Deck 6: Realms of Cognition in Middle Childhood

Question 1

Children's repeated interactions with others enhance their ability to decenter and to interpret others' thoughts,feelings,and desires.This ability to consider another's point of view is called what?

A)Perspective taking
B)Rehearsal
C)Metacognition
D)A script

Answer 1

A

Question 2

During middle childhood,the brain continues to grow and develop.One change during this development is the increased coordination between the left and right sides of the body.Which of the following events most directly accounts for this increased coordination?

A)Increase in gray matter in the brain
B)Myelination of the corpus callosum
C)Decrease in white matter in the brain
D)The child's experiences

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Some theorists combine Piaget's stages of cognitive development with information processing theories.What are these theorists called?

A)Neo-information theorists
B)Dual processing theorists
C)NeoPiagetians
D)NeoStage theorists

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Jean Piaget and other researchers have studied cognitive development in middle childhood from different theoretical traditions.What label did Piaget use to describe this stage of cognitive development?

A)Adaptation
B)Assimilation
C)Formal operations
D)Concrete operations

Question 5

At approximately what age do children begin to demonstrate Selman's second stage of friendship and learn that the needs and perspectives of other persons must be considered carefully?

A)5
B)8
C)11
D)14

Question 6

When a child remembers the factual information that one pound equals sixteen ounces,what type of knowledge is the child retrieving from memory?

A)Episodic
B)Procedural
C)Semantic
D)Sensory

Question 7

In the information processing approach to cognitive development,the brain's cognitive functioning is compared to what?

A)Gaming on a digital device
B)Learning a computer programming language
C)Computer processing of information
D)Wiring configurations for computer hardware

Question 8

Elementary school teachers often ask students to engage in self-testing and other self-monitoring activities that help them think about their own thinking.Such activities are designed to promote which type of cognitive skills that improve memory?

A)Language skills
B)Metacognitive skills
C)Narrative skills
D)Processing speed

Question 9

Stanley is 7 years old.His parents are quite concerned about his school progress.Although he has begun to learn to read,he reverses some letters when he writes.Based on research,Stanley's school counselor should tell his parents that

A)brain development can be quite uneven in childhood and as a result,it is not unusual for children to show poor performance in isolated skills.
B)Stanley almost certainly has a serious learning disorder that requires immediate intervention.
C)if a child shows normal progress in other reading related skills,like Stanley does,the child is probably faking the letter reversals in a bid for
Attention.
D)Stanley needs glasses.

Question 10

Among cognitive changes that benefit memory during a child's development,which one plays the big part in making it easier for children to learn more depth in a domain of knowledge?

A)Increase in the child's processing speed
B)Increase in the child's logical thinking skills
C)Increase in the child's knowledge base
D)Increase in the child's language skills

Question 11

What allows us to hold information in working memory and use it for periods of time longer than 15 to 30 seconds?

A)Rehearsal
B)Retrieval
C)Recognition
D)Metacognition

Question 12

When a child has repeated experiences with one kind of event,such as going to a ball game several times or going to the doctor several times,the child begins to form a schematic representation of the features of the event-the order in which things occur,where and when they occur.Such an episodic representation is called what?

A)Procedural information
B)A script
C)A sensory input
D)Nondeclarative information

Question 13

Information processing theories of cognitive development focus on what?

A)Physiological changes in the brain
B)Mechanics of thinking
C)Relationships between cognitive and physiological achievements
D)Stages of cognitive development

Question 14

Piaget's seriation task demonstrates which one of the cognitive changes that benefits memory with age?

A)Processing speed
B)Knowledge base
C)Metacognitive skills
D)Logical thinking skills

Question 15

In criminal cases involving children's eyewitness testimony,interviewers should avoid using guided imagery.Why?

A)It mirrors stereotype induction.
B)It typically involves inducements.
C)It causes confusion between reality and fantasy.
D)It draws upon the child's prior knowledge.

Question 16

If children learn and practice a memory strategy to boost memory but then forget to use it when it would be beneficial,what inconsistency are they exhibiting?

A)Production deficiency
B)Selective attention
C)Utilization deficiency
D)Inhibitory control

Question 17

Based on Selman's work,what term is used to identify a child whose interpersonal orientation is manifested in aggressive or manipulative behaviors toward a friend?

