Deck 5: Disorders of Trauma and Stress

Question 1

The effects of taking hallucinogens accompanied by feelings that objects are changing size,that other people are distorted,and that one might be mechanical is MOST similar to:

A) depersonalization.
B) multiple personalities.
C) amnestic fugue.
D) body dysmorphic disorder.

Answer 1

depersonalization.

Question 2

The number of diagnosed cases of dissociative identity disorder increased in the 1980s and 1990s.Some researchers are concerned about this trend,stating that:

A) the disorder cannot be definitively diagnosed until the person has been in therapy for more than seven years.
B) there are no research studies that confirm the disorder's existence.
C) many of the cases are unintentionally produced by clinicians.
D) this is a ploy used by criminals to try to avoid consequences for their criminal activity.

Answer 2

many of the cases are unintentionally produced by clinicians.

Question 3

What does switching in a person with dissociative identity disorder mean?

A) The host personality has put in a relatively rare appearance.
B) The person has faked a change in personality.
C) Two subpersonalities rapidly change back and forth several times.
D) The person has changed from one subpersonality to another.

Answer 3

The person has changed from one subpersonality to another.

Question 4

A friend asks you,"What's the name of that Tom Hanks movie where a pirate takes over his ship and says,'I'm the captain now'?" You remember the movie and know you know the title,but you can't think of it in the moment.This is an example of:

A) déjà vu.
B) jamais vu.
C) absentmindedness.
D) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Question 5

One of the subpersonalities of a person receiving treatment for dissociative identity disorder has just become a "protector." How far along in therapy has the person probably progressed?

A) Not far at all; protectors usually emerge even before the disorder is diagnosed.
B) Moderately far; a protector usually emerges before subpersonality integration.
C) Very far; a protector usually emerges after subpersonality integration and before fusion.
D) All the way; a protector usually emerges only after therapy has been successfully completed.

Question 6

Carly has posttraumatic stress disorder but refuses to talk about it.She is:

A) reexperiencing the traumatic event.
B) experiencing avoidance.
C) experiencing reduced responsiveness.
D) experiencing increased arousal,anxiety,and guilt.

Question 7

Alexis has dissociative identity disorder.When one of her personalities,Jodi,is asked about another one,Tom,she claims ignorance.Tom has never heard of Jodi,either.This is called a:

A) coconscious relationship.
B) mutually cognizant pattern.
C) one-way amnesic relationship.
D) mutually amnesic relationship.

Question 8

In the MOST common type of dissociative amnesia,a person loses memory for:

A) some,but not all,events surrounding the trauma.
B) all events beginning with the trauma but within a limited period of time.
C) all events from the trauma onward.
D) all events before and after the trauma.

Question 9

Which child is MOST likely to develop a stress disorder later in life after experiencing a trauma?

A) a child from a well-to-do family who has a pet and lives with extended family
B) a child who lives with his grandmother in an upper-middle-income home in the suburbs
C) a child who lives in a poor neighborhood with his mother and father
D) a child who lives alone with a single mother who is working multiple jobs

Question 10

Jacquie developed PTSD after being held in captivity for years.She is upset by what she had to do to survive and perhaps even feels unworthy of surviving.This is an example of:

A) reexperiencing the traumatic event.
B) experiencing avoidance.
C) experiencing reduced responsiveness.
D) experiencing increased anger,anxiety,and guilt.

Question 11

People with low incomes are _____ as likely as people with higher incomes to experience one of the stress disorders.

A) twice
B) three times
C) four times
D) five times

Question 12

What do we know about the inheritance of PTSD?

A) The tendency to develop PTSD cannot be passed on from one generation to the next.
B) The tendency to develop PTSD is a characteristic located on the Y chromosome.
C) Both men and women appear to be able to pass on their tendency to develop PTSD.
D) Women who have high cortisol levels tend to have children with high cortisol levels.

Question 13

When Kelly was in a passenger plane,he watched as all four engines quit at once and then saw the plane explode.From 5,000 feet in the air,he landed,severely injured,in deep snow in a heavily wooded area.When he regained consciousness several weeks later,he had a stress reaction that lasted for years,and he could never fly again.The factor that probably MOST contributed to his extreme posttraumatic stress reaction was:

A) his personality.
B) his social support.
C) the severity of the trauma.
D) the nature of his childhood experiences.

