Deck 12: Personality Disorders

Question 1

DSM-5 lists 6 diagnostically independent personality disorders,and these are organized into which of the following primary clusters?

A)Odd/eccentric personality disorders
B)Dramatic/emotional personality disorders
C)Anxious/fearful personality disorders
D)All of the above

Answer 1

All of the above

Question 2

The behaviour of individuals with APD deviates substantially from what we would consider to be normal standards of social behaviour,morality and remorse,and is very closely linked with adult criminal behaviour.For example,a survey of prison populations in 12 Western countries found that ______ of male inmates met the diagnostic criteria for APD.

A)47%
B)0)27%
C)17%
D)67%

Answer 2

47%

Question 3

Which of the following is not a subtype of dramatic/emotional personality disorders?

A)Antisocial personality disorder
B)Borderline personality disorder
C)Narcissistic personality disorder
D)Schizoid personality disorder

Answer 3

Schizoid personality disorder

Question 4

Zanarini,Frankenburg,Dubo,Sickel et al.,(1998)found that _______ of individuals diagnosed with BPD met with the criteria for an anxiety disorder:

A)88.4%
B)48.4%
C)58.4%
D)78.4%

Question 5

In 1999 the UK Home Office and the Department of Health published a report that introduced a new term: dangerous people with severe personality disorders (DSPD).This refers to individuals who exhibit:

A)APD plus at least one other personality disorder
B)Antisocial behaviour
C)Prosocial behaviour
D)Shizotypical behaviour

Question 6

Zanarini,Frankenburg,Dubo,Sickel et al.,(1998)found that ????______ of individuals diagnosed with BPD met the criteria for a mood disorder:

A)96.3%
B)46.3%
C)56.3%
D)76.3%

Question 7

In DSM-5,which types of personality ratings contribute to a diagnosis?

A)Level of personality functioning
B)Personality disorder types
C)Personality trait domains and facets
D)All of the above

Question 8

Which of the following is not considered to be a cardinal feature of borderline personality disorder?

A)Eccentric' behaviour marked by odd patterns of thinking and communication
B)An enduring pattern of instability in personal relationships
C)A lack of a well-defined and stable self-image
D)Regular and predictable changes in moods

Question 9

Zanarini,Frankenburg,Dubo,Sickel et al.,(1998)found that _______ of individuals diagnosed with BPD met with the criteria for panic disorder:

A)47.8%
B)27.8%
C)37.8%
D)17.8%

Question 10

Personality disorders consist of a loosely-bound cluster of sub-types that have which of the following common features:

A)They are characterized by an enduring pattern of behaviour that deviates markedly from expectations within that culture
B)They are associated with unusual ways of interpreting events,unpredictable mood swings,or impulsive behaviour
C)They result in impairments in social and occupational functioning
D)All of the above

Question 11

Which of the following is not considered to be a result of the emotional roller-coaster and fear of abandonment and rejection experienced in borderline personality disorder?

A)Suicidal ideation
B)Impulsive behaviour such as drug abuse
C)Physical violence
D)Unusual ideas of reference

Question 12

Because of its close association with mood disorders,depression,and suicide,some researchers have argued that BDP may well be a form of:

A)Depression
B)Social phobia
C)Obsessive compulsive disorder
D)Schizophrenia

Question 13

In borderline personality disorder the results of the emotional roller-coaster and fear of abandonment and rejection are

A)Regular and unpredictable shifts in self-image
B)Prolonged bouts of depression
C)Deliberate self-harm
D)All of the above

Question 14

Which of the following is a subtype of dramatic/emotional personality disorders?

A)Histrionic personality disorder
B)Paranoid personality disorder
C)Schizotypal personality disorder
D)Schizoid personality disorder

Question 15

Zanarini,Frankenburg,Dubo,Sickel et al.,(1998)found that _______ of individuals diagnosed with BPD met with the criteria for social phobia:

A)45.9%
B)25.9%
C)55.9%
D)15.9%

Question 16

The term sociopath or psychopath is sometimes used to describe which type of personality disorder?

A)Antisocial personality disorder
B)Histrionic personality disorder
C)Paranoid personality disorder
D)Schizotypal personality disorder

Question 17

Individuals with schizotypal personality disorder usually exhibit:

A)Eccentric behaviour marked by odd patterns of thinking and communication
B)Discomfort with close personal relationships
C)Often exhibit unusual ideas of reference
D)All of the above

Question 18

Individuals with schizoid personality disorder are often described as:

A)Loners,who have very few,if any,close relationships with others
B)Those who fail to express a normal range of emotions
C)Those who appear to get little sensory or intellectual reward from any activities
D)All of the above

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of individuals with paranoid personality disorder?

