Deck 6: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

Question 1

Which is NOT a reason why people with depression take nutraceuticals?

A) Intolerable side effects have developed with conventional treatments.
B) They cannot afford conventional treatments.
C) They prefer modern medications.
D) They prefer more natural treatments.

Answer 1

They prefer modern medications.

Question 2

A benefit of adjunctive psychotherapy for bipolar disorder is that:

A) therapy can be shortened.
B) adverse effects from drug therapy are reduced.
C) lithium dosages can be decreased.
D) hospitalizations are reduced.

Answer 2

hospitalizations are reduced.

Question 3

If we ultimately find that people with unipolar depression have certain biochemical characteristics that predispose them to certain cognitive characteristics that are exacerbated by certain life stressors,then we will have evidence that:

A) a single factor causes depression.
B) different factors cause depression in different people.
C) an interaction between factors causes depression.
D) different factors are related to the cause,course,and treatment of depression.

Answer 3

an interaction between factors causes depression.

Question 4

Artifact theory differs importantly from other sociocultural theories of depression because it suggests:

A) women and men are equally likely to develop depression.
B) hormone changes mask the development of depression in women.
C) concern about body weight can be both a cause and a result of depression.
D) depression is caused by examining one's feelings too closely.

Question 5

Which of these are neurotransmitters associated with unipolar depression?

A) dopamine and acetylcholine
B) dopamine and glutamine
C) serotonin and GABA
D) serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 6

Compared with people in untroubled marriages,people in troubled marriages are _____ to have a depressive disorder.

A) equally likely
B) somewhat more likely
C) substantially more likely
D) guaranteed

Question 7

The second phase of Beck's cognitive therapy is to get the client to:

A) increase activity and elevate mood.
B) identify negative thinking and biases.
C) challenge automatic thoughts.
D) change primary attitudes.

Question 8

A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide,great sadness,and sleep disturbances.These symptoms began a week after she gave birth and have lasted more than 6 months.This woman is experiencing:

A) the "baby blues."
B) postpartum psychosis.
C) hormone withdrawal syndrome.
D) peripartum depression.

Question 9

One of the nutraceuticals shown to be frequently helpful in treating unipolar depression is:

A) folate
B) vitamin E.
C) melatonin.
D) St.John's wort.

Question 10

Adjunctive therapy to treat bipolar disorder commonly focuses on:

A) convincing clients to keep taking lithium even though they dislike the euphoria it causes.
B) helping clients see that the medication is helping with the depression,even though they may still feel "low" sometimes.
C) emphasizing the importance of taking the medication,even though the patients miss the creative and productive bursts they used to have.
D) preventing patients from abusing (overusing)the lithium to elevate their mood and increase energy.

Question 11

A person suspected of having unipolar depression has a smaller-than-normal hippocampus,although it produces a normal number of new neurons.This is:

A) normal.
B) unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a smaller-than-normal hippocampus,causing it to produce a low number of new neurons.
C) unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a normal-sized hippocampus,causing it to produce a low number of new neurons.
D) very unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a normal-sized hippocampus,causing it to produce a normal number of new neurons.

Question 12

Which of the following accurately describes a problem with animal studies of depression?

A) Animals have different brain structures compared to humans.
B) One cannot be sure that depression-like symptoms in laboratory animals reflect human depression.
C) It is much harder to control the environmental and genetic factors in animal studies than it is for human studies.
D) Animals cannot complete self-report instruments that are used to measure the symptoms of depression.

Question 13

Compared with African Americans,non-Hispanic white Americans are:

A) substantially less likely to be diagnosed with depression and about as likely to have recurrent episodes.
B) substantially less likely to be diagnosed with depression and less likely to have recurrent episodes.
C) about as likely to be diagnosed with depression and about as likely to have recurrent episodes.
D) about as likely to be diagnosed with depression but less likely to have recurrent episodes.

Question 14

Biochemical explanations for bipolar disorder focus on all of the following EXCEPT:

A) neurotransmitter activity.
B) ion activity.
C) hormonal functioning.
D) genetic factors.

Question 15

The person associated with the learned helplessness theory of depression is:

A) Aaron Beck.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Martin Seligman.
D) Peter Lewinsohn.

