Deck 5: Early Childhood: Body and Mind

Question 1

Jenny can't find her teddy bear at bedtime and begins to cry uncontrollably.Despite her father's effort to comfort her,Jenny continues to cry until she falls asleep 30 minutes later.Jenny's crying is an example of "_____."

Answer 1

perseveration

Question 2

_____ is a particular type of centration in which a child may insist that Mommy is his mother,not his cousin's aunt.

Answer 2

Egocentrism

Question 3

Preschoolers make errors in conservation problems because they focus strictly on _____.

Answer 3

appearances

Question 4

Three-year-old Katherine does not want to eat the hot dog her mother made because it has ketchup on it.Her mother wipes off the ketchup,but Katherine still will not eat it.This characteristic of preoperational thought,in which the child feels that a behavior cannot be undone or restored,is known as "_____."

Question 5

Young Stacey has been troubled by frightening nightmares.The part of her brain that registers fear is called the "_____."

Question 6

_____ refers to preschoolers' tendency to view the world and others exclusively from their own personal perspective.

Question 7

Maturation of the _____ allows more reflective,coordinated thought and memory;better planning;and quicker responses.

Question 8

Between the ages of 2 and 6,appetite _____.

Question 9

Myelination results in more rapid _____ of neural impulses.

Question 10

_____ is the term used to describe the specialization of the brain so that one side of the body or brain is dominant for certain functions.

Question 11

The belief that inanimate things (furniture,moon,clouds)are alive is called "_____."

Question 12

The _____ is the part of the brain that allows children to coordinate functions that involve both halves of the body.

Question 13

Stan is shown two balls of Play-Doh that are identical in size.One of the balls is smashed flat and Stan is asked if one ball contains more Play-Doh than the other.He responds,"No,they are still the same.See,I can roll this one back into a ball." Stan understands _____.

Question 14

The right side of the brain controls the _____ side of the body.

Question 15

The band of nerve fibers connecting the two halves of the brain is known as the "_____."

Question 16

The four obstacles to logical thinking during the preoperational period include centration,focus on appearance,irreversibility,and _____.

Question 17

Anna always chooses the taller of two glasses when her older brother pours each of them a glass of juice.Even though there is the same amount of juice in each glass,she believes that there is more juice in hers.Anna does not yet understand the concept of "_____."

Question 18

_____ is the most apparent example of symbolic thought among young children.

Question 19

In most adults,the brain is organized in such a way that the areas of language development are located in the _____ hemisphere of the brain.

Question 20

Most of the increase in brain weight after infancy is due to _____.

Question 21

Temporary,sensitive support set up to help children work in the zone of proximal development is called "_____."

Question 22

The internal dialogue in which one talks to oneself either aloud or in one's mind is called "_____."

Question 23

The set of skills Javier can perform with assistance but not independently is considered to be within his _____.

Question 24

Learning vocabulary by connecting a new word to words and categories that are already understood is called "_____."

Question 25

When a child learns a word and then uses it to describe other objects in the same category (such as calling a black-and-white cow a "Dalmatian cow" after learning about Dalmatian dogs),the child is using _____.

Question 26

Early-childhood educational programs designed to meet children's developmental and growth needs are called "_____ programs."

Question 27

Beginning around age 4,children go through a change in thinking that allows them to develop a set of ideas about other people's thinking;this new perspective indicates that the children have developed a(n)_____.

Question 28

Maturation of the brain's _____ is required for the development of a child's capacity to understand the perspective of others.

Question 29

_____ is the rapid and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by placing them in mental categories based on their perceived meaning.

Question 30

The key research conclusion about what is important for early-childhood education,whether at home or at school,is the _____ of the educational environment.

Question 31

_____ refers to the ability to use the mind to plan,remember,inhibit some impulses,and execute others.

Question 32

The concept of _____ refers to the idea that children naturally construct theories to explain whatever they see and hear.

Question 33

The child who says "I seed the dog" or "My tooths hurt" is demonstrating a language error called "_____."

Question 34

Elsa is becoming more fluent in English than her native Spanish.She is exhibiting a(n)_____.

