Deck 14: Dissociative Experiences

Question 1

In Dissociative Identity Disorder the alter host identities refers to:

A)Those that develop after the onset of the disorder
B)Those that existed before the onset of the disorder
C)Those that are the most dominant
D)Those that are the aggressive

Answer 1

Those that develop after the onset of the disorder

Question 2

Dissociative amnesia is associated with several types of memory disturbances.Selective amnesia is when:

A)An individual can recall some,but not all,of the events during a specific time period
B)An individual can recall some,but not all,of the events during childhood
C)An individual can recall some,but not all,physical events
D)An individual can recall some,but not all,of the events that happened yesterday

Answer 2

An individual can recall some,but not all,of the events during a specific time period

Question 3

Dissociative amnesia is associated with several types of memory disturbances.Continuous amnesia is:

A)The inability to recall events from a specific time up to and including the present
B)The inability to recall events from a specific time in childhood up their teenage years
C)The inability to recall events from a specific time for up to a week
D)The inability to recall events for several days at a time

Answer 3

The inability to recall events from a specific time up to and including the present

Question 4

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)is a disorder where

A)The individual displays two or more distinct identities
B)The individual become confused and disorientated
C)The individual is unable to recall events that occurred during a specific time period
D)The individual suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or from their customary place of daily activities

Question 5

A community sample study by Seedat,Stein & Forder (2003)found what percentage of respondents endorsed 4-5 lifetime dissociative symptoms?

A)6%
B)4%
C)19%
D)11%

Question 6

Dissociative amnesia normally manifests itself as a retrospectively reported gap or series of gaps in the individual's ability to verbally recall aspects of their life history,and these gaps are often related to:

A)Traumatic or stressful experiences
B)Involvement in a natural or man-made disaster
C)Being in an accident
D)All of the above

Question 7

In dissociative identity disorder,distinctions are made between the host identity and the ______ identity.

A)Guest
B)Parent
C)Victim
D)Alter

Question 8

A community sample study by Seedat,Stein & Forder (2003)respondents endorsed:

A)10-12 lifetime dissociative symptoms
B)15-20 lifetime dissociative symptoms
C)4-5 lifetime dissociative symptoms
D)1-3 lifetime dissociative symptoms

Question 9

Dissociative identity disorder is the name for a disorder where:

A)There is a lack of any distinct personal identity
B)There is a presence of many distinct identities that each periodically take control of an individual's behaviour.
C)There is confusion about personal identity
D)All of the above

Question 10

Dissociative amnesia is associated with several types of memory disturbances.Systematic amnesia is:

A)Is a loss of memory that relates to specific categories of information,such as family history
B)Is a loss of memory that relates to all physical events only
C)Is a loss of memory that relates to specific information,such as what the individual ate for lunch
D)Is a loss of memory that relates to specific information,such as how to drive a car.

Question 11

Dissociative amnesia is associated with several types of memory disturbances.Localised amnesia is when:

A)The individual is unable to recall events that occurred during a specific time period
B)The individual is unable to recall events that happened yesterday
C)The individual is unable to recall physical events
D)The individual is unable to recall childhood events

Question 12

In Dissociative Identity Disorder the host identity refers to:

A)The one that existed before the onset of the disorder
B)The one that was the first to emerge as new identity
C)The one that is the most dominant
D)The one that is the most aggressive

Question 13

Multiple personality disorder is now known as:

A)Generalised amnesia
B)Dissociative identity disorder
C)Dissociative fugue
D)Dissociative amnesia

Question 14

In an American community sample,(Johnson,Cohen,Kasen & Brooks,2006),data suggested a 12-month prevalence rate of what percentage for dissociative disorders generally in individuals with a mean age of 33-years?

A)9)1%
B)10.1%
C)11.1%
D)13.1%

Question 15

According to Johnson,Cohen,Kasen & Brooks (2006),the prevalence rate for dissociative amnesia in a community sample is around:

A)2)8%
B)3)8%
C)4)8%
D)1)8%

Question 16

Symptoms of these dissociative disorders include which of the following?