Question 14

One distinction that DSM-5 makes between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is based on the:

A) intensity of the anxiety-linked symptoms.
B) cause of the anxiety-linked symptoms.
C) duration of anxiety symptoms.
D) presence of one or more additional psychological disorders.

Question 15

Which is the BEST example of the subpersonalities in dissociative identity disorder differing in preferences?

A) One subpersonality loves alternative rock music; another hates it but does love country music.
B) One subpersonality is allergic to cats but the others are not.
C) One subpersonality has blond hair and another has red hair.
D) One subpersonality is a teenager and another is middle-aged.

Question 16

At a workshop about dissociative identity disorder,a therapist says,"In my experience,once integration begins,the need for therapy is practically over; later dissociations just don't happen." This therapist's experience is:

A) typical.
B) a bit unusual; most successful therapies cease before integration.
C) a bit unusual; most successful therapies cease immediately after integration.
D) very unusual; most successful therapies last well beyond the beginning of integration.

Question 17

Those MOST likely to experience substantial stress symptoms after the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11,2001,were those who lived:

A) near New York City.
B) near Washington,D.C.
C) far away from New York City.
D) on the West Coast of the United States.

Question 18

Juanita has dissociative identity disorder.Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others.None of her other personalities is aware of the others.This would be called a:

A) coconscious relationship.
B) mutually cognizant pattern.
C) one-way amnesic relationship.
D) mutually amnesic relationship.

Question 19

An individual who formerly knew how to speak a foreign language and play a musical instrument can no longer remember how to do so as a result of a dissociative disorder.The dissociative disorder MOST likely present is:

A) dissociative fugue.
B) dissociative amnesia.
C) dissociative identity.
D) depersonalization-derealization disorder.

Question 20

Troy has dissociative identity disorder.All of his subpersonalities talk about and tattle on each other.This is an example of a:

A) coconscious relationship.
B) mutually cognizant pattern.
C) one-way amnesic relationship.
D) mutually amnesic relationship.

Question 21

Norepinephrine is to _____ as corticosteroid is to _____.

A) acute stress; posttraumatic stress
B) the fight response; the flight response
C) the autonomic nervous system; the central nervous system
D) the sympathetic pathway; the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway

Question 22

Which of the following is a personality change that often accompanies dissociative fugues?

A) They become more withdrawn.
B) They become more outgoing.
C) They become more inhibited.
D) They become more emotional.

Question 23

Trevor has posttraumatic stress disorder and reports symptoms of derealization.He is:

A) reexperiencing the traumatic event.
B) experiencing avoidance.
C) experiencing reduced responsiveness.
D) experiencing increased arousal,anxiety,and guilt.

Question 24

Carlotta is attacked in the street and her young daughter is kidnapped.Eventually,the police find her daughter and return her to her mother.However,Carlotta is unable to recall events that have occurred since the attack.She is even unable to retain new information; she remembers what happened before the attack but cannot remember new and ongoing experiences.This is a classic example of:

A) localized amnesia.
B) selective amnesia.
C) continuous amnesia.
D) generalized amnesia.

Question 25

Which statement MOST accurately describes the sympathetic nervous system pathway of the stress response?

A) The hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system,which then excites body organs to release hormones,causing even more arousal.
B) The parasympathetic nervous system excites the sympathetic nervous system,which then excites body organs to release hormones,producing even more arousal.
C) The adrenal glands stimulate the sympathetic nervous system,which then suppresses the release of corticosteroids,which moderates the stress response.
D) The hypothalamus inhibits the sympathetic nervous system,which then inhibits body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters,causing a reduction in arousal.

Question 26

How do results from evoked potential studies support the idea of the existence of multiple personalities?

A) Evoked potentials can be elicited iatrogenically by therapists.
B) Different subpersonalities have been found to show different brain wave patterns.
C) Nonpatients are able to fake results just like those diagnosed with multiple personalities.
D) Only those with traumatic backgrounds produce evoked potentials.

Question 27

Which conclusion does research on hypnosis and hypnotic amnesia support?

A) There is no connection or commonality between hypnotic amnesia and dissociative identity disorder.
B) Dissociative disorders are extremely odd and inexplicable events.
C) Dissociative disorders are similar to behaviors seen in hypnotic amnesia.
D) Self-hypnosis relies on different processes and produces different behavioral outcomes.