Question 16

If neurotransmitters are linked to depression,which of these would be LEAST likely to be observed in a study?

A) lower levels of certain neurotransmitters in people who are depressed compared with those who are not depressed
B) an increase in depressive symptoms after a person take a drug that blocks the effects of certain neurotransmitters
C) a decrease in depressive symptoms once certain neurotransmitter levels in people with depression have been restored
D) a near-zero correlation between certain neurotransmitter levels and the number or severity of depressive symptoms a person reports

Question 17

According to Martin Seligman's theory,which person would be MOST likely to develop learned helplessness?

A) someone who experienced controllable negative events and then an uncontrollable negative event
B) someone who experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a controllable negative event
C) someone who experienced controllable negative events and then another controllable negative event
D) someone who experienced a random sequence of controllable and uncontrollable events

Question 18

Rosita swings between periods of bottomless depression and high-flying enthusiasm.She never hits the middle.Her physician is MOST likely to recommend treatment with:

A) ECT.
B) a mood-stabilizing drug.
C) imipramine.
D) tranquilizers.

Question 19

According to DSM-5,all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode EXCEPT:

A) distractibility.
B) inflated self-esteem.
C) decreased need for sleep.
D) suicidal ideation.

Question 20

Which statement is TRUE for women experiencing peripartum depression in relation to psychotherapy for depression?

A) Most women stop having depressive symptoms within 4 weeks after the birth of their child.
B) A psychodynamic approach works particularly well.
C) Many women with peripartum depression find self-help support groups particularly helpful.
D) Such women should avoid antidepressant medications,because these medications work well for unipolar depression but not for peripartum depression.

Question 21

Destiny was taking a tricyclic to treat her unipolar depression.Upon resolution of her depressive symptoms,Destiny immediately stopped taking her tricyclic.How likely is it that she will experience a relapse?

A) Very low; the relapse rate in this situation is less than 8 percent.
B) Low; the relapse rate in this situation is approximately 15 percent.
C) High; the relapse rate in this situation is approximately 50 percent.
D) Very high; the relapse rate in this situation is almost 80 percent.

Question 22

If bipolar disorder is genetically linked,then which of the following research findings,if obtained,would be the least likely?

A) Genetic markers on chromosomes are exclusively linked to bipolar disorder.
B) Children of biological parents with bipolar disorder are more likely to have the disorder than children of adoptive parents who have the disorder.
C) A person who has an identical twin with bipolar disorder has a greater risk of developing the disorder compared to a person who has a fraternal twin with the disorder.
D) The rate of bipolar disorder has increased steadily over the past decade.

Question 23

Considering that numerous chromosomes have genetic markers that are associated with unipolar depression,which inference may we draw about the link between genetic factors and depression?

A) The genetic basis for depression is stronger than other factors that are linked to depression.
B) Genetic screening should be used to identify those individuals who are at risk for developing depression.
C) Genetic factors alone are insufficient to explain why some people become depressed during their lifetime.
D) People with genetic markers for depression are destined to develop depression at some point in their lifetime.

Question 24

Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers,even though it is obvious to others that they should,and actually could,leave.A good explanation for their behavior is:

A) symbolic (imagined)loss.
B) learned helplessness.
C) artifact theory.
D) body dissatisfaction.

Question 25

What are the two most influential cognitive explanations for unipolar depression?

A) social rewards theory and object relations theory
B) object relations theory and the theory of negative thinking
C) the theory of negative thinking and the theory of learned helplessness
D) the theory of learned helplessness and psychodynamic theory.

Question 26

Unconsciously interpreting the loss of a valued object as the loss of a loved one is referred to as _____ loss.

A) tertiary
B) projected
C) symbolic
D) indirect

Question 27

Depression is more common in women because they experience more taxing life situations,such as poverty and menial jobs,than men.This is the:

A) self-blame theory.
B) artifact theory.
C) life stress theory.
D) lack-of-control theory.

Question 28

According to the developmental psychopathology perspective,moderate and manageable adversities that occur during childhood may make a person more _____ when faced with stressful events during adulthood.

A) dysphoric
B) resilient
C) regressive
D) rebellious

Question 29

Which sociocultural theory does NOT attempt to explain the link between gender and depression?