A)Reorienting
B)Disorienting
C)Self-transforming
D)Other-transforming

Question 18

What type of memory has the same unchanging capacity at different ages of development?

A)Short-term memory
B)Sensory memory
C)Working memory
D)Procedural memory

Question 19

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),which negatively affects children's school performance,is linked to atypical variations in brain development.What is the incidence of ADHD among school-age children?

A)Less than 1%
B)5-10%
C)2-3%
D)More than 15%

Question 20

What cognitive ability do children develop in middle childhood that empowers or enables them to answer conservation questions correctly (like those posed by Piaget)and to think reversibly?

A)Ability to count
B)Ability of metacognition
C)Ability to think abstractly
D)Ability to decenter

Question 21

Eight-year-old Marquita has spent a great deal of time learning basic addition facts.When she solves a complex addition problem in school,she pulls these facts out of memory.Marquita is using a ____________ strategy to help her solve addition problems.

A)retrieval
B)reversible
C)production
D)counting on

Question 22

Jenna,a 10-year-old,has a mental structure,or schema,about what typically happens when you go out to eat in a restaurant.Her schema indicates that a host or hostess first leads you to a table,then a waiter or waitress comes to take your order,and so on.This kind of mental structure is called

A)a semantic memory.
B)a procedural memory.
C)a rehearsal.
D)a script.

Question 23

Selman describes stages in the development of both perspective taking skill and of friendship.Suppose that David understands that his friend Mike has a different perspective from his own,but David cannot yet judge how his own behavior is likely to be viewed by his friend.David is most likely in which of Selman's stages?

A)Stage 0: undifferentiated/egocentric
B)Stage 1: differentiated/subjective
C)Stage 2: reciprocal/self-reflective
D)Stage 3: mutual/third-person

Question 24

Which of the following is true about strategies children use to help them solve math problems?

A)Children always abandon less efficient strategies when they discover more efficient strategies.
B)Only children who have formal schooling learn to use strategies.
C)Flawed strategies,or "bugs," are typical only of children who lack formal schooling.
D)Children occasionally use less efficient strategies after learning more efficient strategies.

Question 25

Our knowledge of an event in our own lives,such as a family vacation,is a type of

A)episodic knowledge.
B)semantic knowledge.
C)nondeclarative knowledge.
D)procedural knowledge.

Question 26

Imagine that you are counseling a 6^th grader on how to improve her study skills so that she will remember more information on tests.Not only do you teach her some memory strategies,you also encourage her to engage in self-testing so that she will begin self- monitoring,that is,keeping track of how well she is remembering new material.What kind of skill is this type of self-monitoring?

A)A metacognitive skill
B)A preoperational skill
C)A declarative memory
D)A social cognitive skill

Question 27

Describe how the concept of egocentrism relates to cognitive development in middle childhood and to the typical progress of friendship development (level of social interactions).

Question 28

Jamie,a boy scout,has practiced tying a particular kind of knot dozens of times,and he does it quickly and efficiently.But when he tries to explain how to do it to a younger member of his troop,he can't put it into words,he can only show the other boy how to do it.Jamie's knowledge of knot tying is an example of

A)declarative knowledge.
B)autobiographical knowledge.
C)semantic knowledge.
D)procedural knowledge.

Question 29

Piaget's description of the differences between preoperational thought and concrete operational thought includes which of the following?

A)Preoperational thought is reversible,but concrete operational thought is not.
B)Preoperational thought is fast,but concrete operational thought is slow.
C)Preoperational thought occurs in the frontal lobes,but concrete operational thought occurs in the corpus callosum.
D)Preoperational thought is centered,but concrete operational thought is decentered.

Question 30

When Sammy had to learn the names of all the planets,as well as their relative sizes,he made up sentences to help him remember.For example,"Eartha ate the Mars candy bar" helped him remember that Earth is larger than Mars.Sammy was using a memory strategy called

A)selective attention.
B)rehearsal.
C)organization.
D)elaboration.

Question 31

Which of the following is a difference between working memory and long-term memory?

A)Problem solving and making inferences is something we do in long-term memory,not in working memory.
B)Working memory retains information even longer than long-term memory.
C)Working memory has a limited capacity whereas long-term memory has almost unlimited capacity.
D)Working memory and long-term memory are the same thing.

