Deck 7: Self and Moral Development: Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence

Question 1

Based on studies of boys and girls in late childhood,what begins to happen to their self-esteem at this age?

A)Self-esteem declines for both boys and girls
B)Self-esteem declines for girls but not boys
C)Self-esteem climbs moderately for girls
D)Self-esteem climbs for both girls and boys

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Developmentalists' definition of self-concept includes all of the following descriptors EXCEPT:

A)Multifaceted
B)Hierarchical structure
C)Dynamic and changing
D)Unidimensional

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following characteristics is most closely linked to children who exhibit prosocial or helping behaviors?

A)High social anxiety
B)Low social anxiety
C)Hedonistic perspective
D)Low needs-oriented reasoning

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Current research,contrary to Freud's predictions (in his psychoanalytic theory of moral development),indicates that signs of moral development begin to emerge at what age?

A)By one year
B)Toddler age
C)3 to 4 years of age
D)By middle childhood

Question 5

What process are children using when they observe the performance of others and use it as a standard for judging their own abilities?

A)Self-enhancing bias
B)Self-defamation
C)Social comparison
D)Social aspiration

Question 6

What style of parenting seems to be most effective in fostering internalization of standards and values that lead to prosocial behavior in children?

A)Permissive
B)Strong power assertion
C)Authoritarian
D)Authoritative

Question 7

According to many studies,which domain of self-concept correlates highly with overall self-esteem from late childhood through adulthood?

A)Peer acceptance
B)Athletic competence
C)Physical appearance
D)Physical competence

Question 8

Cultures that emphasize the needs of the group over individual needs,who value social relationships more than personal goals,and who see failure as a step toward self-improvement are defined by what label?

A)Individualistic
B)Conventionalist
C)Moralistic
D)Collectivist

Question 9

Which child's self-concept is boosted most by demonstrating high competence in musical performance?

A)A child who demonstrates no natural musical competence
B)A child who demonstrates natural musical competence
C)A child who thinks musical performance is insignificant
D)A child who thinks musical performance is very important

Question 10

Morality is an important domain of self-concept that involves the capacity to distinguish right from wrong and the capacity to choose to do right.The elements of morality include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Sociability
B)Emotions
C)Behaviors
D)Cognitions

Question 11

In the social information-processing model,a child encodes cues and interprets the cues.An aggressive child is likely to exhibit which of the following styles of attribution in the process of interpreting cues?

A)Hostile attribution
B)Prosocial attribution
C)Positive intent attribution
D)Altruistic causal attribution

Question 12

Children's developing self-concepts differ on the basis of cultural values and emphases.North American children are more likely than children from Eastern cultures to incorporate which of the following elements in their self-concepts?

A)Characteristics of parents
B)Self-criticism
C)Independence
D)Relationships

Question 13

One aspect of prosocial behavior is defined as follows: a child exhibits "feeling with" another person,recognizing the emotional need of the other,and experiencing what the other is assumed to be feeling.This definition specifically applies to which of the following?

A)Altruism
B)Sympathy
C)Empathy
D)Self-sacrifice

Question 14

Tim is doing poorly in math.Although he knows he's not a very good math student,it does not concern him greatly.He spends most of his time after school playing hockey,a sport at which he excels.Tim's 5^th grade math teacher tries to motivate him to stay after school for tutoring,but Tim doesn't want to miss hockey practice.Furthermore,he reasons,two of his teammates have even lower marks in math than he does.Which of the following statements about Tim's self-concept is most accurate?

A)Tim's self-concept is low because thinks poorly of himself in math.
B)Time's self-concept depends on his academic view of self.
C)Tim's self-concept reflects understanding of his strengths and weaknesses.
D)Tim's self-concept is undifferentiated because of his age.

Question 15

Based on Harter's view of the domains of self-concept,when does scholastic or academic competence emerge as a domain or dimension of self-concept?

A)Adolescence
B)College years
C)Middle to late childhood
D)Early childhood

Question 16

Based on the model of the structure of self-concept by Marsh and Shavelson,the non-academic self is divided into three areas: social,emotional,and

A)Relational
B)Spiritual
C)Intellectual
D)Physical

Question 17

Kohlberg focused on the individual's reasoning about moral issues.The stages in his preconventional level of moral development included the following beliefs EXCEPT:

A)Child obeys rules to avoid punishment.
B)Child questions authority because authority may not be right.
C)Child interprets rules literally and no judgment is involved.
D)Child follows rules to serve her own interests.

