Deck 15: Neurocognitive Disorders

Question 1

Some neurological disorders are characterised by impairments in motor performance and coordination.This is known as:

A)Apraxia
B)Dyspraxia
C)Anapraxia
D)Amotoria

Answer 1

Apraxia

Question 2

A widely used test of executive functioning is the:

A)Wisconsin card sorting test
B)Manhattan card sorting test
C)Quebec number sorting task
D)Minnesota number ordering test

Answer 2

Wisconsin card sorting test

Question 3

If the neurological condition is caused by a specific traumatic event (such as a head injury),the individual may be unable to recall anything from the moment of the injury or to retain memories of recent events.This is known as:

A)Retrograde amnesia
B)Post event amnesia
C)Anterograde amnesia
D)Antenatal amnesia

Answer 3

Anterograde amnesia

Question 4

A common feature of many neurological disorders is known as:

A)Amnesia
B)Babesia
C)Dyskynesia
D)All of the above

Question 5

Some of the first signs of neurological disorders (such as dementia,brain injury or stroke)are deficits in basic cognitive functions such as perception,learning,memory,attention,language and visuo-spatial skills,and also deficits in skills that involve problem-solving,planning and engaging in goal-directed behaviour.These are known as:

A)Executive functions
B)Directive functions
C)Management functions
D)Slave functions

Question 6

Broca's aphasia consists of difficulties with word ordering which is known as:

A)Aggramatism
B)Anomia
C)Dyslexia
D)Alogia

Question 7

Language deficits are one of the most common features of neurological disorders,and are collectively known as:

A)Dysphasias
B)Alogias
C)Anomias
D)Aphasias

Question 8

Wernicke's aphasia is associated with damage to which regions of the brain?

A)Behind the frontal lobes
B)In front of the hippocampus
C)Behind the cerebellum
D)The left frontal lobe

Question 9

Neurological disorders do not only generate deficits in basic cognitive functioning,they can also affect which two of the following?

A)Disposition and attachment
B)Personality and disposition
C)Mood and personality

Question 10

In the 2000 film "Memento",the lead character,Leonard,is unable to form new memories as a result of an earlier head injury caused by an assailant.This is known as:

A)Anterograde memory dysfunction
B)Retrograde memory dysfunction
C)Post event memory dysfunction
D)Antenatal memory dysfunction

Question 11

The production of incoherent,jumbled speech is known as:

A)Fluent aphasia
B)Nonfluent aphasia
C)Disruptive aphasia
D)Anomic aphasia

Question 12

A deficit in the comprehension of speech involving difficulties in recognising spoken words and converting thoughts into words is known as:

A)Broca's aphasia
B)Beidecker's aphasia
C)Wernicke's aphasia
D)Warnick's aphasia

Question 13

Deficits in executive functions results in an inability to effectively problem-solve,plan,initiate,organise,monitor and inhibit complex behaviours.These functions are normally associated with which area of the brain?

A)The neocortex
B)The corpus callosum
C)The cerebellum
D)The prefrontal cortex

Question 14

Some of the first indications of neurological problems are when an individual shows which of the following signs?

A)Lack of attention
B)Being easily distracted
C)Performing well-learned activities more slowly than before
D)All of the above

Question 15

Language impairments can take many forms,including which of the following?

A)An inability to comprehend or understand speech or to repeat speech accurately and correctly
B)The production of incoherent,jumbled speech
C)An inability to initiate speech or respond to speech with anything other than simple words
D)All of the above

Question 16

An inability to initiate speech or respond to speech with anything other than simple words is known as:

A)Fluent aphasia
B)Nonfluent aphasia
C)Disruptive aphasia
D)Anomic aphasia

Question 17

Clinical psychologists are also centrally involved in the development of rehabilitation programmes that may have a variety of aims,which include which of the following?

A)Restoring previously affected cognitive and behavioural functions
B)Helping clients to develop new skills to replace those that have been lost as a result of tissue damage
C)Providing therapy for concurrent depression,anxiety or anger problems
D)All of the above

Question 18

Disruption of the ability to speak is known generally as:

A)Broca's aphasia
B)Wernicke's aphasia
C)Beidecker's aphasia
D)Warnick's aphasia

Question 19

Broca's aphasia is associated with damage to which regions of the brain?

A)Behind the frontal lobes
B)The left frontal lobe
C)Behind the cerebellum
D)In front of the hippocampus

Question 20

In some neurological disorders the individual may be unable to recognise everyday objects and name them correctly.This is known as:

A)Prosopagnosia
B)Agnosia
C)Anomia
D)Aphosonomia

Question 21

Which of the following is not part of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for delirium?

