Deck 5: Sampling

Question 1

The list of all elements of a population from which a sample is actually selected is known as the 5-2)

A)Sample frame
B)Population
C)Sampling unit
D)Sampling interval

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The method of sampling in which sample elements are selected separately from population strata identified in advance by the researcher is 5-11)

A)Simple random sampling
B)Systematic random sampling
C)Stratified random sampling
D)Convenience random sampling

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is FALSE about a probability sample? 5-7)

A)The probability of selection is known for all elements
B)The sampling frame must be fully identified
C)Chance determines the selection of elements
D)Elements are chosen haphazardly

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In availability sampling, elements are selected 5-13)

A)Because they will be generalizable
B)Because they are easy to find
C)On the basis of naturally occurring aggregates of elements of the population
D)Because they are in proportion to the population

Question 5

A common nonprobability sampling method is 5-13)

A)Systematic sampling
B)Snowball sampling
C)Availability sampling
D)Both B and C are nonprobability sampling methods

Question 6

The sampling method where elements are selected from strata in exact proportion to their representation in the population is 5-11)

A)Stratified random sampling
B)Systematic random sampling
C)Proportionate stratified sampling
D)Disproportionate stratified sampling

Question 7

The most important distinction made about samples is whether they are based on a _ or ___ sampling method 5-6)

A)Haphazard; Ineligible
B)Probability; Nonprobability
C)Realistic; Unrealistic
D)Biased; Unbiased

Question 8

Another name for convenience sampling is: 5-13)

A)Judgmental sampling
B)Purposive sampling
C)Availability Sampling
D)Simple random sampling

Question 9

A method of sampling in which sample elements are returned to the sampling frame after selection so they may be sampled again is 5-9)

A)Double-dipping sampling
B)Replacement sampling
C)Selection sampling
D)None of the above

Question 10

When a sequence of elements in a list to be sampled varies in some regular, periodic fashion it is affected by 5-10)

A)Randomness
B)Biasocity
C)Periodicity
D)None of the above

Question 11

If the probability of selection cannot be determined before a sample is drawn, what type of sampling procedure must be used? 5-13)

A)Lottery procedure
B)Random number table
C)Non-probability sampling
D)Convenience sampling

Question 12

Because multistage cluster sampling requires less prior information about size of strata in the population it may be useful when 5-12)

A)A sampling frame is not available
B)There is no list available of a population to be studied
C)The population is spread across a wide geographic area
D)All of the above

Question 13

____ 6.The individual entities of the population whose characteristics are to be measured are the 5-2)

A)sample
B)enumeration units
C)target population
D)elements

Question 14

Samantha asked the registrar at her school to provide a list of all criminal justice majors.She then selected every fifth name on the list.What sampling method did she use? 5-10)

A)Simple random
B)Stratified random
C)Systematic random
D)Convenience

Question 15

When a conclusion based on a sample of a larger population holds true for that population is known as 5-3)

A)Cross-population generalizability
B)Sample generalizability
C)Sampling error
D)None of the above

Question 16

A variant of simple random sampling is where you would select the first element randomly, then 5-10)

A)Every nth element thereafter
B)Every fourth element thereafter
C)Chosen based on a random selection method thereafter
D)Chosen within an unknown interval

Question 17

A random number table simplifies the process of choosing cases on the basis of 5-9)

A)Chance
B)A specified characteristic
C)The size of the population
D)A sampling interval

Question 18

Overrepresentation of some population characteristic in sampling is 5-8)

A)Non-random bias
B)Systematic bias
C)Expected
D)Homogeneous

Question 19

Probability methods randomly select elements and therefore have no 5-8)

A)Systematic bias
B)Non-systematic bias
C)Random bias
D)Homogeneous bias

Question 20

The larger the sampling error, the __ representative the sample is of the population.5-4)

A)More
B)Less
C)Moderately
D)Both A and C

Question 21

Sample generalizability and cross-population generalizability mean the same.5-3)

Question 22

A simple random sample of students could be achieved by stopping every other student who enters the library.5-9)

Question 23

A nonprobability sampling method in which elements are selected to ensure that the sample represents certain characteristics in proportion to their prevalence in the population is 5-14)

A)Proportionate stratified sampling
B)Quota sampling
C)Purposive sampling
D)Snowball sampling

Question 24

Choosing sites on the basis of their fit with a typical situation is far preferable to choosing on the basis of convenience.5-17)

Question 25

A list of students that is obtained from the registrar's office from which elements of the population are selected is the enumeration unit.5-2)

Question 26

When the researcher can show that findings about one group holds true for another group, it has cross-population generalizability.5-3)

Question 27

Quota sampling is intended to overcome __ sampling's biggest downfall: the likelihood that the sample will only consist of who or what is available without regard for similarity to the population.5-14)

A)Snowball
B)Purposive
C)Availability
D)Probability

Question 28

Cross-population generalizability is when the findings from a study of one population can be generalized to another population.5-2)

Question 29

In most social science research, including criminological studies, the units of analysis are 5-18)