Question 18

Children use various strategies to protect their self-esteem.Who is likely to exhibit the highest level of self-protection?

A)Child who is highly successful academically
B)Child with high self-esteem
C)Child with low self-esteem
D)Child who is highly successful athletically

Question 19

In Piaget's stages of moral development,what is the stage in which individuals strictly adhere to rules and believe rule violations are always punished?

A)Premoral period of morality
B)Autonomous morality
C)Conventional morality
D)Heteronomous morality

Question 20

Based on current studies,Black Americans have slightly higher global self-esteem than White Americans.In maintaining their self-esteem,individuals in historically marginalized groups do all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Attribute negative feedback to prejudice
B)Base self-concept on domains in which White Americans excel
C)Make social comparisons within their own group
D)Base self-concept on domains in which members of their group excel

Question 21

People are generally motivated to evaluate themselves favorably in relation to others.Researchers refer to this tendency as which of the following?

A)Self-comparison bias
B)Positive appraisal
C)Social comparison
D)Self-enhancing bias

Question 22

Tim is doing poorly in math.Although he knows he's not a very good math student,it does not concern him greatly.He spends most of his time after school playing hockey,a sport at which he excels.Tim's 5th grade math teacher tries to motivate him to stay after school for tutoring,but Tim doesn't want to miss hockey practice.Furthermore,he reasons,two of his teammates have even lower marks in math than he does.Which of the following statements about Tim's self-esteem is most accurate?

A)Tim's global self-esteem is likely to be high because he excels in an area of importance to him.
B)Tim's global self-esteem is likely to be low because he is failing in an important academic area.
C)Tim's global self-esteem is higher in the academic area than in the nonacademic area.
D)Tim's global self-esteem is higher in the non-academic area than in the academic area.

Question 23

Mr.Sanderson is a 1^st grade teacher.He believes in fostering children's tolerance for others,encouraging fairness,and promoting cooperative behavior.One of his classroom jobs involves leading the lunch line to the school cafeteria,a coveted role among the students.Vanessa has been line leader of the week.It is now the last day of the week and Mr.Sanderson asks Vanessa to allow Jeremy,a brand new student,a chance to lead the line.Mr.Sanderson is upset with Vanessa when she refuses because he feels she is not being kind.What is the best explanation for Vanessa's behavior at this age?

A)Vanessa is at the premoral stage and is unconcerned about other children.
B)Vanessa can engage in needs-based reasoning but may still have difficulty weighing the needs of others against her own.
C)Vanessa recognizes her duty to share,but she doesn't like the new student.
D)Vanessa can't engage in needs-based reasoning so she is unaware that she is being selfish.

Question 24

Write a response to a parent who believes that constantly comparing her child to other more accomplished or talented children is a good way to motivate her child to achieve more and become stronger.

Question 25

Billy's babysitter takes him to the park every day where he can play with other preschoolers.When Billy falls or gets hurt,his babysitter soothes him until he feels better.One day Dwayne,another preschool child,falls from the swings.Billy looks concerned and rushes over to help.Then Billy tells his babysitter that Dwayne got hurt.According to research,Billy's prosocial behavior is strongly related to Billy's experience with

A)empathy and sympathy.
B)guilt.
C)anxiety.
D)pain.

Question 26

What advice would you give to parents who want to develop prosocial behaviors in their children?

Question 27

Which of the following is a temperamental characteristic associated with prosocial behavior?

A)Low social anxiety
B)Popularity among peers
C)Coherent self-concept
D)Intelligence

Question 28

The ability to restrain or redirect a strong impulse in order to perform a less-preferred response is called

A)emotional reactivity.
B)positive regulation.
C)conscience-oriented behavior.
D)effortful control.

Question 29

What is character education? If character education principles are incorporated in schools,how might students benefit?

Question 30

Develop a case study that reflects the development of an aggressive disorder.

Question 31

As Selena and her friends are walking home after school they approach a corner store and see bags of candy and snacks on open shelves outside the front door.A young clerk is also outside waiting for customers.As they get closer,they see the clerk go inside the store.Selena's friends encourage her to take a bag of candy,but she refuses.How would an individual in Kohlberg's preconventional stage of moral reasoning explain Selena's behavior?

A)Selena didn't take the candy because she might get caught.
B)Selena didn't take the candy because it belonged to someone else.
C)Selena didn't take the candy because stealing violates standards of justice.
D)Selena didn't take the candy because stealing violates the social contract.