Question 28

Which approach would a combat veteran who is receiving the best treatment for a stress disorder NOT likely be experiencing?

A) antipsychotic medication
B) family therapy
C) rap groups
D) exposure therapy

Question 29

The abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter has been linked to traumatic events?

A) GABA
B) serotonin
C) dopamine
D) norepinephrine

Question 30

Gwen is held up at knifepoint,and her young son is kidnapped.Her son is eventually found and returned to her.However,Gwen is unable to recall events that occurred since the attack,although she remembers some new experiences; worse still,she finds that she is forgetting events that occurred even before the attack.This is a classic example of:

A) selective amnesia.
B) localized amnesia.
C) continuous amnesia.
D) generalized amnesia.

Question 31

When was it recognized that acute stress during combat could result in psychological symptoms after combat?

A) after World War I
B) after World War II
C) after the Korean War
D) after the Vietnam War

Question 32

Combat veterans in a therapy group express a great deal of guilt and rage.MOST likely,the veterans are in a(n):

A) desensitization and reprocessing group.
B) rap group.
C) experience writing group.
D) exposure group.

Question 33

Those people MOST likely to develop stress disorders are:

A) anxious and think they can control negative things that happen to them.
B) not anxious and think they can control negative things that happen to them.
C) anxious and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them.
D) not anxious and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them.

Question 34

Compared with covert exposure therapy for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder,virtual reality exposure therapy has been shown to be:

A) not at all effective.
B) less effective.
C) equally effective.
D) more effective.

Question 35

According to surveys,about what percentage of female rape victims in the United States are younger than 18 years of age?

A) 3 percent
B) 15 percent
C) 28 percent
D) 54 percent

Question 36

What is the first step in treating people with dissociative identity disorder?

A) bond with the primary personality
B) integrate the subpersonalities into a unity
C) establish a contract with the subpersonalities to prevent self-harm
D) provide a forum for the subpersonalities to communicate with one another

Question 37

Which diagnosis would a person experiencing multiple personalities MOST accurately be diagnosed with?

A) schizophrenia
B) dissociative identity disorder
C) fugue
D) subpersonality disorder

Question 38

Which research finding supports the idea that individuals may inherit a predisposition to posttraumatic stress disorder?

A) deficient levels of GABA in combat veterans
B) overactivity in the amygdala and slowed activity in the prefrontal cortex
C) elevated cortisol levels in babies born to women who were pregnant during the September 11,2001,terrorist attacks
D) abnormal activity of cortisol and norepinephrine in the blood,urine,and saliva of concentration camp survivors

Question 39

Poor health is BEST described as a:

A) stress.
B) stressor.
C) stress response.
D) stress model.

Question 40

If someone asked you about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing following a disaster,you would be correct (based on the research)in saying that:

A) there have been no controlled research studies on the topic of debriefing.
B) there is little evidence that debriefing works.
C) there is strong,convincing evidence that debriefing works well.
D) there is evidence that debriefing works only if conducted by community members themselves.

Question 41

The individuals who are MOST likely to experience a psychological stress disorder are:

A) female or low-income individuals.
B) male or low-income individuals.
C) female or high-income individuals.
D) male or high-income individuals.

Question 42

When should critical incident stress debriefing take place?

A) immediately after a trauma and continue long-term
B) immediately after a trauma and continue short-term
C) after a recovery period and continue long-term
D) after a recovery period and continue short-term

Question 43

Imagine that you just had a "close call" while driving,but now you feel your body returning to normal.Which part of your nervous system is controlling this return to normalcy?

A) somatic nervous system
B) peripheral nervous system
C) sympathetic nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system

Question 44

When a person feels that the external world is removed,mechanical,distorted,or even dead,he or she is experiencing:

A) doubling.
B) depersonalization.
C) dissociative amnesia.
D) derealization.

Question 45

Which statement accurately describes the demographic differences in developing a stress disorder?

A) Non-Hispanic white Americans are the most likely to develop a stress disorder.
B) Stress disorders tend to occur only during late adulthood.
C) Women are more likely than men to develop a stress disorder.
D) People with low incomes are four times as likely to experience stress disorders.

