Deck 9: Physical,cognitive,and Identity Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Adolescents may be capable of constructing ideals-ideal self,ideal society,and ideal family system.This ability likely contributes to which of the following?

A)Self-critical attitudes
B)Greater decentering
C)Increased capacity to forgive
D)Greater acceptance of what is real

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Characteristics that distinguish formal operational thought from lower levels of thinking include the following EXCEPT:

A)Ability to coordinate multiple relationships
B)Cognitive processing that can be difficult even for adults
C)Ability to understand concrete elements of algebra
D)Ability to focus on abstractions

Answer 2

C

Question 3

How does early maturation tend to affect boys?

A)More socially awkward than younger-maturing boys
B)Moodier than early-maturing girls
C)Some of the same disadvantages as girls
D)Disadvantaged in socially approved activities such as athletics

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Current evidence lends strongest support to which of the following influences on sexual orientation?

A)Environmental conditions after birth
B)Modeling of sexual orientation by adults
C)Freud's view of parenting patterns
D)Genetic influence and prenatal hormones

Question 5

Studies of racial or ethnic identity development by Rogers and Meltzoff (2017)suggest that as children enter adolescence,their view of race/ethnicity as an aspect of self-definition is typically which of the following?

A)Racial/ethnic identity is the most important feature of self-identification
B)Racial/ethnic identity is not as important as other features
C)Racial/ethnic identity is dominated by a sense of cultural oppression
D)Racial/ethnic identity has been explored and accepted

Question 6

Different regions of the brain develop at different rates during adolescence.Which area matures faster than the others?

A)Neural circuitry
B)Planning and control function
C)Prefrontal cortex
D)Limbic system

Question 7

During the adolescent growth spurt,internal and external changes occur differently for boys and girls (sexual dimorphism).What aspect of the growth spurt typically applies to girls more than boys?

A)Size of heart and lungs increases more in one gender
B)On average,one gender gains about 42 pounds
C)Begins 2 years earlier in one gender
D)Broader shoulders and thicker bones in one gender

Question 8

Hormones promote maturation of primary and secondary sexual characteristics.Which of the following is a primary sexual characteristic?

A)Growth spurt in males and females
B)Ovaries in females
C)Deeper voice in males
D)Enlarged breasts in females

Question 9

Research into the personal and cognitive characteristics of each identity status provides additional insights.Which identity status group seems to lack trust in their ability to choose a meaningful path in life,may not feel they need to choose a path,and seems to lack optimism about their future?

A)Achievement
B)Diffusion
C)Moratorium
D)Foreclosure

Question 10

According to statistics,high school adolescents from what race/ethnicity and what gender report the highest rate of intercourse?

A)Black females
B)Black males
C)Hispanic males
D)White females

Question 11

In a recent survey questioning high school students across the U.S.about the type of sexual contact in which they engaged,what percentage reported having no sexual contact?

A)Under 30%
B)Over 50%
C)About 35%
D)About 45%

Question 12

Studies show gender differences in both depressed mood and clinical depression during adolescence.What is the gender difference in rates of major depression for 12- to 19-year-olds?

A)Rates slightly higher for males
B)Rates around twice as high for females
C)Rates slightly higher for females
D)Rates as much as triple for females

Question 13

When parents engage in racial/ethnic socialization practices,some of the practices that help children develop a strong ethnic identity also lead to positive increases in identity,self-esteem,academic achievement,and less antisocial behavior.Based on some studies,which of the following practices is most likely to deliver mixed results (rather than the positive increases)?

A)Participating in activities that reflect a shared heritage
B)Preparing children for egalitarian relationships with different groups
C)Teaching cultural values and participating in cultural activities
D)Preparing children for experiences of discrimination

Question 14

Pubertal processes begin when certain changes occur in the endocrine system.Which of the following explains the beginning of this process?

A)Sexual development comes under the control of the thyroid.
B)The pituitary stimulates other glands to release hormones into the bloodstream.
C)The adrenal gland influences the growth of secondary sex characteristics.
D)The hypothalamus controls the development of secondary sex characteristics.

Question 15

Based on studies of children in the U.S. ,menarche and spermarche occur earlier today than in children even 20 years ago.Which one of the following groups of children reaches these maturation milestones earliest?

