Deck 12: Socioemotional and Vocational Development in Young Adulthood

Question 1

Which of the following is most likely to have a negative effect on one's self-efficacy in the workplace?

A)Acceptance of challenges
B)Mastery orientation
C)Incremental view of intelligence
D)Stereotype threat

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which body of predictive research examines the quality of one's attachment to a caregiver in infancy in comparison to the quality of that same individual's caregiving as a parent?

A)Converging attachment theory
B)Peer/romantic partner tradition
C)Systemic attachment
D)Nuclear family tradition

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Researchers suggest that placing people into quadrants (as in Bartholomew's typology)poses which of the following problems?

A)Overemphasis on the dimension of avoidance in typecasting
B)Overuse of attachment scales for identifying typologies
C)Overemphasis on the dimension of anxiety in typecasting
D)Failure to represent the continuum of individual differences

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In relationships,what attachment style is more controlling and more likely to be characterized by mistrust in the relationship?

A)Highly independent
B)Highly secure
C)Highly avoidant
D)Highly anxious

Question 5

What primary methodology is used to create a working model of an adult's attachments (from attachment to a caregiver in infancy to quality of adult relationships)and categorize an individual's attachment style as either secure or insecure?

A)"Strange situation test"
B)Quality of attachment inventory
C)Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)
D)Records of family counseling

Question 6

Ms.S.and her infant just participated in an attachment study.First,researchers interviewed Ms.S.to determine how she represented her attachment relationship with her own early caregivers.Second,the researchers assessed the quality of her baby's attachment to Ms.S.They are seeking to identify relationships between a parent's working model of attachment and the quality of the attachment the infants form with them.This attachment study is part of which research tradition?

A)The nuclear family tradition
B)The peer/romantic partner tradition
C)The generativity tradition
D)The intimacy tradition

Question 7

In studies about conflict situations,Simpson and colleagues found what type of partner to react with negative emotions,display high levels of stress,feel more hostility and anger toward his partner,and expect his partner to fail in meeting his needs under stress?

A)Avoidant
B)Compromising
C)Ambivalent
D)Interdependent

Question 8

From a developmental perspective,what does it take to be happy and well-adjusted in young adulthood?

A)Intimacy and parenthood
B)Wealth and relationships
C)Intimacy and generativity
D)Confidence and financial stability

Question 9

What attachment style includes individuals who are able to come to terms with their difficult past,realistically reflect on the insecure attachments associated with early adversity,and,yet,nurture secure attachments with their own children?

A)Dismissing
B)Consistently secure
C)Earned secure
D)Unresolved

Question 10

According to Bartholomew's typology of attachment orientation,what is the description of individuals who have internalized a negative model of themselves and a negative model of others?

A)Fearful
B)Preoccupied
C)Dismissing
D)Indifferent

Question 11

Based on studies of young adults' partner selections,which of the following patterns is most common?

A)Avoidant partner pairs with avoidant partner
B)Secure adult pairs with secure partner
C)Anxious partner pairs with anxious partner
D)Secure adult pairs with avoidant partner

Question 12

According to multiple research studies and theories,career success and satisfaction in young adulthood depend heavily on which of the following?

A)Working hours compatible with an individual's desired lifestyle
B)Supportive employer and good relationships with coworkers
C)Good fit between job demands and individual's characteristics
D)Supportive friends and adequate compensation

Question 13

During attachment interviews,which attachment style is most likely to be characterized by egocentric responses,highly emotional memories,and confusion about early relationships?

A)"Cannot classify" group
B)Earned secure
C)Dismissing
D)Preoccupied

Question 14

In the United States (at all levels of education),what is the trend in the level of income young adults are earning?

A)The same for the past two decades
B)Slowly rising level of income
C)Declining level of income
D)Dramatically rising level of income

Question 15

According to research studies of late adolescence and early adulthood,who typically satisfies the needs for a safe haven and a secure base during this period of development?

A)Mothers
B)Romantic partners
C)Grandparents
D)Fathers

Question 16

Based on longitudinal studies,when does generative accomplishment peak?

A)Post-retirement
B)Midlife
C)Early adulthood
D)Late adolescence

Question 17

A theorist named Super presents the idea of a vocational self-concept.In his stage approach,what stage of vocational self-concept development involves trying out and sometimes reevaluating work experiences in search for the match between vocational self-concept and job settings?

A)Growth stage
B)Establishment stage
C)Exploratory stage
D)Maintenance stage

Question 18

What four main attachment styles are identified for classifying the quality of adult attachments?