A)An inability to recall important personal or life events
B)A temporary loss or disruption of identity
C)Significant feelings of depersonalisation
D)All of the above

Question 17

When an individual is unaware that they present different personalities to the world this is known as:

A)Dissociative identity disorder
B)Dislocated identity disorder
C)Disjointed identity disorder
D)Disappropriated identity disorder

Question 18

According to Putnam (1997),many DID sufferers have significantly more than just one alter identity,and suggest the average is around:

A)4 per sufferer
B)13 per sufferer
C)6 per sufferer
D)8 per sufferer

Question 19

In Dissociative Identity Disorder the different identities will:

A)Often deny knowledge of each other
B)May battle for control of behaviour
C)An identity that is not in control may gain access to consciousness by producing auditory hallucinations
D)All of the above

Question 20

Dissociative disorders are generally characterised by which of the following significant changes?

A)Sense of identity
B)Memory
C)Perception or consciousness
D)All of the above

Question 21

According to Putnam (1997)many DID sufferers have significantly more than just one alter identity.What percentage of sufferers report having an alter identity that is of the opposite sex?

A)60%
B)50%
C)70%
D)80%

Question 22

The central feature of Depersonalization Disorder is persistent or recurrent episodes of depersonalization.These symptoms are characterised by:

A)Feelings of detachment or estrangement from the self
B)The sense of living in a dream or in a film
C)A sense of not being in control of their behaviour
D)All of the above

Question 23

According to DePrince & Freyd (2004)studies have suggested that individuals high in dissociative symptoms do have impaired recall for words associated with trauma under conditions of:

A)Sub-divided attention
B)Divided attention
C)Concurrent attention
D)Contracted attention

Question 24

According to Johnson,Cohen,Kasen & Brooks (2006),the 12-month prevalence rate for depersonalization disorder is relatively low at:

A)0)8%
B)0)1%
C)0)2%
D)0)5%

Question 25

Elzinga,van Dyck & Spinhoven (1998)found that the number of reported cases of Dissociative identity Disorder(DID)worldwide rose from 79 in 1980 to 6000 in 1986,and the vast majority of these have been reported in the US.Which of the following IS NOT a reason for this rise?

A)During the 1970s,interest in multiple personality disorder was fuelled by the publication of Sybil (Schreiber,1973),a case history describing an individual with 16 personalities which was later popularised in a Hollywood film
B)Dissociative disorders such as DID are closely associated with trauma and PTSD,and interest in these syndromes grew following the experience of veterans of the Vietnam war
C)Many of the symptoms of DID can be relatively easily faked
D)Life stressors have been on the increase since that time making individuals more susceptible to DID

Question 26

Factors for dissociative disorders include a history of anxiety and depression that pre-dates the disorder (Putnam,Guroff,Silberman,Barban et al.,1986),and a history of up to what percentage of individuals diagnosed with DID reporting instances of childhood sexual and physical abuse?

A)85%
B)75%
C)95%
D)65%

Question 27

It is not clear is whether childhood abuse actively contributes to the development of dissociative disorders in a causal way.However,the strength of dissociative symptoms appears to be directly related to:

A)The nature of physical and sexual abuse
B)The age of onset of physical and sexual abuse
C)The relationship to the perpetrator of physical and sexual abuse
D)All of the above

Question 28

According to McNally,Metzger,Lasko,Clancy et al.(1998)individuals with a history of childhood abuse showed:

A)No difference in recall of trauma-related words than non-abused control participants
B)Difference in recall of trauma-related words than non-abused control participants
C)Significant difference in recall of trauma-related words than non-abused control participants
D)Significantly altered recall of trauma-related words than non-abused control participants

Question 29

Sufferers of depersonalization disorder often think they are "going crazy",especially if this is also associated with a sense of derealization (a feeling that the world is strange or unreal).Which of the following is not one of the other common symptoms?