Question 35

A practical use of Vygotsky's theory involves _____,which refers to science,technology,engineering,and math.

Question 36

Early childhood represents a _____ period for language learning-for rapidly and easily mastering vocabulary,grammar,and pronunciation.

Question 37

_____ is the best time to learn languages.

Question 38

The view that children's cognitive development is embedded in a social context originated with the work of _____.

Question 39

The _____ function of speech occurs as mentors guide mentees in their zone of proximal development,learning numbers,recalling memories,and following routines.

Question 40

When 2- to 6-year-old children imitate an adult's action that is irrelevant,perhaps even inefficient,it is called "_____."

Question 41

A person's average body mass index (BMI)is the lowest at the ages of:

A) 1 to 2.
B) 5 to 6.
C) 9 to 10.
D) 13 to 14.

Question 42

Research shows that the benefits of Head Start are strongest for children who live in _____,or in rural areas,or with disabilities.

Question 43

_____ designed a special type of educational program with structured,individualized projects meant to give children a sense of accomplishment.

Question 44

An estimated _____ to _____ percent of children are allergic to a specific food,almost always a common,healthy one.

A) 2;3
B) 3;8
C) 10;12
D) 15;20

Question 45

_____ is a major problem that contributes to nutritional deficiencies,obesity,and tooth decay.

A) Sugar
B) Carbohydrates
C) Low protein consumption
D) Higher SES

Question 46

Many day-care centers have successfully prevented obesity from increasing from ages 2 to 5 by:

A) eliminating juice and milk from meals and snacks.
B) requiring parents to participate in comprehensive nutrition classes.
C) increasing exercise and improving snacks.
D) eliminating certain customs where children tend to overeat,such as birthdays and holidays.

Question 47

A child's appetite _____ between the ages of 2 and 6.

A) increases slightly
B) increases dramatically
C) stays the same
D) decreases

Question 48

The average 6-year-old child from a developed nation weighs between _____ pounds.

A) 20 and 30
B) 30 and 40
C) 40 and 50
D) 50 and 60

Question 49

Between the ages of 2 and 6,a well-nourished child will gain about _____ pounds and grow about _____ inches per year.

A) 5;6
B) 2;3
C) 4.5;3
D) 5.5;4.5

Question 50

The young children least likely to attend any educational program in the United States are those who are _____.

Question 51

In _____ schools,children are encouraged to master skills that are not usually taught in North American schools until age 7 or so,such as writing and using tools.

Question 52

A preschool program that teaches basic skills (precursors to reading,writing,and arithmetic)in order to prepare children to be "ready to learn" when they enter elementary school is called a "_____ program."

Question 53

A common food to which young children are allergic is:

A) soy.
B) rice.
C) oats.
D) bananas.

Question 54

Which statement accurately explains the difference between the brains of Tom,a 2-year-old,and Jim,his father?

A) Tom's brain is about 75% of the size of Jim's.
B) Jim's brain has more activity in the angular gyrus than Tom's.
C) Tom's brain is the same weight as Jim's.
D) Jim's brain is less lateralized than Tom's.

Question 55

Parents of a typical 5-year-old girl in America are MOST likely to say:

A) "She isn't eating enough."
B) "She eats too much."
C) "She has no control over her appetite."
D) "She is suffering from malnutrition."

Question 56

A 2-year-old human's brain is _____ percent of the adult brain's weight.

A) 55
B) 65
C) 75
D) 80

Question 57

_____ is a federally funded early-childhood intervention program for low-income children of preschool age.

Question 58

Stacey designed her preschool classroom with several play areas that can accommodate groups of children so they can learn from one another.Her classroom shows the influence of _____,who thought that children learn from playing,especially with other children,with adult guidance.

Question 59

The ability to play "Simon Says" successfully appears to be directly related to the development of the _____ cortex.

A) parietal
B) prefrontal
C) striate
D) posterior

Question 60

Child-centered programs are often influenced by _____,who emphasized that each child will discover new ideas if given a chance.

Question 61

The ability to generate several thoughts in rapid succession is MOST specifically related to:

A) eating healthy foods.
B) myelination.
C) frontal cortex maturation.
D) development of new axons.