Question 46

Having to walk the dog several times a day when it is raining is an example of a:

A) stressor.
B) stress response.
C) stress disorder.
D) psychophysical disorder.

Question 47

Just before 8 A.M.(when my first class meets),my young daughter did something that annoyed me as I was about to leave home for the short drive to campus."Katie," I said,"what do I always say at a time like this?" She looked at the clock,and then said to me,"What you say is,'Where are my keys?'" My daughter was apparently familiar with my:

A) visual memory deficit.
B) jamais vu tendencies.
C) nondisordered dissociative fugue.
D) absentmindedness.

Question 48

Which of these is the usual goal of therapy for dissociative identity disorders?

A) have the subpersonalities develop equal "shares" of the person's functioning
B) put the "protector" subpersonality as the supervisor for the "other" subpersonalities
C) gradually phase out all but one of the subpersonalities
D) merge the subpersonalities into a single identity

Question 49

People with _____ typically do not eventually recover without receiving treatment.

A) dissociative identity disorder
B) depersonalization-derealization disorder
C) dissociative amnesia
D) dissociative fugue

Question 50

_____ is MOST common to both self-hypnosis and dissociative identity disorder?

A) The ability to escape threatening events
B) The inability to forget
C) The awareness that something has been forgotten
D) The awareness to know why you forget

Question 51

Which has been proposed as a possible cause of dissociative disorders?

A) regression
B) self-hypnosis
C) modeling
D) classical conditioning

Question 52

A feeling of detachment from oneself could be diagnosed as PTSD or depersonalization disorder.To determine which diagnosis BEST fits,one would consider:

A) how long it had been going on.
B) which symptoms predominated.
C) which type of stress the person had endured.
D) which form of treatment worked best.

Question 53

_____ is when information is best recalled under the same conditions that it was learned.

A) Social learning theory
B) State-dependent learning
C) Active-avoidance learning
D) Associative memory learning

Question 54

Which of the following is an accurate statistic of sufferers of acute or posttraumatic stress disorder in North America?

A) 70 percent seek treatment
B) 30 percent suffer one during their lifetimes
C) 10 percent have one of the disorders in a given year
D) 20 percent attempt suicide

Question 55

If a deer jumps in front of your car while you are driving,the stress response that is initially activated is the:

A) parasympathetic nervous system.
B) cortisol system.
C) conservation system.
D) sympathetic nervous system.

Question 56

Bentley was driving over the same bridge he crossed every day on his way to work,but today nothing about the bridge or scenery felt familiar.What is this an example of?

A) jamais vu
B) eidetic recall
C) absentmindedness
D) visual memory error

Question 57

The group of hormones that are referred to as "stress hormones" are:

A) prolactins.
B) corticosteroids.
C) peptide hormones.
D) amino acid derivatives.

Question 58

Just after doing well in an intramural basketball game-something that left me very happy and in a high state of excitement-I sat down and studied for my abnormal psychology test.Research shows I would perform best on that test if,at the time of the test,I was:

A) happy and excited.
B) happy but calm.
C) neither happy nor sad,and excited.
D) neither happy nor sad,and calm.

Question 59

What are the chief sources of data used to support the psychodynamic theories of dissociative identity disorder?

A) epidemiological data
B) biologically based data
C) case studies
D) large-scale experimental studies

Question 60

In the reaction to fearful and stressful situations,nerves may indirectly affect organs by stimulating the:

A) ganglion.
B) adrenal gland.
C) hippocampus.
D) medulla.

Question 61

A person who witnessed a horrible car accident and then became unusually anxious and depressed for three weeks is probably experiencing:

A) posttraumatic stress disorder.
B) pretraumatic stress disorder.
C) combat fatigue.
D) acute stress disorder.

Question 62

Which does NOT characterize stress disorders?

A) recurring memories,dreams,or nightmares about the event
B) a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event
C) reduced responsiveness to the world around one
D) signs of increased arousal,such as poor sleep and exaggerated startle reactions

Question 63

Modern studies suggest that the average number of subpersonalities in cases of dissociative identity disorder is about _____ for women and about _____ for men.