A)A disturbance in attention
B)The disturbance develops over a long period of time
C)An additional disturbance in cognition
D)All of the above

Question 22

Which of the following are included in the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for mild neurocognitive disorder?

A)The cognitive deficits do not interfere with capacity for independence in everyday activities
B)Evidence of modest cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains
C)The cognitive deficits do not occur exclusively in the context of a delirium
D)All of the above

Question 23

The prevalence rate of delirium in the general population is:

A)1-2%
B)3-4%
C)5-6%
D)6-7%

Question 24

The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection include which of the following?

A)There is documented infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
B)The criteria are met for delirium
C)There is insidious onset,and rapid progression of impairment is common
D)All of the above

Question 25

In contrast to some of the long neurological tests,other tests have been developed to be quick and simple to implement and to provide a reasonably reliable indication of general level of impairment.One such test is the:

A)Mini-mental state examination (MMSE)
B)Mini-memory state examination (MMSE)
C)Short information processing assessment (SIPA)
D)Quick IQ test (QIQT)

Question 26

Delirium appears to result from widespread disruption of brain metabolism and neurotransmitter activity that can be triggered by a range of events.Which of the following is not considered to be one of these?

A)Traumatic head injury,
B)Sleep loss
C)Surgery
D)Physical exertion

Question 27

DSM-5 identifies two broader diagnostic syndromes into which many neurological disorders fall.They are:

A)Delirium and Parkinson's Disease
B)Delirium and dementia
C)Delirium and major or mild neurocognitive disorders
D)Delirium and major neurocognitive disorders

Question 28

When diagnosing a neurological disorder such as dementia,the clinician will also attempt to classify it according to its cause.Specific causes that have been identified include which of the following?

A)Alzheimer's Disease
B)Pick's Disease
C)Parkinson's Disease
D)All of the above

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT one of the main sub-types of cerebral infection that can give rise to neurological impairments?

A)Encephalitis
B)Meningitis
C)Viral infection
D)Spyrolosis

Question 30

Identifying that someone has a neurological disorder is a difficult and often lengthy process.Assessment is important for which of the following reasons?

A)Determining the actual nature of any deficits and the location of any related tissue damage in the brain
B)Providing information about onset,type,severity and progression of symptoms
C)Helping to discriminate between neurological deficits that have an organic basis and psychiatric symptoms that do not
D)All of the above

Question 31

The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery (Broshek & Barth,2000 has been compiled to evaluate brain and nervous system functioning across a fixed set of how many tests?

A)12
B)6
C)5
D)8

Question 32

Which of the following is one of the most widely used tests for neurological disorders worldwide? It contains scales that measure vocabulary,arithmetic ability,digit span,information comprehension,letter-number sequencing,picture completion ability,reasoning ability,symbol search and object assembly ability.

A)The Wisconsin card sorting test
B)The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
C)The Minnesota neurological function test
D)The Watson Intelligence Scale

Question 33

Diagnosis is made difficult by the fact that the symptoms and deficits found in neurological disorders often closely resemble those of other psychopathologies.For example,language deficits,information-processing deficits,and deficits in executive functions may also be symptoms of which of the following psychopathologies ?

A)Schizophrenia
B)Depression
C)Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
D)Generalised Anxiety Disorder

Question 34

Diagnosis is made difficult by the fact that the symptoms and deficits found in neurological disorders often closely resemble those of other psychopathologies.For example amnesia may also be symptom of which of the following psychopathologies?

A)Depression
B)Generalised Anxiety Disorder
C)Dissociative disorders
D)Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Question 35

The prevalence of delirium in the population aged 85-years and older is:

A)11%
B)14%
C)22%
D)5%

Question 36

In the UK,a test designed by Coughlan & Hollins (1985)is in wide use,and this comprises two tests of speed of information processing,verbal memory tests (list learning and story recall),and visual memory tests (design learning and figure recall).It is known as:

A)The Adult Memory and Information Processing Battery (AMIPB)
B)The Information Processing test (IPT)
C)The Adult Executive Function Scale (AEFS)
D)The Memory Battery (MB)

Question 37

Deficits in executive functioning are revealed in everyday behaviour by examples of which of the following?

A)Poor judgement
B)Inappropriate behaviour
C)Erratic mood swings
D)All of the above

Question 38

Assessment in clinical neuropsychology is based on a range of cognitive tests and can be supplemented by which of the following?