Question 32

Dylan,a 9-year-old,is manipulative in his interactions with his friends.He does not use physical aggression,but he often tries threats and scare tactics to get what he wants.Dylan's interpersonal orientation would be described as

A)other-transforming.
B)reciprocal.
C)mature for his age.
D)self-transforming.

Question 33

Jeremy,a 2^nd grader,is in the counselor's office because he hit another boy on the playground.He tells the counselor that he knew the other boy was about to hit him first.He was just "getting back" at the other student.The counselor tries to help Jeremy control his aggressive behavior by explaining that the other boy didn't intend to hurt him.Given what you have learned about social development,which of the following is your best recommendation for the counselor?

A)Jeremy needs to be punished for his behavior,because no amount of talking will do any good at his age.
B)The counselor should call Jeremy's parents and they should resolve the problem because they are the primary socializing agents.
C)Jeremy probably doesn't have a good understanding of another person's intentions at this age.The counselor should assess the quality of Jeremy's perspective-taking and structure the intervention accordingly.
D)The counselor's approach is a good one because most children can infer the intentions and take the perspective of others around this time.

Question 34

Carla,a bright,energetic 7-year-old,has lost four gloves during the past few weeks.Her mother is annoyed at the need to keep replacing gloves.Carla notices that her little brother is amused that Carla is in trouble,and she formulates the theory that her brother is stealing the gloves just to get her into trouble.Carla is convinced that she is right.She refuses to entertain her mother's suggestion that Carla is often so distracted that she does not keep track of her possessions.Carla is displaying a form of

A)egocentrism.
B)formal operational thought.
C)reversibility.
D)domain specific knowledge.

Question 35

Kuhn (2000)wrote that "to study memories is to study much of …cognition and cognitive development." Explain this statement and illustrate your points by using examples of the factors that contribute to memory improvement with age.

Question 36

Before using cognitive therapies with children,which of the following is an important area of cognitive ability that clinicians should assess in their young clients?

A)Long-term memory
B)Episodic memory
C)Nondeclarative knowledge
D)Metacognitive skill

Question 37

NeoPiagetians are described as which of the following?

A)Psychologists who abandoned Piaget's model in favor of information processing theories
B)Theorists who apply Piaget's concepts to therapeutic interventions
C)Cognitive developmental theorists who incorporate ideas from Piaget and from information processing approaches
D)Cognitive developmental theorists who dismiss the ideas of information processing approaches and argue for a return to Piaget's original theoretical work

Question 38

Wayne is taking a digit span test.When he hears this series of digits,3 9 4 2 6 1 2,he realizes the digits match the ages of people in his family;his mother is 39,his father is 42,his little sister is 6,and he is 12.He decides to remember the series of four ages rather than try to recall each digit separately.Wayne is using a strategy called

A)elaboration.
B)chunking.
C)seriation.
D)self-transforming.

Question 39

For counselors who work with abused and maltreated children,which of the following statements draws an appropriate conclusion from research on social cognition and friendships?

A)Counselors should employ group counseling because abused children can relate best to other maltreated children.
B)Individual classroom accommodations are most helpful because these children typically lag behind their peers academically and this help will do most to bolster their self-esteem.
C)The counselor needs to serve as the attachment figure so that these children can form an attachment and develop empathy for others.
D)Counselors should pay attention to the social world of these maltreated children,because those who can make a best friend have a good chance of improving their self-esteem.
Essay Questions (Chapter 6)

Question 40

Five-year-old Brennan was questioned by police about a babysitter (Ginger)who was suspected of abusing Brennan's older sister.To encourage Brennan to reveal what he knew about Ginger,a police interviewer referred to the babysitter as a "nasty lady who does some strange things." These interviewer remarks are an example of

A)guided imagery.
B)stereotype induction.
C)working memory.
D)egocentrism.

Question 41

Imagine that you are working with 10-year-old Devyn who is having trouble making friends.His parents and teachers indicate that Devyn is "generous to a fault," often giving up what he wants in order to please others.Based on Selman's ideas about friendship development,explain whether this child is more or less mature than the boys who bully him,and describe an approach for helping Devyn with his friendship skills.