripherally at a receptor.
D) they send information toward the central nervous system.
E) they signal only skeletal muscles.

Question 29

Which type of drug would be used to treat an overactive bladder? One that

A) blocks NE
B) decreases the action of the sympathetic system
C) increases the action of the parasympathetic system
D) blocks acetylcholine
E) none of the above

Question 30

Botulism is caused by a toxin from the bacterium of the group (genus)

A) Clostridium.
B) Escherichia.
C) Salmonella.
D) Staphylococcus.
E) Streptococcus.

Question 31

Select the CNS structure that does not influence autonomic activity.

A) medulla.
B) hypothalamus.
C) spinal cord.
D) cerebellum
E) all these answers.

Question 32

The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is

A) acetylcholine.
B) the same as the transmitter substance at parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings.
C) the same as that released by all preganglionic fibers.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.

Question 33

Drugs that do this would decrease sympathetic function:

A) irreversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase
B) causes an explosive release of acetylcholine
C) blocks the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction
D) reversibly binds with acetylcholine receptor sites
E) blocks the release of NE

Question 34

Which statement characterizes sympathetic activity?

A) blood vessels with alpha receptors dilate.
B) the bronchioles constrict.
C) the pupils of the eye dilate.
D) the secretion of the sweat glands is inhibited.
E) the urinary bladder contracts and eliminates urine.

Question 35

Nicotinic receptors

A) bind with acetylcholine released from parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.
B) respond to acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.
C) are found primarily in the heart.
D) bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
E) none of these answers.

Question 36

Curare

A) strongly binds to acetylcholine receptor sites.
B) inhibits acetylcholinesterase.
C) is found in pesticides and military nerve gases.
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.

Question 37

What is the fate of ACh following binding to receptors?

A) it remains bound causing continued excitement.
B) it is removed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.
C) it is actively reabsorbed the axon terminal.
D) it is passively reabsorbed by the muscle cell.
E) none of these answers.

Question 38

Which of the following chemicals paralyzes skeletal muscle by binding to the acetylcholine receptor sites?

A) black widow spider venom.
B) curare.
C) organophosphates.
D) DDT.
E) local anesthetics.

Question 39

Which of the following is the final signaling step following impulse conduction along the axon terminal?

A) ACh binds with receptors on the muscle cell membrane, opening sodium channels.
B) ACh diffuses across the cleft of the junction.
C) ACh is released by exocytosis.
D) calcium diffuses into the terminal button.
E) voltage-gated channels for calcium are opened.

Question 40

Select the correct statement about the neuromuscular junction.

A) AChE activity is absent here.
B) It involves presynaptic neurons of the autonomic nervous system.
C) It is a junction between two neurons.
D) It is always excitatory.
E) The axon terminals do not store neurotransmitters.

Question 41

Action potentials are transmitted on a one-to-one basis at both a neuromuscular junction and a synapse.

Question 42

Muscarinic receptors are found on the effector cells innervated by the sympathetic division.

Question 43

Parasympathetic activation of sweat glands occurs to help reduce body temperatures.

Question 44

Dual innervation of organs by both branches of the autonomic nervous system allows a fine degree of control over these organs.

Question 45

The parasympathetic nervous system dominates in fight-or-flight situations.

Question 46

Sympathetic stimulation of the gallbladder increases the amount of bile released into the small intestines.

Question 47

The terminals of both autonomic nerve fibers and motor neurons end in a single, enlarged knoblike structure that releases neurotransmitter.

Question 48

The salivary glands and the eye are sympathetically innervated by cranial nerves.

Question 49

The autonomic nervous system is part of the somatic nervous system.

Question 50

Only alpha adrenergic receptors have several subtypes denoted with subscripts 1 and 2.

Question 51

The autonomic nervous system affects the motor activity of cardiac and smooth muscle.

Question 52

By blocking the effect of acetylcholine at muscarinic but not nicotinic receptors, atropine is able to block parasympathetic effects while not influencing sympathetic activity at all.

Question 53

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord.

Question 54

The autonomic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Question 55

Sympathetic and parasympathetic activity at the salivary glands is antagonistic.

Question 56

Most innervated blood vessels receive only sympathetic nerve fibers.

Question 57

In the absence of the autonomic nervous system motor activity of cardiac and smooth muscle would cease.

Question 58

The preganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system are cholinergic fibers.

Question 59

ACh is the neurotransmitter released to signal contraction of both skeletal and cardiac muscle.

Question 60

The parasympathetic nervous system controls the secretion of saliva but not sweat.

Question 61

Action potentials are initiated at the motor end-plate region of skeletal muscle fibers.

Question 62

Sympathetic fibers issue from ________-________ regions of the spinal cord. .

Question 63

The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system has its cells of origin in the brain stem as well as the spinal cord.

Question 64

It is possible through the use of drugs to activate the receptors found in bronchiolar smooth muscle without influencing the receptors in the heart.

Question 65

Clostridium botulinum toxin inhibits acetylcholinesterase.

Question 66

The two components of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system are the ____________________ nervous system, which supplies cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands, and the ____________________ nervous system, which supplies skeletal muscle.

Question 67

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are the two kinds of adrenergic receptors.

Question 68

Binding of ACh with receptor sites on the motor end plate opens chemical messenger-gated cation channels in the motor end plate, bringing about depolarization of the motor end plate.

Question 69

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are longer than parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

Question 70

A drug that blocks Beta 1 receptors would be used to treat asthma.

Question 71

Acetylcholinesterase is stored in secretory vesicles in the motor end plate of the muscle fiber.

Question 72

The sympathetic postganglionic fibers that innervate the sweat glands secrete acetylcholine rather than norepinephrine.

Question 73

Most innervated blood vessels receive sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.

Question 74

A sympathetic agonist drug would cause a faster heart rate and dilated pupils.

Question 75

An EPP is a graded potential.

Question 76

Autonomic activity can be influenced by conscious neural activity.

Question 77

An EPP is similar to an EPSP as both are action potentials.

Question 78

The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ____________________ nervous system, which dominates in fight-or-flight situations, and the ____________________ nervous system, which dominates in quiet, relaxed situations.

Question 79

The axons controlling skeletal muscles originate in the frontal lobe.

Question 80

The ____________________ fibers of the autonomic nerve pathway are located in the central nervous system.