A)Blood tests
B)Chemical analyses of cerebrospinal fluids
C)Brain scans such as PET and fMRI
D)All of the above

Question 39

One of the most common neuropsychological tests used in the US is known as:

A)Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery
B)Honda-Reichstaadt Neuropsychological Test Battery
C)Haeffner-Risch Neuropsychological Test Battery
D)Hochman-Roider Neuropsychological Test Battery

Question 40

Which of the following is an early prominent symptom of dementia?

A)Memory impairment
B)Loss of physical abilities
C)Language impairment
D)Hearing loss

Question 41

Strokes are remarkably common,especially in individuals over the age of 65 years.In the UK,an estimated ______ people a year suffer a stroke:

A)50,000
B)600,000
C)20000
D)130,000

Question 42

Haemorrhaging in the brain is often the result of hypertension or high blood pressure,and is often due to:

A)An aneurysm
B)A haemorrhage
C)An infarction
D)A cardiac arrest

Question 43

When a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and affects local brain tissue,this is known as:

A)Haemorrhage
B)A stroke
C)A Cerebral abscess
D)An infarction

Question 44

Fewer than ______ of HIV-infected individuals would normally meet the criteria for major neurocognitive disorder.

A)2%
B)3%
C)4%
D)5%

Question 45

Which of the following accounts for the majority of traumatic brain injuries?

A)Sports and recreational activities
B)Road traffic accidents
C)Assaults
D)Domestic accidents

Question 46

Strokes are remarkably common.In the UK what is the number of people under 30 years of age who suffer strokes per year?

A)Around 1000
B)Around 10
C)Around 100
D)Around 200

Question 47

A less disabling form of HIV dementia is known as minor cognitive motor disorder (MCMD),and consists of memory loss and reduction of cognitive and computational functions,and this appears to affect around ______ of those with HIV.

A)30%
B)40%
C)50%
D)60%

Question 48

When a blood clot forms in an artery supplying blood to the brain,this is known as:

A)An aneurism
B)Cerebral thrombosis
C)An infarction
D)A haemorrhage

Question 49

Damage to brain tissue can also occur as a result of a cardiovascular accident (CVA).This is also known as:

A)Cardiac arrest
B)A stroke
C)A Cerebral abscess
D)Thrombosis

Question 50

On many occasions,the neurological impairments caused by HIV infection are usually minor,but over the many years that a sufferer may be hosting the virus,it may induce multiple symptoms of motor and cognitive dysfunction and create a syndrome of impairment that is known as:

A)HIV dementia
B)HIV praecox
C)HIV dysphasis
D)HIV delusion

Question 51

Spongiform encephalopathy is a fatal infectious disease known as that attacks the brain and central nervous system.Outbreaks of the disease hit epidemic proportions amongst cattle in the UK during the 1980s,and evidence suggests that the disease was transmitted to humans through contaminated beef.In humans,this became known as:

A)Parkinson's Disease (PD)
B)Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)
C)Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)
D)Encephalitis Occurrence (EO)

Question 52

Among the viruses that can infect the brain is the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).The HIV virus tends to enter the central nervous system early in the illness,and neurological difficulties can develop in up to what percentage of those infected with the virus?

A)60%
B)70%
C)80%
D)40%

Question 53

Between 2000 and 2010 in the UK the incidence of traumatic brain injuries requiring consultant attention increased by around ______.

A)35%
B)50%
C)10%
D)95%

Question 54

Early signs of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)include changes in mood,temperament and behaviour followed by impairments in memory and concentration,and confused thinking.The infectious agent in vCJD is thought to be the:

A)Prion
B)MRSA
C)Ion
D)Haemoglobin

Question 55

"Mad cow disease" is a fatal infectious disease known as:

A)Spongiform meningitis
B)Spongiform Spirilosis
C)Spongiform encephalopathy
D)Meningial encephalopathy

Question 56

Severe head injury can be associated with a range of semi-permanent cognitive and neurological deficits,including general deficits in:

A)Language processing
B)Memory
C)Attention
D)All of the above

Question 57

The most common causes of infarction are an embolism or a thrombosis.