A)Active,passive,indifferent,withdrawn
B)Secure,insecure,incomplete,passive
C)Attached,detached,indifferent,insecure
D)Autonomous,dismissive,preoccupied,unresolved

Question 19

According to Holland's theory,individuals have developed a modal personal orientation by early adulthood.Holland identifies six personality types that can also be used for rating which of the following?

A)Vocational environments
B)Employer capabilities
C)Coworker relationships
D)Attitude orientation

Question 20

Which of the following factors continues to be more powerful than the others as a predictor of vocational interests?

A)Marital status
B)Race
C)Gender
D)Ethnicity

Question 21

In studies of problem discussion and conflict management between partners,individuals with which type of attachment style are most likely to report feeling hostile and angry after a discussion session?

A)Avoidant
B)Ambivalent
C)Secure
D)There are no differences.

Question 22

When a parent is classified as "dismissive" on the basis of an attachment interview assessing the parent's attachment to early caregivers,that parent's baby is most likely to have an attachment to the parent that is classified as

A)secure.
B)anxious.
C)disorganized/disoriented.
D)avoidant.

Question 23

Which of the following is the MOST important factor in helping young adults avoid a slide into poverty?

A)Education
B)Religion
C)Family size
D)Avoiding delinquency

Question 24

When Ms.S completed the attachment interview assessing her own relationship to her early caregivers,she provided answers that were coherent and collaborative,and she acknowledged the importance of attachment-related experiences in her development.Her attachment status would most likely be categorized as

A)autonomous.
B)dismissing.
C)preoccupied.
D)unresolved.

Question 25

When the life goals of college and noncollege young adults are compared,which of the following is true?

A)Noncollege youth tend to rank good pay and opportunities for advancement in their work to be lower priorities than college youth.
B)Noncollege youth tend to rank "making a meaningful contribution" in their work to be a lower priority than college youth.
C)Noncollege and college youth both rank good pay and opportunities for advancement in their work as important goals.
D)Noncollege youth focus much more on family concerns whereas college youth focus much more on work concerns.

Question 26

Andrea is an adult with an anxious attachment style.Based on studies,she is LEAST likely to select a romantic partner who has ____________ attachment style.

A)an avoidant
B)an anxious
C)a secure
D)an intimate

Question 27

In a study of relationship satisfaction and stability over a 3-year period,which of the following types of partnerships was most vulnerable to break up?

A)Anxious man with secure woman
B)Avoidant man with secure woman
C)Anxious man with avoidant woman
D)Avoidant man with anxious woman

Question 28

Hazan and Zeifman (1999)asked children and adolescents age 6 to 17 questions about attachment needs.They found that peers met some attachment needs during childhood or early adolescence,but that peers did not fulfill other attachment needs unless they became romantic partners.Which of the following attachment needs shifted from parents to peers even for the youngest children in this study?

A)Proximity maintenance
B)Safe haven
C)Separation distress
D)Secure base

Question 29

According to research on adult partner selection,secure individuals tend to select ____________ individuals as partners.

A)avoidant
B)anxious
C)secure
D)insecure

Question 30

According to Holland's description of modal personal orientations,Danielle has an "enterprising" style.She is sociable,domineering,energetic,ambitious,talkative,optimistic,and assertive.According to Holland's theory of career development,Danielle's career counselor should

A)work with Danielle to change her style,especially her domineering and assertive characteristics.
B)work with Danielle to recognize her style and help her match her career choice to her existing style.
C)encourage Danielle to recognize that she will probably have very few career opportunities.
D)encourage Danielle to explore other personal orientations before she settles on a career.

Question 31

Research on job satisfaction indicates which of the following?

A)Job satisfaction is more closely related to monetary compensation than to any other variable.
B)Job satisfaction is most closely related to sociability,with sociable individuals more likely to be satisfied with any job.
C)How well personality characteristics match the demands of a job is an important ingredient in job satisfaction.
D)Job satisfaction actually has nothing to do with how well personality characteristics match the demands of the job.

Question 32

Hillary is a 19-year-old college freshman.If she is typical of most college students today,which of the following is her most important reason for attending college?

A)To get a better job
B)To find a spouse
C)To work on self-development
D)To construct a philosophy of life

Question 33

Janet and her twin brother Harris are 22 years old,and they are both looking for jobs following college graduation.If Janet and Harris are typical of women and men in general,which of the following criteria will play a stronger role in Janet's job choice than in Harris's job choice?

A)Matching her personality and interests to the job demands
B)Opportunities for professional advancement
C)Income and prestige
D)Opportunities for relationships with other people and altruism

Question 34

Andrea is an adult with an anxious attachment style.Consistent with her attachment style,what is most likely to be true of Andrea's romantic relationship?