A) 8; 4
B) 8; 15
C) 15; 8
D) 4; 8

Question 64

Ever since Paul's car crash,during which he was miraculously unhurt,Paul has not been the same.He forgets appointments,friends' names,and even things done in the past few days.His amnesia is termed:

A) continuous.
B) organic.
C) circumscribed.
D) selective.

Question 65

According to the text,psychodynamic therapy seems especially well suited to treat:

A) dissociative identity disorder.
B) dissociative fugue.
C) dissociative amnesia.
D) absentmindedness.

Question 66

What is key to our sense of identity?

A) memory
B) moral code
C) relationships
D) ego ideal

Question 67

In the twenty-first century in the United States,the number of diagnosed cases per year of dissociative identity disorder has:

A) increased significantly (almost doubling).
B) increased slightly.
C) remained unchanged.
D) decreased.

Question 68

Which is the BEST example of dissociation as it relates to posttraumatic stress disorder?

A) feeling that the environment isn't real,but more of a dream
B) having an out-of-body experience
C) feeling dazed or confused
D) refusing to talk about the traumatic event

Question 69

After Caroline's plane crashed but she survived,her mother came to stay with her.Her friends visited often and went to lunch and dinner with Caroline occasionally.This situation probably contributed to Caroline's coping ability after the accident.Which of these relates as a factor in her response to stress?

A) the nature of her personality
B) presence of social support
C) the severity of the trauma
D) the nature of her childhood experiences

Question 70

What is the term for when all of the subpersonalities in a person with dissociative identity disorder are aware of one another?

A) coconscious relationship
B) mutually cognizant pattern
C) one-way amnesic relationship
D) mutually amnesic relationship

Question 71

After a major earthquake,television coverage showed survivors shuffling confusedly through the ruined buildings.If such victims later could not remember the days immediately after the earthquake,the victims would be suffering from which type of amnesia?

A) continuous amnesia
B) selective amnesia
C) posttraumatic amnesia
D) localized amnesia

Question 72

Mason is receiving therapy for dissociative identity disorder.At which stage would family therapy MOST likely be included as part of therapy?

A) before diagnosis,for other issues
B) early on,when the therapist is trying to help the client recognize the nature of the disorder
C) after the patient has accepted the diagnosis,and the goal is memory recovery
D) late in the process,when the focus is on integration

Question 73

What is a visual image called that is retained so vividly that one can continue to scan it for more information?

A) déjà vu
B) jamais vu
C) eidetic recall
D) visual memory

Question 74

Which is the BEST example of the subpersonalities in dissociative identity disorder differing in identifying features?

A) One personality can drive or sew and another cannot.
B) One personality has asthma and another does not.
C) One personality has high blood pressure and another does not.
D) One personality is a woman and another is a man.

Question 75

Looking for rainbows while walking the dog in the rain is an example of a:

A) stressor.
B) stress response.
C) social support system.
D) potential stressor.

Question 76

Darla thinks she has bad luck.She repeatedly says,"Bad things just happen to me.It doesn't matter what I do.If it can go wrong,it will.And it always does." How does this thinking relate to the development of stress disorders?

A) There is no correlation between the two.
B) She is less likely to develop a stress disorder
C) She is more susceptible to a stress disorder.
D) She will definitely develop a stress disorder during her lifetime.

Question 77

Which statement MOST accurately describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway of the stress response?

A) The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids.
B) The hypothalamus produces corticosteroids,which stimulate the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone.
C) The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce corticosteroids that cause the adrenal gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone.
D) The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release hypothalamic hormone in a feedback loop.

Question 78

A flash flood hits a small Appalachian community.Those providing a critical incident stress debriefing intervention would:

A) provide long-term psychological therapy for flood survivors.
B) provide short-term counseling services.
C) keep their efforts separate from those of disaster relief agencies such as the Red Cross.
D) focus first on the high-income,resilient residents.

Question 79

Which statement about the long-term effects of rape on women is MOST accurate?

A) Although psychological effects of rape can be long lasting,physical effects are uncommon.
B) Rape victims are significantly more likely to abuse alcohol or drugs.
C) Women who have been raped are less likely to seek medical treatment.
D) Rape has a significant negative effect on a woman's fertility.

Question 80

A pattern of anxiety,insomnia,depression,and flashbacks that begins shortly after a traumatic event and persists for less than a month is called:

A) hysteria.
B) acute stress disorder.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.