A)Families
B)Isolated
C)Individuals
D)Groups

Question 30

If you complete a survey in a magazine entitled "What Do You Think About the Death Penalty for Teenagers? and mail it in to the publisher, you have participated in survey research 5-13)

A)With a probability sample
B)With an availability sample
C)With a systematic random sample
D)None of the above

Question 31

In_ sampling, elements are selected often due to their unique position in a population.5-15)

A)Systematic
B)Purposive
C)Probability
D)Stratified

Question 32

A sampling technique in which all elements in the population are differentiated on the basis of their value on some relevant characteristic and then sorted into strata is 5-16)

A)Stratified random sampling
B)Purposive sampling
C)Quota sampling
D)Snowball sampling

Question 33

Reductionism is an error in reasoning that occurs when incorrect conclusions about group-level processes are based on individual level data.5-20)

Question 34

Rubin and Rubin 1995)suggest three guidelines for selecting informants when designing a purposive sampling strategy.What is one of these guidelines? 5-15)

A)Informants should be knowledgeable about the cultural arena or situation or experience being studied
B)Informant are selected in advance by the researcher.
C)Informants should not be representative of the range of points of view
D)Elements are selected to ensure that the sample represents certain characteristics in proportion to their prevalence in the population.

Question 35

The quality of a sample cannot be evaluated if it is unclear what population it is supposed to represent.5-17)

Question 36

When a researcher is studying families, the researcher is using what units of analysis? 5-19)

A)Individual
B)Family
C)Group
D)Corporate

Question 37

The set of individuals or other entities to which we want to be able to generalize our findings is the population.5-3)

Question 38

In which type of sampling method is the probability of selection of every case is known but unequal between strata? 5-11)

A)Availability
B)Systematic
C)Proportionate Stratified
D)Disproportionate Stratified

Question 39

A researcher who draws conclusions about individual-level processes from group-level data is constructing 5-19)

A)Reductionism
B)An ecological fallacy
C)An individual propensity fallacy
D)A reductionist fallacy

Question 40

Ways to increase the generalizability of a qualitative research sample include 5-17)

A)Choose sites randomly
B)Choose several heterogeneous sites rather than only one site choice
C)Researchers do not need to worry about increasing generalizability of a qualitative research sample
D)It is not possible to measure generalizability in a qualitative research study

Question 41

A naturally occurring mixed aggregate of elements of a population is a nonrepresentative application.5-12)

Question 42

In proportionate stratified sampling, the proportion of each stratum that is included in the sample is intentionally varied from what is in the population.5-11)

Question 43

A reductionist fallacy is an error in reasoning that occurs when incorrect conclusions about group-level processes are based on individual-level data.5-20)

Question 44

Rubin and Rubin 1995)suggest continuing to select interviewees until you can pass two tests completeness and saturation)in order to ensure that a purposive sample adequately represents the setting or issues being studied.5-15)

Question 45

Systematic random sampling is less time-consuming than simple random sampling.5-10)

Question 46

Explain how generalizability is evaluated.What are the two types of generalizability mentioned in the text? How do they differ and how are they similar? 5-3)

Question 47

Simple random sampling requires a procedure that generates numbers strictly on the basis of chance.5-9)

Question 48

Define and distinguish probability and non-probability sampling.What is the relationship between the techniques and sample generalizability?

Question 49

Most social science research, including criminological studies, use groups as the units of analysis.5-18)

Question 50

When would one use probability sampling? Explain and indicate when each type would be preferred.

Question 51

What are the circumstances that make sampling unnecessary? Why are those circumstances rare?

Question 52

In replacement sampling each element is returned to the sampling frame from which it is selected so that it may be sampled again.5-9)

Question 53

Why might "person on the street" interviews, while interesting, not tell much about how the population of one city views police brutality? How can sampling assist?

Question 54

Snowball sampling is useful for hard-to-reach interconnected populations where some members of the population do not know each other.5-16)

Question 55

The cases about which measures actually are obtained in a sample are known as units of observation.5-19)

Question 56

A researcher who draws conclusions about individual-level processes from group-level data is constructing an ecological fallacy.5-20)

Question 57

What is the relationship between the desired sample, the obtained sample, the sampling frame, and sample quality?

Question 58

What are units of analysis? What errors can be made when generalizing from one unit of analysis to another? 5-18)

Question 59

Define and explain the major types of non-probability sampling.

Question 60

When would one use non-probability sampling? ? Explain and indicate when each type would be preferred.

Question 61

Explain how to evaluate the quality of a sample.

Question 62

How does nonresponse impact a research study? Will the findings from a randomly selected sample be generalizable to the population from which it was selected if there is a large nonresponse rate? Why or why not?

Question 63

Name and describe at least four ways to evaluate sample quality.

Question 64

Identify and distinguish the Ecological Fallacy and Reductionism.5-19)

Question 65

What is the difference between proportionate stratified random sampling and disproportionate stratified random sampling? Describe and distinguish each.