Deck 8: Gender and Peer Relationships: Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence

Question 1

After conception,which of the following characteristics applies to zygotes carrying the XY chromosome pair?

A)The Y chromosome is larger than the X
B)The Y chromosome carries the SRY gene
C)Metabolic rate is slower than XX chromosome pairs
D)Prenatal growth is slower than XX chromosome pairs

Answer 1

B

Question 2

One major force that motivates the development of distinct cliques is the need to establish an identity.What is the other major motivating force?

A)The need to help others
B)The need to dominate
C)The need to belong
D)The need to compete

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Children learn that acting or dressing like the other gender does not change their gender.What aspect of gender identity formation involves recognizing this permanence of gender category membership?

A)Gender stability
B)Gender allegiance
C)Gender constancy
D)Gender roles

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is the birth ratio of males to females?

A)Equal number of males and females
B)105 males to 100 females
C)110 females to 100 males
D)4 females to 5 males

Question 5

Which of the following statements applies to the way children in middle childhood spend their time?

A)They spend most of their time in mixed-gender interactions.
B)They spend three times more time with same-sex peers.
C)They spend 11 times more time with same-sex peers.
D)They are indifferent about gender of peers with whom they interact.

Question 6

According to the multidimensional theory proposed by Bussey and Bandura,three categories of variables interact reciprocally to help shape gender role development (including gender behavior differences).These three categories of variables include the following EXCEPT:

A)Ancestral influences
B)Personal influences
C)Behavioral influences
D)Environmental influences

Question 7

Based on many meta-analyses that assess the effects of sex differences,which of the following "real" sex differences (in traits or qualities)applies to boys more than girls?

A)Collaborative discourse style
B)Verbal achievement (reading,spelling,language tests)
C)Satisfaction with one's gender assignment
D)Preference for gender-typed toys

Question 8

At puberty,hormonal changes and hormonal differences between boys and girls may cause some behavioral differences that emerge at about that time.Which of the following behavior changes is seen more in girls than in boys?

A)Greater increase in depressive symptoms
B)Greater increase in aggressive behavior
C)Greater increase in delinquent behavior
D)Greater increase in dominance seeking

Question 9

What factor or characteristic in a cultural environment is known to reduce differences in gendered behavior?

A)Male domination
B)Egalitarianism
C)Industrialization
D)Urbanization

Question 10

Much research has focused on children who are rejected by peers.What type of social behavior is most predictive of rejection by peers?

A)Inactivity or lethargy
B)Apathy
C)Lack of interaction
D)Aggression

Question 11

Using sociometric techniques to define a child's social status,how is an individual's social impact computed?

A)Adding the positive nominations awarded by peers
B)Combining positive and negative nominations by peers
C)Adding the negative nominations awarded by peers
D)Subtracting negative nominations from positive nominations by peers

Question 12

Based on sociometric categories,which students receive few positive and few negative nominations?

A)Controversial children
B)Rejected children
C)Neglected children
D)Average children

Question 13

Tiffany is 3 years old.She knows that she is a girl,and she expects to be a girl tomorrow,but she does not understand that her gender is permanent.She believes that cutting her hair short could change her gender.Tiffany has ___________ but not ____________.

A)gender constancy / gender stability
B)gender stability / gender constancy
C)gender constancy / gender identity
C)gender identity / gender stability

Question 14

In comparing the group play of boys and girls during elementary school years,what characterizes the group play of girls more than the group play of boys.

A)Activities that show narrower interests
B)Competitive group play
C)Clearly structured hierarchical group play
D)Group size of two or three

Question 15

Indifferent reproductive structures exist for all fetuses,but at some point these structures differentiate.When do male external genitalia develop?

A)By the second month
B)In the third week
C)In the fifth month
D)By the third month

Question 16

Which of the following statements presents a sex stereotype (not supported by evidence from studies)?

A)Females exhibit more emotional expressiveness.
B)Males exhibit more satisfaction with their gender assignment.
C)Females exhibit more relational aggression (exclusion from group).
D)Males are more competent at analytical tasks.

Question 17

What is the sex chromosome configuration for children who have the condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)?

A)YY
B)XY
C)XX
D)XXY

Question 18

What do research studies show about the role of gender identity among White children compared to minority (Black and Hispanic)children in the U.S.?

A)Gender identity has greater impact on social adjustment for White children.
B)Gender identity has greater impact on social adjustment for minority children.
C)White children feel more pressure for gender conformity.
D)Hispanic males feel less pressure for gender conformity.

Question 19

Social learning theorists suggest that the differential treatment of boys and girls (by parents and other adults)influences children's sex-type behaviors.What does the evidence show?

A)Parents interact more with their sons than with their daughters.
B)Parents provide more encouragement for sons to achieve than daughters.
C)In many ways,boys and girls don't appear to be treated differently.
D)Parents show more warmth and responsiveness to their daughters.