A)African American
B)Caucasian
C)Hispanic American
D)Asian American

Question 16

Which identity status is characterized by making commitments without exploration of alternatives and perhaps adopting a choice dictated by culture or family?

A)Identity achievement
B)Moratorium
C)Foreclosure
D)Diffusion

Question 17

What chemical or chemicals are responsible for sending a signal that triggers the beginnings of puberty?

A)Adrenalin
B)Cytokines
C)Kisspeptin
D)Androgens

Question 18

When adolescents are found guilty of criminal activity,sentencing may involve weighing the individual's culpability and mitigating guilt.Researchers Steinberg and Scott argue that developmentally adolescents are less culpable on the basis of which of the following?

A)Fully formed characteristic behavior
B)Fully formed identity
C)Less vulnerability to compelling circumstances
D)Diminished capacity in reasoning

Question 19

Metacognitive skills advance during adolescence.Which of the following illustrates a negative side of improved metacognitive skill?

A)Less introspection
B)Focus on others
C)Imaginary audience
D)More objectivity in evaluating beliefs

Question 20

In dealing with stressors during adolescence,which of the following is the most likely effect of the rumination coping style?

A)Direct attention externally
B)Decrease emotional reactivity
C)Increase intensity of depressed mood
D)Distract from focus on the problem

Question 21

Studies show that formal operational thinking is

A)easily grasped by all students by the time they enter high school.
B)easily grasped by average students by the time they enter college.
C)demonstrated by all normal adults.
D)sometimes difficult even for adults.

Question 22

When working with youth whose racial or ethnic heritage is biracial or multiracial,counselors are likely to find that

A)the majority of adolescents identify with the minority category of their racial or ethnic identity.
B)the majority of adolescents identify as White.
C)about half of adolescents identify with no racial or ethnic category.
D)adolescents shift identity back and forth depending on the circumstances,rarely settling on one or the other for long.
Essay Questions (Chapter 9)

Question 23

Give three examples of different types of adolescent egocentrism that might be apparent in a counseling situation with an adolescent.

Question 24

Based on studies of racial,ethnic,or sexual identity formation,researchers conclude which of the following?

A)Realizing the significance of race,ethnicity or sexual orientation plays a critical role.
B)A phase of active involvement in one's cultural group is essential.
C)Individuals must turn against the values of the dominant culture before their identity can form.
D)Most individuals remain in diffusion and do not reach moratorium or achievement.

Question 25

Which of the following elements is most closely associated with the concept of the imaginary audience?

A)A sense of invulnerability
B)A sense of pride
C)A sense of destiny
D)A sense of shame

Question 26

Which of the following most accurately reflects Erikson's view of identity?

A)Identity begins to develop in adolescence and must be fully resolved before the next stage of psychosocial development can begin.
B)People must go through a traumatic crisis in order to have a solid identity.
C)One's identity provides the answer to the question "Who am I?"
D)Identity provides a foundation for making mature commitments to adult roles and belief systems.

Question 27

Beth comes from a working class family.Since her father is disabled and unemployed,Beth needed to take a full-time job right after high school to help her mother provide for two younger children.Fortunately,she got a job as a receptionist in her uncle's real estate business.The secretarial skills she learned in high school help pay the family's bills.According to Marcia's categories of identity status,which placement would you assign to Beth with regard to her vocational identity?

A)Diffusion
B)Moratorium
C)Foreclosed
D)Achieved

Question 28

James Marcia studied Erikson's work and saw embedded in Erikson's views the notion of two processes in identity formation.What are those two processes?

A)Foreclosure and achievement
B)Exploration and commitment
C)Exploration and moratorium
D)Diffusion and commitment

Question 29

Which of the following is the best example of a characteristic form of adolescent egocentrism?

A)Fourteen-year-old Breanna believes that her pastor is hypocritical because he lives in a nice house.She thinks it should be sold to feed the poor.
B)Fourteen-year-old Erika buys gifts for other members of her family based on what she likes to receive rather than considering their preferences.
C)Fourteen-year-old Derek can't understand the concept of probability when his math teacher introduces statistics.
D)Fourteen-year-old Jordan believes he is a superior student despite having a learning disability.

