Deck 3: Prenatal Development

Question 1

A(n) ________ later develops into an embryo.

A) placenta
B) ectoderm
C) trophoblast
D) blastocyst

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Yolanda's doctor told her that her baby might be born with problems in her respiratory and digestive systems. According to the doctor, there was a problem in the formation of the

A) ectoderm.
B) endoderm.
C) mesoderm.
D) trophoderm.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Harry was born with defects in the excretory system and the reproductive system. Most likely, Harry's problems came from defects in the formation of the

A) ectoderm.
B) endoderm.
C) mesoderm.
D) trophoderm.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The germinal period is approximately ________ long.

A) one month
B) two weeks
C) one week
D) two months

Question 5

When a blood test was performed on Cindy's fetus, the doctors found some of Cindy's red blood cells in the fetus's circulatory system. We know that this

A) is normal because the mother is the source of red blood cells for the fetus.
B) is normal because the mother's red blood cells are a source of oxygen for the fetus.
C) indicates a problem with the placenta, which should block the mother's red blood cells.
D) indicates a problem with the amnion, which should eliminate the mother's red blood cells.

Question 6

During which prenatal period are the placenta and the umbilical cord formed?

A) zygotic
B) germinal
C) embryonic
D) fetal

Question 7

Which of the following terms refers to an outer layer of cells that develops during the germinal period and later provides nutrition and support for the embryo?

A) ectoderm
B) endoderm
C) blastocyst
D) trophoblast

Question 8

Which of the following structures of an embryo are derived from the endoderm?

A) Hair, skin, and nails
B) Muscles and bones
C) Digestive and respiratory systems
D) Nervous system

Question 9

During implantation, the zygote attaches to the wall of the

A) ovaries.
B) vagina.
C) uterus.
D) fallopian tubes.

Question 10

Juan was born with defective vision and diminished auditory abilities. Most likely, Juan's problems came from defects in the formation of the

A) ectoderm.
B) endoderm.
C) mesoderm.
D) trophoderm.

Question 11

Implantation takes place about ________ after conception.

A) 10 to 14 days
B) 20 days
C) 25 to 30 days
D) 40 days

Question 12

Fertilization usually occurs in the

A) ovary.
B) uterus.
C) vagina.
D) fallopian tube.

Question 13

The embryonic period lasts ________ weeks after conception.

A) from ten to sixteen
B) from two to eight
C) from eight to ten
D) from zero to two

Question 14

The circulatory system develops from the

A) ectoderm.
B) mesoderm.
C) endoderm.
D) trophoderm.

Question 15

The germinal period includes

A) formation of the amnion.
B) formation of the placenta.
C) creation of the zygote.
D) creation of the organs.

Question 16

The ________ consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.

A) umbilical cord
B) amnion
C) placenta
D) endoderm

Question 17

A fertilized egg is also known as a(n)

A) fetus.
B) zygote.
C) embryo.
D) blastocyst.

Question 18

The zygote attaches to the uterine wall during the ________ period.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) blastoderm

Question 19

Which of the following structures of an embryo are derived from the ectoderm?

A) nervous system and brain
B) muscles and bones
C) digestive and respiratory systems
D) circulatory system

Question 20

The endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm form during the ________ period.

A) fetal
B) zygotic
C) germinal
D) embryonic

Question 21

The neural tube eventually becomes the

A) spinal cord.
B) optic nerve.
C) umbilical vein.
D) placenta.

Question 22

Which of the following is/are MOST likely to pass through the placental wall?

A) carbon dioxide
B) most bacteria
C) red blood cells
D) hormones

Question 23

________ occurs when the head end of the neural tube fails to close.

A) Megalencephaly
B) Anencephaly
C) Rachischisis
D) Spina bifida

Question 24

When do the germinal and embryonic periods occur?

A) first trimester
B) first and second trimesters respectively
C) second trimester
D) second and third trimesters respectively

Question 25

Which of the following is/are LEAST likely to pass through the placental wall?