A)Disturbances in the sense of time
B)Obsessive rumination
C)Somatic concerns
D)Loss of memory

Question 30

The factors for dissociative disorders include a history of anxiety and depression that pre-dates the disorder (Putnam,Guroff,Silberman,Barban et al.,1986),and a history of:

A)Childhood abuse
B)Drug abuse
C)Substance abuse
D)All of the above

Question 31

Elzinga,van Dyck & Spinhoven (1998)found that the number of reported cases of Dissociative identity Disorder(DID)worldwide rose from 79 in 1980 to 6000 in 1986,and the vast majority of these have been reported in the US.Which of the following could be a reason for this rise?

A)The inclusion of DID for the first time as a diagnostic category in DSM-III published in 1980
B)Early cases of DID may simply have been diagnosed as examples of schizophrenia rather than a dissociative disorder
C)Therapists have increasingly used hypnosis in an attempt to get victims of childhood abuse to reveal details of this abuse or to reveal alter identities,
D)All of the above

Question 32

State-dependent memory is a well-established cognitive phenomenon in which the individual is more likely to remember an event if they are:

A)In the same physiological state as when the event occurred
B)In a different physiological state as when the event occurred
C)In the same psychological state as when the event occurred
D)In a different psychological state as when the event occurred

Question 33

Depersonalization symptoms also occur regularly in other disorders.Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A)Obsessive compulsive disorder
B)Panic disorder
C)Schizophrenia
D)Other dissociative disorders

Question 34

The general view of most psychodynamic theorists is that dissociative symptoms are caused by:

A)Ego state
B)Repression
C)Conflict
D)Gender identity issues

Question 35

What percentage of dissociative identity sufferers have reported childhood sexual and physical abuse,including incest?

A)95%
B)85%
C)75%
D)65%

Question 36

According to (Ross,1997),many of the symptoms of DID can be relatively easily faked and some experts estimate that as many as ______ of DID cases are either faked or are induced by therapy:

A)25%
B)35%
C)45%
D)55%

Question 37

According to Johnson,Cohen,Kasen & Brooks,(2006)what is the prevalence rate for Dissociative Identity Disorder in a community sample?

A)Around 1.5%
B)Around 2.5%
C)Around 3.5%
D)Around 4.5%

Question 38

An individual's autobiographical memory is stored as a series of discrete elements associated with that experience is known as:

A)Reconstructive memory
B)Deconstructive memory
C)State dependant memory
D)Episodic memory

Question 39

Symptoms of depersonalization are commonly experienced,so depersonalization disorder should only be diagnosed if the symptoms are:

A)Recurrent
B)Cause severe distress
C)Disrupt day-to-day living
D)All of the above

Question 40

According to Putnam (1997),many DID sufferers have significantly more than just one alter identity.What percentage of sufferers also report having at least one alter identity that is a child?

A)85%
B)95%
C)75%
D)65%

Question 41

Recent longer term studies of clients undergoing therapy for dissociative identity disorder (DID),including Kluft (2000)have found what percentage of successful integration over a period of three months after therapy?

A)68%
B)78%
C)25%
D)89%

Question 42

According to Johnson & Raye (1981)a deficit in what kind of monitoring may lead individuals to doubt that they have actually had a particular experience?

A)Unconscious
B)Imaginary
C)Reality
D)Social

Question 43

Dealing with recovered memories is often a severely traumatic experience for the client,and may involve the intense re-experiencing of traumatic events.This is known as:

A)Abreaction
B)Annareaction
C)Antireaction
D)Disreaction

Question 44

According to Modestin (1992),what percentage of Dissociative Identity Disorder diagnoses in the country were made by the clinicians in the survey

A)66%
B)56%
C)46%
D)36%

Question 45

Freud viewed dissociative symptoms,especially dissociative amnesia,as a form of:

A)Repression
B)Depression
C)Regression
D)Transgression

Question 46

In a study by Spanos et al.(1985),participants were asked to undergo hypnosis.What percentage of the control condition who were not hypnotised and were given little or no information about hidden multiple personalities,admitted a hidden personality?