Question 30

It's a typical day for Tessa,a counselor who works with teenagers.Mark explains to her that he came to school high on drugs because he can get away with it.He believes his teachers are clueless when it comes to spotting kids on drugs.Elkind is most likely to use which of the following labels for Mark's self-focused view?

A)Personal audience
B)Imaginary fable
C)Invincibility fable
D)Personal egocentrism

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT an illustration of formal operational thought?

A)Alyssa classifies information about the main branches of the US government by drawing a diagram of various departments within each branch.
B)Cody generates all the possible combinations of numbers from a seven digit telephone number.
C)Cai writes a paper discussing how satire used in a popular comic strip promotes deeper thinking.
D)Farouk creates a story about a society that is free from war,suffering,and death.

Question 32

A coping style that has been linked to higher levels of depression among adolescent girls and women is

A)rumination.
B)distraction.
C)support seeking.
D)denying a problem exists.

Question 33

Tessa,a counselor who works with teenagers,meets with Olivia,who attempted suicide after her boyfriend broke up with her.Olivia says she feels that there is no choice but for her to end her life.Ronnie believes that she is destined to die young.This will make her boyfriend mourn for her forever.How would Elkind describe Olivia's view of the world?

A)Personal audience
B)Personal fable
C)Imaginary audience
D)Invincibility fable

Question 34

What does Savin-Williams (2005)argue about the nature of sexual orientation?

A)Sexual orientation is a fluid concept for some teens.
B)Sexual orientation is determined in utero.
C)Sexual orientation is determined earlier for boys than for girls.
D)Homosexuality might be fostered if children have homosexual teachers.

Question 35

Allie's 8^th grade academic work is a little more advanced than what she is used to.She is having a hard time keeping up,particularly in science,which is her first period course.The teacher moves very fast,despite the fact that most of the students look glassy-eyed from too little sleep.What is a puberty-related biological explanation for the students' behavior in science class?

A)Sexual dimorphism
B)Early menarche
C)Androgen imbalance
D)Delayed phase preference

Question 36

Dennis is a 17-year-old who comes to a counselor because he feels sexually attracted to males,which is at odds with his religious beliefs.Although he has felt this way for a long time,he is still struggling to understand why.Based on information presented in the textbook,which of the following explanations is supported by research?

A)Homosexual orientation usually results from being reared by one or two parents of the same sex as the child.
B)Homosexual orientation results from being exposed to early sexual abuse.
C)Homosexual orientation is at least partly determined by heredity.
D)Homosexual orientation is a personal choice made by the individual.

Question 37

Colin is applying for the pre-med major.Colin worked in the health science area for several years before returning to college.He is very serious about doing well in school.According to Marcia's categories of identity status,which placement would you assign to Colin with regard to his vocational identity?

A)Diffusion
B)Moratorium
C)Foreclosed
D)Achieved

Question 38

Describe the characteristics of formal operational thinking and give an example of a real-life (non-academic)task or situation that requires formal operational reasoning.

Question 39

Yvonne is an early-maturing 13-year-old 8^th grader who is a new student in an urban middle school.Last month she moved into the area with her mother and her three siblings.The family moved to be nearer to Yvonne's grandparents after the breakup of her parents' relationship.Yvonne is tall for her age and is bothered by the looks and sexual comments about her breasts from boys in her school.She has not been able to make friends at the new school.What does this example illustrate about the ease of the adolescent transition for early-maturing girls like Yvonne?

A)Early-maturing girls are more likely to be admired by others and have higher self-esteem than late-maturing girls.
B)Early-maturing girls are more likely to be rejected by girls who are less mature.
C)Early-maturing girls are more confident about their sexuality than late-maturing girls.
D)Early-maturing girls are neither more confident nor more likely to be r ejected than late-maturing girls

Question 40

Rasheed is a 19-year-old college student whose family is making financial sacrifices to pay for his education.So far,his grade point average is not high enough to allow him entrance into the pre-med program,the course of study he intends to pursue.He also works part time as a youth counselor,a job he really likes.He is considering changing his major to education.According to Marcia's categories of identity status,which category would you assign to Rasheed with regard to his vocational identity?

A)Diffusion
B)Moratorium
C)Foreclosed
D)Achieved

Question 41

As a clinician,you are asked to evaluate a 14-year-old boy's competence to stand trial as an adult.What data from developmental research are relevant,and how do you make the decision systematically?