Question 20

Studies show that same-sex peers have a socializing influence on children to the extent that children showing the most gender-related behaviors spent the most time in same-gender groups.What is the label for this phenomenon?

A)Multidimensional theory
B)Social dosage effect
C)Social identity pressure
D)Socially-generated roles

Question 21

Research indicates that mothers talk more to girls,that parents talk more about emotions to girls,that parents put more pressure on boys to suppress crying,and that teachers are more disapproving of girls than of boys when they are highly active.Which of the following theories argues that these modeling and rewarding processes are the most important influences on sex differences in behavior?

A)Information processing theories
B)Psychoanalytic (Freudian)theories
C)Social learning theories
D)Behavioral genetics theories

Question 22

When elementary school children are free to choose whomever they wish to play with,the most consistent finding is that they will choose

A)same sex playmates.
B)opposite sex playmates.
C)either same sex or opposite sex playmates equally often.
D)playmates they believe their teachers or parents wish for them to play with.

Question 23

Biological females with two X chromosomes are sometimes born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH),which causes their external genitalia to appear more like those of a male.They may be misidentified at birth and raised as males.If the correct identification is not made before age 3,physicians often advise parents to continue raising the child as a boy,because the child's gender identity may be difficult to change after age 3.The experiences of CAH girls and other gender atypical children have helped demonstrate that

A)social assignment is a powerful influence on gender identity.
B)genes are the most powerful influence on gender identity.
C)biology has no influence on gender identity.
D)boys are more highly valued than girls.

Question 24

Social skills training programs are interventions in which children are taught specific,discrete behaviors that can facilitate effective social interactions,like making eye contact and asking appropriate questions.Assessments of these interventions indicate that they have modest success in improving peer acceptance.Which of these is the best description of a major shortcoming of these intervention programs?

A)Socially unskilled children are already perceived in biased ways by peers,and that perception is not being addressed by the intervention.
B)Social skills are not the problem.Children who experience low peer acceptance usually already have adequate social skills.
C)These programs are introduced too late.Social skills training must be done much earlier than middle childhood to have any real effect.
D)Socially unskilled children are not capable of learning these basic skills,because their problems stem from a difficult temperament.

Question 25

In the Primary Mental Health Project begun in 1958 in Monroe County,New York,1^st graders were evaluated in a variety of ways in order to determine which early risk factor might predict later maladjustment.Of all the assessments done on those first graders,which one was the best predictor of mental health problems later?

A)Teachers' assessments of classroom conduct
B)Personality tests
C)School attendance records
D)Nomination by peers for negative roles in a class play

Question 26

Beliefs about sex differences sometimes are supported by research and sometimes are not.Which of the following gender stereotypes is NOT supported by most research studies?

A)Males tend to be more physically aggressive than females.
B)Sex differences are usually small,with lots of overlap between the sexes.
C)Males tend to exhibit more dominance seeking than females.
D)Females tend to be more sociable and prosocial than males.

Question 27

The term degrouping refers to

A)a strategy for solving math problems that boys often learn but girls do not.
B)a trend in middle adolescence for cliques to decline in importance.
C)a therapeutic intervention that requires children or adolescents to mix with members of a different crowd from their usual one.
D)the rejection of a crowd member for violating the norms of the group.

Question 28

Research indicates that sex role development usually proceeds normally in single parent families as well as in the more traditional dual parent families.These findings are not consistent with predictions from what type of theory about how sex differences develop?

A)Cognitive theories
B)Psychoanalytic (Freudian)theories
C)Social learning theories
D)Biological theories

Question 29

Recent research indicates that children who spend more time in same-gender groups show greater increases in gender-related behaviors over time than children who spend less time in same-gender groups.This process is referred to as the

A)social competence process.
B)degrouping effect.
C)social impact process.
D)social dosage effect.

Question 30

A child's social preference score is based on ____________,and their social impact scores are based on ____________.

A)positive nominations / positive plus negative nominations
B)positive nominations / negative nominations
C)neutral nominations / positive nominations
D)peer evaluations / teacher evaluations

Question 31

Which of the following is more typical of boys' sex-segregated groups than of girls' sex-segregated groups?

A)Boys negotiate more in their groups.
B)Boys engage in more rough-and-tumble play in their groups.
C)Boys switch leadership roles more often when they play in groups.
D)Boys' groups tend to be smaller than girls' groups.

Question 32

When data are examined and compared from a large number of different studies on the same question,such as "are there sex differences in nurturing tendencies," the report is called a

A)collaborative discourse.
B)social dosage effect.
C)meta-analysis.
D)sociometric analysis.

Question 33

In adolescence and early adulthood,males and females begin to spend more time in mixed-gender groups.Studies of who has more influence on the outcome of problem solving in mixed-gender groups indicate that

A)females have an advantage because they have learned to negotiate in their single-gender groups.
B)males have an advantage because they have learned to negotiate in their single-gender groups.
C)females have a disadvantage because males do less turn-taking and are more domineering.
D)males have a disadvantage because females are more skilled at expressing agreement.