A) carbon dioxide
B) water
C) salt
D) hormones

Question 26

A mother can feel arm and leg movements of her unborn child for the first time during the ________ period.

A) zygotic
B) germinal
C) embryonic
D) fetal

Question 27

The fetal period ends

A) at the end of the first trimester.
B) when implantation is complete.
C) at the end of the third trimester.
D) when the heart begins to beat.

Question 28

Which of the following make(s) up the largest portion of weight gain during pregnancy in the third trimester?

A) tissue fluid
B) increased blood volume
C) uterus and breasts
D) fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid

Question 29

The baglike structure that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats is called the

A) placenta.
B) fallopian tube.
C) amnion.
D) uterus.

Question 30

________ is the name given to the process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development.

A) Mitosis
B) Organogenesis
C) Fertilization
D) Implantation

Question 31

Irregular breathing movements begin occurring in the fetus by the end of the ________ month.

A) third
B) fourth
C) fifth
D) sixth

Question 32

Viability (the potential to survive outside the womb) occurs

A) at the very end of the third trimester.
B) toward the middle of the second trimester.
C) at the very end of the second trimester.
D) toward the middle of the third trimester.

Question 33

Neurogenesis begins to take place at about the ________ week.

A) fifth prenatal
B) tenth prenatal
C) fifteenth prenatal
D) twenty-second prenatal

Question 34

Which of the following happens toward the end of a baby's development in the womb?

A) Irregular breathing movements occur.
B) The grasping reflex develops.
C) Fetal movements are felt by the mother.
D) The fetus gains most of its weight.

Question 35

The doctor has told Sheryl and Jason that their unborn baby is having problems because of significant changes in the temperature around the fetus. The most likely explanation for this problem is that the ________ has failed to perform its protective function.

A) uterus
B) amniotic fluid
C) placenta
D) trophoblast

Question 36

Juanita is having a normal pregnancy and the fetus is developing well. However, Juanita has recently picked up an infection and bacteria have accumulated in her blood stream. We know that most likely,

A) many of these bacteria will be able to enter the fetus's circulation.
B) the bacteria will be eliminated by the white blood cells of the fetus.
C) the bacteria will be eliminated by the antimicrobicidal secretions of the amnion.
D) the placental wall will block the bacteria from entering the fetus.

Question 37

Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period of prenatal development?

A) A growth spurt occurs in the body's lower parts.
B) The life-support systems for the embryo develop.
C) All the major reflexes appear.
D) The mother can feel arm and leg movements.

Question 38

Which of the following events in fetal growth occurs during the last two months of pregnancy?

A) The heartbeat begins.
B) Irregular breathing begins.
C) Organogenesis occurs.
D) Fatty tissues develop.

Question 39

Expectant mothers who gain more than the recommended amount of weight during their pregnancy are, as a result, at risk for all of the following EXCEPT

A) hypertension.
B) diabetes.
C) infections.
D) cancer.

Question 40

Tamika says that she is currently in the longest period of her pregnancy. Tamika's pregnancy is in the ________ period.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) zygotic

Question 41

Now that Denise is pregnant, she needs to increase her daily vitamin intake. The intake of which of the following vitamins should be increased the most?

A) vitamin C
B) vitamin D
C) vitamin E
D) vitamin A

Question 42

Now that Chloe is pregnant, she will have to increase several nutrients over the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for nonpregnant women. Which of the following nutrients should have the largest percentage increase?

A) vitamin A
B) riboflavin
C) iron
D) calcium

Question 43

Any agent that can potentially cause a physical birth defect is known as a

A) mutagen.
B) pyrogen.
C) zymogen.
D) teratogen.

Question 44

Consuming large amounts of caffeine while pregnant was linked in a recent study to

A) infants born at a low birth weight or who were small for the gestational age.
B) increased risk of developing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
C) reduced social functioning.
D) emotional disturbances in adolescence.