A) artifact theory
B) life stress theory
C) interpersonal conflict theory
D) rumination theory

Question 30

Since immediately after the birth of her son,Aubree has experienced a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to take care of him.She has never felt this way before,and this sadness has now been going on for several weeks.With which type of major depression would Aubree MOST likely be diagnosed?

A) seasonal
B) catatonic
C) peripartum
D) melancholic

Question 31

If a study demonstrated that depression is caused by concerns about one's weight,that finding would provide strong evidence:

A) against the hormone explanation.
B) for the hormone explanation.
C) against the body dissatisfaction explanation.
D) for the body dissatisfaction explanation.

Question 32

A therapist describes a patient who believes her personal worth is tied to each task she performs.She draws negative conclusions from very little evidence,amplifies minor mistakes into major character flaws,and suffers from repetitive thoughts that remind her of her flaws.You conclude that the therapist holds which theoretical orientation?

A) cognitive-behavioral
B) biological
C) existential
D) psychoanalytic

Question 33

What kind of depression is unipolar?

A) depression that occurs without periods of mania
B) depression that stems from a single event in one's life
C) depression that includes only extreme sadness as a symptom
D) depression that occurs due to the lengthy absence of sunlight during winter

Question 34

The type of clinician who would be MOST likely to say,"Tell me about the quality of mutual support you receive from your marriage," is a:

A) psychodynamic clinician.
B) biological clinician.
C) cognitive-behavioral clinician.
D) sociocultural clinician.

Question 35

Which is NOT a type of major depressive disorder?

A) catatonic
B) seasonal
C) melancholic
D) posttraumatic

Question 36

To receive a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder with dysthymic syndrome,an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least:

A) two weeks.
B) two months.
C) one year.
D) two years.

Question 37

An older person retires and begins experiencing health problems.The person consequently loses contact with old friends and becomes unpleasant to be around.A cognitive-behaviorist would explain the resulting depression in terms of:

A) learned helplessness.
B) object relations loss.
C) sociocultural changes.
D) loss of positive social rewards.

Question 38

If a person taking lithium began experiencing nausea,vomiting,sluggishness,tremors,and seizures,one would suspect that:

A) the person does not have bipolar disorder.
B) the person is experiencing lithium intoxication.
C) the dose is too low.
D) the person needs adjunctive therapy.

Question 39

According to Seligman's research,dogs that were initially exposed to inescapable electric shocks learned to _____ when given the opportunity to avoid subsequent escapable shocks.

A) quickly escape
B) do nothing
C) engage in novel behaviors
D) bark and whimper

Question 40

What is the average age of onset of unipolar depression?

A) 8
B) 19
C) 28
D) 45

Question 41

Which is NOT a common focus of psychotherapy,as part of adjunctive therapy,for bipolar disorder?

A) challenging clients' automatic thoughts
B) preventing clients from attempting suicide
C) educating clients and their families about bipolar disorders
D) helping clients solve the family,school,and occupational problems caused by their disorder

Question 42

Neurochemically,both unipolar depression and bipolar disorder are associated with:

A) low serotonin activity.
B) high serotonin activity.
C) low dopamine activity.
D) high dopamine activity.

Question 43

A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include brief depressive and manic episodes is called _____ disorder.

A) dysthymic
B) anhedonic
C) cyclothymic
D) anxiety

Question 44

Lithium appears to affect:

A) neurons' second messengers.
B) absorption of salt.
C) brain seizure activity.
D) reuptake of serotonin.

Question 45

If one assumes that the frequency of text messaging is positively correlated with psychological problems,then what would be the predicted relationship between the number of text messages people send and their self-reported levels of stress,unhappiness,and anxiety?

A) As one increases,the others decrease.
B) As one increases,the others also increase.
C) As one increases,the others remain unchanged.
D) There is no valid way to assess the relationships among these variables.

Question 46

ECT has changed has changed over the years so that patients now receive:

A) higher levels of current.
B) muscle relaxants before the procedure.
C) oxygen to prevent memory loss.
D) insulin.

Question 47

Which evidence is the MOST problematic for the psychodynamic explanations of depression?