Question 34

As a toddler,Joey loved to "dance" with his mother and his sisters,twirling around the house to music.By age 5,Joey refused to dance anymore,saying that dancing was for girls.His mother felt that he really wanted to dance but that he just wouldn't.How would a psychoanalytic (Freudian)theorist explain Joey's attitude toward dancing?

A)Joey was forced to stop dancing by the taunting of his male friends.
B)Joey is intrinsically motivated to engage in behaviors that he believes are consistent with his gender.
C)Joey now identifies with his father and will only do things his father does.
D)Joey secretly hates his mother and wishes to punish her.

Question 35

With regard to differences between males and females in math skills,which of the following is correct?

A)Males on the average do somewhat better than females in all areas of math skill testing.
B)These differences have changed historically,and there is now little difference before grade 12.
C)Boys are on the average better than girls on math computations in elementary school and early adolescence.
D)Girls are on the average better than boys on math problem solving after puberty.

Question 36

By middle childhood,boys' choices of companions tend to be based on shared interests,whereas girls' choices of companions tend to be based more on

A)looks.
B)social class.
C)personality.
D)parents' choices.

Question 37

One way to assess children's status among their peers is to ask each child in a classroom to choose which other children he or she would most like to sit next to or to do various things with,and which other children he or she would least like to do these things with.This technique is called

A)meta-analysis.
B)social dosage technique.
C)resilience assessment.
D)sociometry.

Question 38

As a toddler,Joey loved to "dance" with his mother and his sisters,twirling around the house to music.By age 5,Joey refused to dance anymore,saying that dancing was for girls.His mother felt that he really wanted to dance but that he just wouldn't.How would a cognitive theorist explain Joey's attitude toward dancing?

A)Joey was forced to stop dancing by the taunting of his male friends.
B)Joey is intrinsically motivated to engage in behaviors that he believes are consistent with his gender.
C)Joey now identifies with his father and will only do things his father does.
D)Joey secretly hates his mother and wishes to punish her.

Question 39

Which of the following DOES NOT represent a rule that governs borderwork (mixed-gender interactions during middle childhood)?

A)Contact is okay if it is accidental.
B)Contact is okay if it is required by an adult.
C)Contact is okay if children are accompanied by someone of their own gender.
D)Contact is okay if you share the same interest in an activity.

Question 40

Males are less likely to survive than females,both before and after birth.One important reason is that

A)males have more dominant,defective alleles than females.
B)males are more vulnerable to disorders caused by X-linked recessive alleles than females.
C)males have two Y chromosomes.
D)most societies value males less than females and provide males with less protection.

Question 41

Counselors working with school-age children and adolescents need to recognize that gender identity continues to develop in these years.Among the important findings from recent research is that girls tend to feel

A)more content with their gender than boys.
B)more pressure to conform to gender stereotypes than boys.
C)less content with their gender than boys.
D)the same degree of pressure to conform to gender stereotypes as boys.
Essay Questions (Chapter 8)

Question 42

Describe at least two theories of how parenting might influence the development of sex differences in childhood.Discuss the evidence for and against these theories.

Question 43

In an assessment of peer relationships,Fred was rarely selected by classmates as someone to play with or to do a class project with.But Fred was also rarely selected as someone whom classmates would refuse to play with.Children like Fred seem to be

A)actively disliked by other children.
B)more aggressive than other children.
C)choosing not to participate very actively in peer activities.
D)at high risk for later mental health problems.

Question 44

One gender-related characteristic of peer evaluations is that

A)boys are more likely than girls to be rejected for gender-nonconfroming behavior.
B)girls are more likely than boys to be rejected for gender-nonconfroming behavior.
C)whether or not children behave in gender-nonconforming ways seems to have no effect on peer evaluations.
D)gender-nonconforming behavior leads to equally strong rejection for both boys and for girls.

Question 45

Children tend to segregate into single gender play and friendship groups.Explain how such sex segregation might influence the development of sex differences during childhood.Provide clear examples of how this might work.

Question 46

Counselors need to recognize that girls' antisocial behavior in late childhood

A)is likely to include non-confrontational relational aggressive behaviors.
B)has not been linked to later anxiety and depression.
C)is unlikely to have long-term negative consequences.
D)is a result of particular challenges faced by girls.

Question 47

Counseling young boys requires sensitivity to society's "boy code" and may require special strategies for putting boys at ease in the counseling context.What is the boy code? What strategies might be especially helpful for overcoming this code?

Question 48

In an assessment of peer relationships,Fred was rarely selected by classmates as someone to play with or to do a class project with.But Fred was also rarely selected as someone whom classmates would refuse to play with.Fred is an example of

A)a neglected child.
B)a rejected child.
C)a controversial child.
D)an average child.