Question 45

Recent research has shown that benefits from doing tai chi/yoga while pregnant include all of the following EXCEPT

A) reduced sleep disturbances.
B) decreased depression.
C) decreased anxiety.
D) decreased appetite.

Question 46

Which of the following is TRUE regarding teratogens?

A) Teratogens cause anatomical defects after organogenesis is complete.
B) A fetus is most vulnerable to teratogens during the fetal period.
C) Practically every fetus is exposed to at least some teratogens.
D) Potential effects of most teratogens become apparent at birth.

Question 47

What common acne medication is prescribed to teenagers but also appears on the prohibited list of drugs that should never be taken during pregnancy?

A) isotretinoin
B) progestin
C) streptomycin
D) tetracycline

Question 48

The most common birth defect associated with women who took thalidomide during pregnancy was

A) emotional disturbances in the child.
B) physical deformities of the limbs.
C) cognitive abnormalities.
D) preterm births.

Question 49

Early prenatal classes often discuss

A) preparations for the birth.
B) infant care issues.
C) postpartum self-care.
D) sexuality during pregnancy.

Question 50

The word teratogen comes from the Greek word tera, which means

A) poison.
B) monster.
C) defect.
D) sorrow.

Question 51

During the second or third trimester of pregnancy, a major focus of prenatal classes is

A) preparing for the birth.
B) development of the embryo and fetus.
C) sexuality during pregnancy.
D) nutrition, rest, and exercise.

Question 52

What is the recommended weight gain for mothers who are obese prior to getting pregnant?

A) 5-10 pounds
B) 11-20 pounds
C) 21-30 pounds
D) 31-40 pounds

Question 53

Infants who are born to mothers who gain more than the recommended weight during pregnancy show higher rates of all of the following EXCEPT

A) neural tube defects.
B) preterm birth.
C) type 2 diabetes.
D) cleft palate.

Question 54

After ________ is complete, teratogens can no longer cause anatomical defects.

A) morphogenesis
B) organogenesis
C) histogenesis
D) embryogenesis

Question 55

Which of the following activities should be avoided during pregnancy?

A) cycling
B) downhill snow skiing
C) swimming
D) walking

Question 56

The probability of a structural defect is greatest ________, when organs are being formed.

A) at the end of the fetal period
B) early in the germinal period
C) early in the embryonic period
D) at the time of implantation

Question 57

Exposure to teratogens during the fetal period will most likely

A) cause anatomical defects.
B) lead to faulty organ functioning.
C) result in miscarriage.
D) affect implantation of the zygote.

Question 58

Which of the following exercises is recommended the LEAST for the latter part of pregnancy?

A) bicycling
B) walking
C) swimming
D) jogging

Question 59

Which of the following exercises is NOT recommended for women in the latter part of their pregnancies?

A) bicycling
B) swimming
C) jogging
D) walking

Question 60

If Jennifer wants to reduce the risk of having a baby with a birth defect caused by an environmental substance like drugs or alcohol, she should understand that exposure to teratogens can cause the most damage during

A) conception.
B) gametogenesis.
C) the fetal period.
D) the embryonic period.

Question 61

Sheila wants to have a baby. She drinks one to two drinks a day. She has vowed that as soon as she finds out she is pregnant she will stop drinking completely. Sheila does not realize that

A) alcohol can cause adverse effects only after the germinal period.
B) moderate drinking of alcohol during pregnancy does not affect the fetus.
C) alcohol does not cause any adverse effects during the embryonic period.
D) consumption of alcohol during the week of conception increases the risk of early pregnancy loss.

Question 62

Frank smokes two packs of cigarettes a day. His wife, Lauren, is pregnant and the doctor is concerned that Frank's smoking will result in the baby

A) developing FASD after birth.
B) developing facial deformities.
C) having a low birth weight.
D) being born with heart defects.

Question 63

Learning and memory difficulties in later childhood are most closely linked to which teratogen?