A) Studies have shown a link between neurotransmitters and depression.
B) Dogs that had learned to be helpless displayed symptoms of depression.
C) Depression affects people whose childhood needs were met and who did not suffer a loss early in life.
D) Infant monkeys that were "raised" by a surrogate mother covered in terry cloth showed depressive symptoms when separated from the "mother."

Question 48

The statement that men and women are equally prone to depression,but clinicians often fail to detect depressive symptoms in men,reflects the _____ theory.

A) life stress
B) lack-of-control
C) rumination
D) artifact

Question 49

Talking rapidly,dressing flamboyantly,and getting involved in dangerous activities are _____ symptoms of mania.

A) behavioral
B) motivational
C) cognitive
D) emotional

Question 50

According to Aaron Beck,what are central to the development of unipolar depression?

A) negative thoughts
B) underlying conflicts
C) reduced social rewards
D) losses in childhood

Question 51

Juan is currently experiencing a period of sadness that has resulted in almost total immobility.He sits in a chair all day and almost never moves.His wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night.Which type of major depression would he MOST likely be diagnosed with?

A) seasonal
B) catatonic
C) recurrent
D) melancholic

Question 52

What percentage of all adults experience an episode of severe depression at some point in their lives?

A) 5 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 20 percent
D) 40 percent

Question 53

Which statement is TRUE regarding the prevalence of bipolar disorder?

A) It is a rare condition,affecting fewer than 20 in 100,000 people.
B) It is the most common depressive disorder in the United States.
C) It affects millions of people in the United States,between 1 and 2.6 percent of all adults.
D) It affects most people at some point in their lifetime.

Question 54

The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in the development of depression is probably:

A) wrong; current studies focus on the hypothalamus.
B) correct,although researchers have not identified the specifics of the relationship.
C) wrong; activity in the prefrontal cortex is the same in those persons with depression compared with those persons who are not diagnosed with depression.
D) correct; unusually high activity in some parts and unusually low activity in other parts of the prefrontal cortex are associated with depression.

Question 55

Which statement is the MOST important reason for the decline in the use of electroconvulsive therapy since the 1950s?

A) It was shown not to be effective in cases of severe depression with delusions.
B) It is too expensive and not covered by medical insurance.
C) Antidepressant drugs were developed.
D) Most memory loss appeared to be permanent.

Question 56

What is the average length of time for the treatment of major depressive disorder using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

A) 2 to 4 weeks
B) 15 weeks
C) 3 to 5 months
D) indefinite

Question 57

Severe unipolar depression is less common in adults older than age 65.What is one possible reason for this,according to the text?

A) Older adults are less likely to seek medical help and,therefore,remain undiagnosed.
B) Depression in older adults is commonly misdiagnosed as an anxiety disorder.
C) Severe depression is associated with health problems that could prevent affected adults from living to an old age.
D) The DSM-5 criteria to diagnose severe unipolar depression require that the condition present in childhood.

Question 58

A woman in a middle-level manager's job is repeatedly not promoted,no matter how hard she tries,even though she seems as qualified as the men who are promoted.If she develops depression because of her work experiences,the theory that BEST explains the onset of her depression is:

A) artifact theory.
B) hormone theory.
C) lack of control theory.
D) cognitive triad theory.

Question 59

Using past experiences to believe that one has no control over the reinforcements in one's life is called:

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) learned helplessness.
C) negative attribution theory.
D) persistent depressive disorder with dysthymic syndrome

Question 60

Cognitive-behavioral theorists explain depression in terms of a person's:

A) negative interpretation of events.
B) symbolic losses.
C) decrease in positive activities.
D) ethnic background.

Question 61

You would expect to see the biggest impact of lithium on which part of the neuron?

A) the gap between neurons
B) the firing of the sending neuron
C) the firing of the receiving neuron
D) the reception of the neurotransmitter by the receiving neuron

Question 62

Both of Nolan's parents suffered from depression and were generally unresponsive to his needs when he was a child.When Nolan was 9,his house burned down due to an electrical problem,but he blamed himself for the event.As a young adult,Nolan was diagnosed with depression shortly after his divorce.This example illustrates the _____ perspective.

A) biological
B) psychodynamic
C) sociocultural
D) developmental psychopathology

Question 63

More than _____ of manic patients treated with lithium improve.