A)13%
B)35%
C)65%
D)43%

Question 47

According to Johnson,Hashtroudi & Lindsay (1993),being unable to recall the relevant elements of an autobiographical experience from memory is known as a deficit in:

A)Source-monitoring ability
B)Reality -monitoring ability
C)Personal-monitoring ability
D)Social-monitoring ability

Question 48

Extended periods of stress may also cause long-term,semi-permanent alterations in what?

A)The release of neurotransmitters
B)Frontal lobe functioning
C)Release of endorphins
D)All of the above

Question 49

Which of the following provide evidence of alter identities in DID?

A)Alter identities are significantly less well defined in childhood and appear in adulthood usually after treatment by a therapist has begun
B)Relatives of individuals with DID rarely report having seen evidence of alter identities before treatment
C)Individuals who develop DID usually have strong imaginations and a rich fantasy life that enables them to play different roles with some ease
D)All of the above

Question 50

In a study by Spanos et al.(1985),participants were asked to undergo hypnosis.Which percentage of the group whose hypnosis did not allude to hidden personalities,revealed an alter identity?

A)51%
B)81%
C)31%
D)12%

Question 51

In the treatment of dissociative identity disorders (DID),some overly directive therapeutic styles may lead to the recovery of:

A)Induced memories
B)False memories
C)Episodic memories
D)Semantic memories

Question 52

Which of the following is a problem associated with treating dissociative disorders?

A)Some of these disorders are rare
B)Some dissociative disorders such as dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue often spontaneously remit
C)Some overly directive therapeutic styles may lead to the recovery of false memories
D)All of the above

Question 53

According to Loftus (1993)when an individual recovers repressed childhood memories of trauma which did not occur,this is known as:

A)False recovered memories of trauma
B)False memory syndrome
C)Reconstructive memory syndrome
D)Deconstructive memory syndrome

Question 54

The symptoms of some dissociative disorders such as Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)are very complex and are unlikely to be explained by brain abnormalities.However,according to Sivec & Lynn,1995,DID may have been caused by:

A)Undiagnosed brain tumour
B)Undiagnosed prolactonoma
C)Undiagnosed epilepsy
D)Undiagnosed cancer

Question 55

In a survey of 153 clients undergoing therapy for Dissociative Identity Disorder,Piper (1994)found that what percentage of clients achieved a stable integration of their alter identities?

A)35%
B)45%
C)25%
D)15%

Question 56

In a study by Spanos et al.(1985),participants were asked to undergo hypnosis.What percentage of the groups who underwent hypnosis admitted to having an alter identity?

A)81%
B)71%
C)61%
D)41%

Question 57

Some biological explanations of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)allude to the role of:

A)The hippocampus
B)The hypothalamus
C)The amygdala
D)Corpus callosum

Question 58

The concept of reconstructive memory argues that memory is stored as a series of discrete elements associated with that experience:

A)Context
B)Emotional state
C)Sensory
D)All of the above

Question 59

Who has provided a vigorous defence of the psychiatric view that DID is a legitimate diagnostic category and not a construction of the therapeutic process?

A)Davey (1994)
B)Gleaves (1996)
C)Meeten (2006)
D)MacDonald (2001)

Question 60

Which of the following is not one of the most commonly used therapies for dissociative disorders?

A)Psychodynamic therapy
B)Drug therapy
C)Hypnotherapy
D)Cognitive Behavioural therapy

Question 61

In dissociative disorders,which of the following drugs can be used concurrently with hypnotherapy to help the client recall past events?