A) caffeine
B) marijuana
C) Accutane
D) synthetic estrogen

Question 64

The greatest risk for prenatal defects exists when a mother contracts rubella

A) in the third month of pregnancy.
B) in the second trimester of pregnancy.
C) right before birth.
D) in the third or fourth week of pregnancy.

Question 65

Nicole smoked marijuana while she was pregnant, As a result, her son, who is now 14 years old, is

A) likely to be taller than other teens his age.
B) more likely to start smoking marijuana.
C) less likely to use other recreational drugs.
D) less likely to start smoking marijuana.

Question 66

Cigarette smoking by pregnant women has been associated with a higher incidence of

A) spontaneous abortion.
B) facial deformities.
C) defective newborn reflexes.
D) sudden infant death syndrome.

Question 67

Preterm and low birth weights are most closely associated with which teratogen?

A) alcohol
B) nicotine
C) aspirin
D) tetracycline

Question 68

The Rh factor can result in a risk to a child if

A) the fetus's blood is Rh negative and the mother's is Rh positive.
B) the fetus's blood is Rh positive and the mother's is Rh negative.
C) the father's Rh factor and the mother's Rh factor are both negative.
D) the father's Rh factor and the mother's Rh factor are both positive.

Question 69

________ has been linked with high infant mortality, developmental and behavioral problems, and low birth weight.

A) Heroin
B) Marijuana
C) Methamphetamine
D) Cocaine

Question 70

When a mother's blood type is Rh negative and the child's blood type is Rh positive,

A) there is no available medical treatment for the incompatibility of blood types.
B) certain prescription drugs can be taken by the mother to keep the baby safe.
C) breastfeeding is not recommended for the first two months.
D) the baby may be given blood transfusions before or immediately after birth.

Question 71

Gina is pregnant and is a heavy smoker. Her baby is more likely to experience ________ than the baby of a nonsmoker.

A) facial and limb deformities
B) sudden infant death syndrome
C) anatomical defects of the heart
D) defective reflexes

Question 72

Jamie was born with facial deformities and defects of the limbs, face, and heart. Jamie is also below average in intelligence. Jamie's mother most likely consumed ________ during pregnancy.

A) alcohol
B) caffeine
C) heroin
D) nicotine

Question 73

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (secondhand smoke) increases the risk of

A) stillbirth.
B) ADHD.
C) weakening of the immune system.
D) all of these.

Question 74

Children born to cocaine-using mothers are likely to

A) be born with facial and limb deformities.
B) have neurological and cognitive deficits.
C) succumb to sudden infant death syndrome.
D) be born with heart defects.

Question 75

________ is a sexually transmitted infection, and it damages organs after they have formed.

A) Rubella
B) Eczema herpeticum
C) Pseudoangiomatosis
D) Syphilis

Question 76

According to your text, the risk of early pregnancy loss is elevated when

A) both men and women consume alcohol during the week of conception.
B) mothers drink moderate or lower levels of caffeine during the week of conception.
C) mothers stop drinking once they learn they are pregnant.
D) mothers take nonprescription drugs during the third trimester.

Question 77

________, like cocaine, speeds up an individual's nervous system.

A) Heroin
B) Marijuana
C) Methamphetamine
D) Alcohol

Question 78

The use of methamphetamines during pregnancy has been linked to all the following birth defects EXCEPT

A) flattened cheek bones and thin upper lips.
B) infant mortality.
C) behavioral problems.
D) smaller head circumference.

Question 79

A cluster of abnormalities that appear in a newborn and include facial and limb deformities and defects of the limbs, face, and heart, and also often include neurocognitive difficulties and learning problems, are known as

A) cocaine-induced syndromes.
B) embryonic nicotine syndromes.
C) drug-induced fetal disorders.
D) fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

Question 80

Which drug is used to try to minimize or counter the effects of heroin on prenatal development?

A) methadone
B) caffeine
C) alcohol
D) oxytocin