A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 60 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 64

The strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders BEST supports which theoretical perspective?

A) the cognitive-behavioral perspective
B) the biological perspective
C) the family-social perspective
D) the humanistic perspective

Question 65

Which statement is TRUE regarding people experiencing mania?

A) They are acutely aware of their domineering,excessive behaviors.
B) They want excitement and companionship.
C) They enthusiastically long for new friends but ignore old friends.
D) They enthusiastically look for old friends but ignore new friends.

Question 66

In general,object relations theorists follow the _____ perspective.

A) cognitive-behavioral
B) humanistic
C) existential
D) psychodynamic

Question 67

DSM-5 added premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)as a diagnosis for certain women who repeatedly experience clinically significant depressive and related symptoms during the week before menstruation.Why has this been an ongoing controversy?

A) There has not been enough research about the diagnosis.
B) It does not occur often enough to qualify for a diagnosis.
C) The diagnosis pathologizes severe cases of premenstrual syndrome.
D) There are not enough symptoms to qualify for a diagnosis.

Question 68

Which of these is a side effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

A) mania
B) psychosis
C) memory loss
D) hirsutism

Question 69

Which statement is FALSE regarding the use of ECT and drug therapies for treating depression?

A) ECT works more quickly than drug therapy in reducing depression.
B) ECT works somewhat more effectively than drug therapy in treating depression.
C) ECT is likely to be prescribed first,and if it doesn't work,then drugs are prescribed.
D) ECT appears to be somewhat more successful in reducing short-term suicide risk.

Question 70

Family pedigree,twin,and gene studies have been used to look for a predisposition for unipolar depression.These studies are indicative of which theoretical framework?

A) the humanist framework
B) the biological framework
C) the behavioral framework
D) the psychodynamic framework

Question 71

By regressing to the oral stage of development,mourners merge their identity with that of the person they lost,thereby symbolically regaining the person they lost.This statement defines the psychodynamic concept of:

A) repression.
B) introjection.
C) introspection.
D) projection.

Question 72

Your aunt says,"I know I'm depressed,and I think and worry about my depression constantly; however,I never actually do anything about it." She is:

A) providing an example of the cognitive triad.
B) making ruminative responses.
C) committing errors in logic.
D) regressing toward the oral stage of development.

Question 73

Ruminative responses are defined as:

A) one's losing the ability to make rational decisions.
B) failing to act because a person perceives no control over the outcomes that follow his or her actions.
C) repeatedly mentally dwelling on one's mood without acting to change it.
D) behaviors that occur frequently for a period of several months.

Question 74

Martin Seligman developed a theory based on the idea that depression results from:

A) the loss of a loved one,real or symbolic.
B) negative thinking and maladaptive thoughts.
C) a decrease in the number of positive reinforcements.
D) a belief that one has no control over the events in one's life.

Question 75

A person constantly weeping is displaying a(n)_____ symptom of depression.

A) cognitive
B) emotional
C) behavioral
D) motivational

Question 76

Regarding the symptoms of depression,a motivational symptom like the lack of desire to get out of bed is different from its companion behavioral symptom,such as:

A) waking up with a headache and nausea.
B) thinking that nothing good will happen if one does get out of bed.
C) staying in bed all day.
D) waking up feeling sad and miserable.

Question 77

How can exercise can help alleviate depression?

A) by increasing muscle mass
B) by producing social interactions
C) by increasing a person's motivation to stay fit
D) by decreasing the body's need for glucose

Question 78

A young woman believes that everything negative that happens to her is her own fault,that she ruins everything,and that she always will.The therapist diagnoses her as suffering from a learned helplessness-induced depression because she attributes negative events in her life to:

A) internal,global,stable factors.
B) internal,specific,stable factors.
C) internal,global,unstable factors.
D) internal,specific,unstable factors.

Question 79

Among the biological treatments for depression,which one uses an implanted pulse generator?

A) ECT
B) deep brain stimulation
C) vagus nerve stimulation
D) TMS

Question 80

Which person is MOST likely to be diagnosed with depression?

A) a man from Nigeria who is a new immigrant to the United States
B) a woman from the United States who has lived in poverty all her life
C) a boy from the United States in his early teens
D) a girl from the United States who is of Hispanic descent