A) cerebral embolism is: a )A blood clot that forms in the lung,then travels to the heart
B)A blood clot in the brain
C)A blood clot that forms somewhere in the body before travelling through the blood vessels and lodging in the brain
D)Blood flow to the brain is impeded in some way

Question 58

Major clinical symptoms of HIV dementia include:

A)Impaired short-term memory
B)Lack of concentration
C)Leg weakness
D)All of the above

Question 59

Dramatic emotional sequelae often result from brain injury,including:

A)Depression
B)Fatigue
C)Aggressive behaviour
D)All of the above

Question 60

When the blood flow to the brain is impeded in some way,resulting in damage to the brain tissue fed by that blood flow,this is known as:

A)Thrombosis
B)An infarction
C)Cardiac arrest
D)A haemorrhage

Question 61

One of the main neurodegenerative disorders has its main impact on emotional factors such as apathy and the ability to empathise with others.It is also characterized by a lack of insight into social conventions and an inability to regulate emotions.It is called _______________:

A)Parkinson's Disease
B)Frontotemporal NCD
C)Huntingdon's Disease
D)None of the above

Question 62

Alzheimer's Disease is the most common form of dementia.It is a slowly progressive disorder and according to Davies,Wolska,Hilbich et al (1988),neural damage may start how many years before any overt cognitive or behavioural signs of impairment?

A)20-30 years
B)5-10 years
C)2 years
D)50 years

Question 63

Known risk factors for Alzheimer's Disease include:

A)History of head injury
B)Age
C)Low educational status
D)All of the above

Question 64

Abnormal collections of twisted nerve cell threads which result in errors in impulses between nerve cells and eventual cell death.These are known as?

A)Neurofibrillary tangles
B)Neuroligation knots
C)Neuroligand tangles
D)Synaptic stress

Question 65

Symptoms of a stroke often occur very suddenly and unexpectedly.Symptoms include:

A)Numbness
B)Paralysis on one side of the body
C)Slurred speech
D)All of the above

Question 66

There are currently an estimated ______ people in the UK with dementia.

A)1 million
B)500,000
C)25,000
D)800,000

Question 67

What is the most common cause of degenerative dementia in the UK?

A)Alzheimer's Disease
B)Parkinson's Disease
C)Huntington's Disease
D)Depression

Question 68

Degenerative disorders represent those neurocognitive disorders that are characterised by:

A)A history of depression
B)A slow,general deterioration in cognitive,physical and emotional functioning
C)Rapid deterioration in cognitive,physical and emotional functioning
D)Onset after the age of 60 years

Question 69

Strokes are the third most common cause of death in the UK,and the single most common cause of disability,and over how many people currently live in the UK with a disability caused by a stroke?

A)250,000
B)1,000
C)750,000
D)100

Question 70

Approximately what percent of individuals over 65 years of age have diagnosable signs of degenerative dementia?

A)7%
B)17%
C)23%
D)37%

Question 71

Another factor that is thought to be important in Alzheimer's Disease is the faulty production of the brain neurotransmitter:

A)Glutamate
B)Dopamine
C)Serotonin
D)Acetylcholine

Question 72

There appears to be a significant inherited component to Alzheimer's Disease.Korten,Jorm,Henderson et al.(1993)estimate that what percentage of first-degree relatives of sufferers also develop the disorder?

A)20%
B)10%
C)50%
D)60%

Question 73

There appears to be a significant inherited component to Alzheimer's Disease.According to Gatz,Reynolds,Fratiglioni,Johansson et al.(2006)twin studies suggest that the heritability of the disease is between:

A)58-79%
B)25-38%
C)10-28%
D)80-95%

Question 74

The average duration of the disease from onset of symptoms to death is around _____ years.

A)5-8
B)8-10
C)1-3
D)15-18

Question 75

The changes that occur to the brain during Alzheimer's Disease appear to be structural and involve the development of:

A)Beta amyloid plaques
B)Alpha betaloid plaques
C)Beta blocker plaques
D)Alpha beta plaques

Question 76

Depression is a common and significant consequence of strokes,and studies suggest that what percent of stroke victims meet criteria for depression 10 years after their stroke?

A)20%
B)30%
C)50%
D)40%

Question 77

Which of the following is a common long term symptom of a stroke?

A)Aphasia
B)Agnosia
C)Apraxia
D)All of the above

Question 78

Which of the following is a symptom of Parkinson's Disease?

A)Tremor
B)Slowness of movement
C)Stiffness or rigidity of muscles
D)All of the above

Question 79

Approximately what percent of individuals over 85 years of age have diagnosable signs of degenerative dementia?

A)10%
B)40%
C)60%
D)30%

Question 80

Degenerative disorders that affect cortical areas cause impairments in cognitive abilities such as:

A)Emotional disturbances
B)Motor coordination difficulties
C)Executive functioning
D)All of the above