A)Sodium amobarbital and sodium pentobarbital
B)Sodium pentobarbital and sodium pentochloride
C)Sodium pentochloride and sodium amytal
D)Sodium amytal and sodium amobarbital

Question 62

Hypnotherapy is also used in the treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder in order to:

A)Help bury potential alter identities into subconsciousness
B)Facilitate the fusion of identities
C)Facilitate the identity of the gender of identities
D)Aid the therapist in communicating with the alter identities

Question 63

Hypnotherapy is a method that is used relatively regularly with those who suffer dissociative disorders.This is because:

A)Sufferers are unusually susceptible to suggestion and hypnosis
B)It is a cheap form of therapy
C)It enables the therapist to 'meet' the different identities
D)All of the above

Question 64

In dissociative disorders the hypnotherapy approach helps individuals to recall events during earlier stages of their life.This is known as:

A)Stage regression
B)Life regression
C)Age regression
D)All of the above

Question 65

From a sample of 309 males with any dissociative disorder,with a mean age of 33,prevalence rates were:

A)30%
B)45%
C)13%
D)53%

Question 66

Dissociative Identity disorder is often comorbid with which two of the following?

A)Depression and hormonal disorders
B)Anxiety and depression
C)Brain tumours and hormonal disorders
D)Hormonal disorders and depression

Question 67

In depersonalization disorder there is some evidence for abnormalities in what systems?

A)Limbic systems
B)Endogenous opioid systems
C)Hormonal systems
D)Lymphatic systems

Question 68

From a sample of 349 females with depersonalization disorder with a mean age of 33,prevalence rates were:

A)9%
B)3 %
C)13%
D)7%

Question 69

From a sample of 309 males with dissociative identity disorder (DID)with a mean age of 33,prevalence rates were:

A)10%
B)5 %
C)2%
D)23%

Question 70

From a sample of 349 females with dissociative identity disorder (DID)with a mean age of 33,prevalence rates were:

A)5%
B)2%
C)10%
D)18%

Question 71

From a sample of 309 males with depersonalization disorder with a mean age of 33,prevalence rates were:

A)8%
B)5%
C)2%
D)9%

Question 72

From a sample of 309 males with dissociative disorder not otherwise specified (DDNOS)with a mean age of 33,prevalence rates were:

A)21%
B)32%
C)10%
D)7%

Question 73

Freud viewed dissociative symptoms,especially dissociative amnesia,as a form of repression in which memories were considered:

A)Too painful to tolerate
B)Too early in life to recall
C)Too embarrassing to discuss
D)All of the above

Question 74

From a sample of 309 males with dissociative amnesia with a mean age of 33,prevalence rates were:

A)3 %
B)13%
C)7%
D)10%

Question 75

According to Simeon & Knutelska (2005),the use of opioid antagonists such as naltrexone in depersonalization disorder have been found to reduce depersonalization symptoms by an average of:

A)30%
B)80%
C)50%
D)40%

Question 76

Almost any form of psychotherapy is a lengthy process where dissociative disorders are concerned.According to Putnam,Guroff,Silberman,Barban et al (1986)the average treatment program per client over two years is:

A)500 hours
B)300 hours
C)150 hours
D)800 hours

Question 77

From a sample of 349 females with dissociative disorder not otherwise specified (DDNOS)with a mean age of 33,prevalence rates were:

A)7%
B)3%
C)22%
D)15 %

Question 78

Simeon,Stein & Hollander (1995)suggest that which of the following help to alleviate the symptoms of depersonalization disorder?

A)Antipsychotics
B)Benzodiazopines
C)Antibiotics
D)SSRIs

Question 79

For the individual with Dissociative Identity Disorder,multiple personalities appear to serve a coping function in allowing:

A)The individual to abdicate responsibility for actions and emotions to individual identities
B)The sufferer to go 'unconscious'
C)The sufferer to behave in antisocial ways
D)The individual to manipulate those around them

Question 80

From a sample of 349 females with dissociative amnesia with a mean age of 33,prevalence rates were:

A)2%
B)15%
C)18%
D)9 %