Question 32

As Selena and her friends are walking home after school they approach a corner store and see bags of candy and snacks on open shelves outside the front door.A young clerk is also outside waiting for customers.As they get closer,they see the clerk go inside the store.Selena's friends encourage her to take a bag of candy,but she refuses.According to Gilligan's theory,how would Selena,if she were an adult,most likely explain why she chose not to steal?

A)Selena would explain that her mother taught her that stealing is wrong.
B)Selena would explain that it is important to conform to authority.
C)Selena would explain that she does not steal because she believes in universal laws of justice.
D)Selena would explain that she does not steal because stealing is wrong and because she would care about bringing harm to the shop owner.

Question 33

Peter,an aggressive 11-year-old,is referred to the counselor because of a recent episode of fighting on the bus.When asked to explain what happened,Peter said he had to sit next to a girl who was laughing with her friend across the aisle about the "stupid kids in school." Enraged by this,Peter pushed her head into the window.What is the most likely explanation for Peter's aggressive reaction?

A)Peter dislikes girls and was agitated by the girls' conversation.
B)Peter mimicked aggressive behavior he learned at home.
C)Peter attributed hostile intentions to the girls' comments.
D)Peter typically acts first and thinks later.

Question 34

Peter,an aggressive 11-year-old,is referred to the counselor because of a recent episode of fighting on the bus.When asked to explain what happened,Peter said he had to sit next to a girl who was laughing with her friend across the aisle about the "stupid kids in school." Enraged by this,Peter pushed her head into the window.Where is the error in Peter's social information processing about this situation?

A)Peter interpreted cues incorrectly and assumed the girls' comments were referring to him.
B)Peter did not clarify his goals in the situation but thought the girls should know not to insult the other kids.
C)Peter did not encode the social information into long-term memory.
D)Peter did not evaluate the girls' comments against what he knows to be true about other students on the bus.

Question 35

One factor that promotes higher self-esteem among minority group members is

A)a strong and positive racial or ethnic identity.
B)being a member of a smaller,rather than a larger,social group.
C)making social comparisons to members of other cultural groups.
D)incorporating reflected appraisals in construction of self.

Question 36

As Selena and her friends are walking home after school they approach a corner store and see bags of candy and snacks on open shelves outside the front door.A young clerk is also outside waiting for customers.As they get closer,they see the clerk go inside the store.Selena's friends encourage her to take a bag of candy,but she refuses.How would Freud's theory explain Selena's behavior?

A)Selena identifies with her mother who taught her that stealing is wrong.
B)Selena identifies with her father who taught her that stealing is wrong.
C)Selena has not developed an adequate superego because of her age,so she conforms to authority.
D)Selena has not developed an adequate superego because of her gender,so she conforms to authority.

Question 37

A counselor is concerned about a client's self-esteem.Which of the following provides a research-based rationale for concern?

A)High levels of self-esteem increase the risk of mental health problems.
B)Low levels of self-esteem cause people to act incompetently.
C)Low levels of self-esteem are related to negative attributions about self and to depression.
D)High levels of self-esteem contribute to hypervigilance and perceived need to protect oneself.
Essay Questions (Chapter 7)

Question 38

Tim is doing poorly in math.Although he knows he's not a very good math student,it does not concern him greatly.He spends most of his time after school playing hockey,a sport at which he excels.Tim's 5th grade math teacher tries to motivate him to stay after school for tutoring,but Tim doesn't want to miss hockey practice.Furthermore,he reasons,two of his teammates have even lower marks in math than he does.Which process seems to enhance or protect Tim's self-esteem?

A)Tim's self-criticism
B)Tim's self-monitoring of his performance
C)Tim's perspective-taking skills
D)Tim's downward social comparison

Question 39

According to many,evidence points to a strong association between global self-esteem and what domain?

A)Academic self-concept
B)Social self-concept
C)Athletic self-concept
D)Physical appearance

Question 40

As Selena and her friends are walking home after school they approach a corner store and see bags of candy and snacks on open shelves outside the front door.A young clerk is also outside waiting for customers.As they get closer,they see the clerk go inside the store.Selena's friends encourage her to take a bag of candy,but she refuses.How would an individual in Kohlberg's conventional stage of moral reasoning explain Selena's behavior?

A)Selena didn't take the candy because she might get caught.
B)Selena didn't take the candy because it belonged to someone else.
C)Selena didn't take the candy because stealing violates standards of justice.
D)Selena didn't take the candy because stealing violates the social contract.