Question 62

Juanita suffered a stroke affecting the left hemisphere of her brain.Which skill is MOST likely to have been affected?

A) speech
B) face recognition
C) emotion processing
D) location in space

Question 63

In neuroscience terms,neurons have two types of impulses:

A) in-out.
B) activate-inhibit.
C) myelinate-lateralize.
D) right-left.

Question 64

Abigail is beginning to learn how to write.She can hold a pencil in one hand and steady the paper with her other hand.This new ability to coordinate the duties of her right and left hands is likely due to:

A) the growth of her corpus callosum.
B) her arms and legs growing longer.
C) her brain's lateralization.
D) adequate calcium in her diet.

Question 65

James,a 6-year-old,can correctly name objects,catch a ball and throw it,and write his ABCs in proper sequence.His younger brother Mark is much less speedy and skillful in all of these areas.What is the BEST explanation for James's superior performance?

A) James most likely eats healthier foods than Mark.
B) James's brain has experienced greater myelination than Mark's.
C) James's frontal cortex is less mature than Mark's.
D) James has fewer dendrites than Mark.

Question 66

The long band of nerve fibers that connects the brain's hemispheres is:

A) the striate cortex.
B) the corpus callosum.
C) the prefrontal cortex.
D) the axon cord.

Question 67

Lateralization is also called :

A) myelination.
B) white matter.
C) sidedness.
D) reverse specialization.

Question 68

The left side of the brain notices _____,while the right side grasps _____.

A) the big picture;the details
B) the details;emotions
C) emotions;language
D) creative impulses;detailed analysis

Question 69

Myelin is important because it:

A) connects the two halves of the brain.
B) compensates for loss of brain function due to injury.
C) promotes regular childhood sleep patterns.
D) speeds up the transmission of neural impulses.

Question 70

A disorder that research has suggested may result from abnormal development of the corpus callosum is:

A) hearing impairment.
B) nearsightedness.
C) oppositional defiant disorder.
D) autism spectrum disorder.

Question 71

According to your text,some researchers believe that autism spectrum disorder may be due to:

A) rigid myelination.
B) abnormal development of the corpus callosum.
C) lesions in the prefrontal cortex.
D) incomplete axon cords.

Question 72

The specialization of the functioning of the two halves of the brain is called:

A) lateralization.
B) linearization.
C) equalization.
D) disequilibrium.

Question 73

The amygdala is a brain structure that registers:

A) body temperature.
B) emotions.
C) speech perception.
D) memories.

Question 74

Bruce suffered a brain injury as a result of an automobile accident.His abilities to speak and to process language were severely affected.His injury was to the:

A) right side of his brain.
B) left side of his brain.
C) amygdala.
D) prefrontal cortex.

Question 75

Vince is able to play "Go Fish," a card game that requires quick thinking.What brain change MOST directly supports his ability to think quickly?

A) hypothalamic functioning
B) myelination
C) frontal cortex maturation
D) development of new axons

Question 76

Maddie,age 4,has recently begun coordinating the two sides of her body more efficiently.This improvement can be attributed to:

A) the growth of her corpus callosum.
B) her arms and legs growing longer.
C) her brain's lateralization.
D) adequate calcium in her diet.

Question 77

The process through which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses is called:

A) myelination.
B) action potential.
C) transmission.
D) lateralization.

Question 78

Nicole is a 3-year-old who is working on a craft project at preschool.She has to be repeatedly reminded to sit still,to continue working on the craft,and to stop grabbing her peers' supplies.What is the MOST likely explanation for Nicole's behavior?

A) She is not artistically inclined.
B) She is displaying normal lack of impulse control.
C) She is not yet mature enough to be in preschool.
D) She has ADHD.

Question 79

_____ is an advantage in some professions,including those involving creativity and split-second actions.

A) Right lateralization
B) Left lateralization
C) Reverse myelination
D) Cross myelination

Question 80

During a long car trip,Samantha and Robert asked "Are we there yet?" so many times that their mother began covering her ears.Her children were exhibiting:

A) impulsiveness.
B) emotional regulation.
C) perseveration.
D) habituation.