A)She is likely to report a lack of trust in her relationship.
B)Her romantic relationship is likely to be less stable than relationships of women with other kinds of attachment styles.
C)She is likely to feel less dependent on her relationship than women with other kinds of attachment styles.
D)She is likely to report greater trust in her partner than women with other kinds of attachment styles.

Question 35

Current research indicates that in the last 50 years,gender differences in career development have

A)disappeared entirely.
B)intensified,with women today more often choosing to be full time homemakers.
C)changed in some ways,but remained the same in others,particularly in that women still give greater priority to their role as caregiver,and men still give greater priority to their role as breadwinner.
D)changed in some ways,particularly in that men now typically share equally in housework and child care when both a husband and wife have careers.

Question 36

In Super's developmental approach to career satisfaction,he argues that an individual's vocational self-concept evolves over time.What is the career development stage that usually characterizes adolescents and young adults?

A)The growth stage
B)The establishment stage
C)The exploratory stage
D)The maintenance stage

Question 37

Karina,a college student,has a strong mastery orientation.We can expect Karina to hold which of the following views of intelligence?

A)Entity theory
B)Generativity theory
C)Information processing theory
D)Incremental theory

Question 38

Becky was part of an infant attachment study when she was a baby,participating in a strange situation test with her mother.Later,as a young adult,Becky participated in an attachment interview assessing her adult representation of her attachment to her mother.Based on other studies of this kind,which of the following findings is likely?

A)Becky's infant attachment status will be unrelated to her adult attachment category.
B)Becky's infant attachment status is likely to be predictive of her adult attachment category.
C)Attachment theorists predict that the two attachment assessments will be related to each other,but no longitudinal research exists yet.
D)Attachment theorists predict that the two attachment assessments will not be related to each other,but no research exists yet.

Question 39

In a dimensional analysis of adult attachment style (as opposed to a simple set of attachment categories),the focus is on the degree to which a certain tendency is exhibited.What two continuous dimensions or tendencies seem to characterize most attachment scales?

A)Intimacy and tolerance
B)Avoidance and anxiety
C)Passion and avoidance
D)Approach-avoidance and intimacy

Question 40

Ms.J.participated in an attachment interview assessing her relationship to her early caregivers.Her transcript revealed lapses in logical thinking,especially when she talked about traumatic memories.She would most likely be categorized as

A)autonomous.
B)dismissing.
C)preoccupied.
D)unresolved.

Question 41

Karina and her friend Joanna began their college careers at a competitive ivy league school,and they both had high grade point averages and high test scores in high school.Yet,both of them are having a hard time getting good grades as freshmen.They find the amount of reading and the performance requirements to be so demanding that each of them has had D grades on exams.Now in their second semester,Karina is digging in,working harder,and starting to have more success,while Joanna seems discouraged and is considering giving up.Which of the following is most likely true of Joanna?

A)She entered college with the expectation of failure.
B)She exhibits a helpless pattern.
C)She has an incremental view of intelligence.
D)She has a strong mastery orientation.

Question 42

Explain Erikson's concept of generativity.Which aspects of generativity seem to emerge in early adulthood and which aspects emerge in middle adulthood? What evidence is there for this developmental change?

Question 43

Attachment theory,originally formulated to explain infant-caregiver relationships,has been applied to understanding adult-adult relationships.Outline three ways in which this application can be useful to helping professionals.

Question 44

When individuals' performance is affected by stereotype threat,this means that

A)they belong to a group for whom there are some negative stereotypes.
B)they are angry at other people for holding a negative stereotype about them.
C)they have been directly threatened by others for challenging stereotypes.
D)they either believe a negative stereotype about themselves or they fear that others will judge them based on the stereotype.

Question 45

For helping professionals who assume an attachment perspective in their therapeutic approach to clients,what is expected to be the primary mechanism of change?

A)Teaching clients to think differently about their early attachment experience.
B)Establishing a therapeutic bond that functions as a secure base.
C)Confronting emotional memories.
D)Challenging the client's assumptions about attachment.

Question 46

Consider the similarities and differences between contemporary men and women with regard to their career choices,expectations,desires,and trajectories.In what ways are they the same and in what ways different? How have gender differences changed over the last half century with regard to career issues?

Question 47

Counselors who use attachment based family therapy (ABFT)with troubled adolescents and their families

A)require that all sessions include both parents and the adolescent.
B)have individual alliance building sessions with parents and with the adolescent to provide safe haven and empathy.
C)have individual alliance building sessions with the adolescent to combat parental authority.
D)have individual alliance building sessions with the parents but not with the adolescent to encourage respect for parental authority.
Essay Questions (Chapter 12)