A)Avoidance of close relationships
B)Are often spontaneously aggressive to others
C)Often feel that they have been deeply and irreversibly betrayed by others
D)Avoidance of public places

Question 20

Odd/Eccentric Personality Disorders are called Cluster A.Which of the following is not one of the three sub-types of Cluster A?

A)Paranoid Personality Disorder
B)Schizotypal Personality Disorder
C)Schizoid Personality Disorder
D)Multiple Personality Disorder

Question 21

Individuals with dependent personality disorder exhibit:

A)Submissive and clinging behaviour
B)Have great difficulty making everyday decisions
C)Passive behaviours
D)All of the above

Question 22

Some clinicians believe that antisocial personality disorder and social phobia are both components of a broader:

A)Generalised anxiety disorder
B)Social identity spectrum
C)Broad spectrum disorder
D)Social anxiety spectrum

Question 23

Because of the apparent lack of empathy and the tendency to exploit others for self-benefit,narcissistic personality disorder has been compared with:

A)Histrionic personality disorder
B)Antisocial personality disorder
C)Paranoid personality disorder
D)Schizotypal personality disorder

Question 24

Dependent personality disorder is characterised by a:

A)A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of
B)A pervasive and excessive need to take care of others
C)A pervasive and excessive need to be in a relationship d.All of the above

Question 25

The individual with narcissistic personality disorder routinely overestimates their abilities and inflates their accomplishments,and is characterized by:

A)A pervasive need for admiration
B)Excessive empathy with the feelings of others
C)Impulsive behaviour such as drug abuse
D)unusual ideas of reference

Question 26

Anxious/fearful personality disorders constitute cluster C.Which of the following is not one of these?

A)Avoidant personality disorder
B)Dependent personality disorder
C)Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
D)Histrionic personality disorder

Question 27

Individuals with histrionic personality disorder are often described as:

A)Shallow
B)Self-dramatising
C)Easily influenced
D)All of the above

Question 28

The main features of avoidant personality disorder are:

A)Persistent social inhibition
B)Feelings of inadequacy
C)Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
D)All of the above

Question 29

There was thought to be a significant gender bias in histrionic personality disorder,with women accounting for around what percentage of those diagnosed?

A)65%
B)25%
C)35%
D)45%

Question 30

Individuals with histrionic personality disorder are:

A)Attention-seeking and unhappy when they are not the centre of attention
B)Withdrawn and antisocial
C)Overly extrovert
D)All of the above

Question 31

Individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder show:

A)Exceptionally perfectionist tendencies
B)A preoccupation with orderliness
C)They will stick to rules
D)All of the above

Question 32

Data from American and European studies suggest that the prevalence rates for personality disorders in the general population is around:

A)33-34%
B)23-24%
C)10-14%
D)43-44%

Question 33

There are some significant gender differences in prevalence rates in personality disorders.What percentage of individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder are female?

A)55%
B)65%
C)75%
D)15%

Question 34

The characteristics of dependent personality disorder appear to fall into two distinctive categories:

A)Attachment/abandonment and detachment/singularity
B)Attachment/abandonment and dependency/incompetence
C)Detachment/singularity and aggressive/passive
D)Aggressive/passive and dependency/incompetence

Question 35

In the case of both paranoid and schizoid personality disorders,psychodynamic theorists have argued that the causes of these disorders lie in which of the following?

A)The relationships that the sufferer had with their parents
B)The relationship the sufferer has with themselves
C)The nature of the sufferer's defence mechanisms
D)The nature of the sufferer's childhood attachment

Question 36

There are a number of risk factors for personality disorders.Which one of these is not one of them?

A)Being divorced
B)Low socioeconomic class
C)Being a young adult
D)Gender

Question 37

The formalistic similarities between Cluster A disorders and schizophrenia have led researchers to argue that they are part of a broader

A)Schizotypal spectrum disorder
B)schizophrenia spectrum disorder
C)Social anxiety spectrum
D)Broad spectrum disorder

Question 38

Which of the following is a significant risk factor for developing borderline personality disorder?

A)Childhood sexual abuse
B)Childhood verbal abuse
C)Childhood physical abuse
D)All of the above

Question 39

Campbell (1999)found that individuals with narcissistic personality disorder tend to prefer partners that are:

A)Openly admiring rather than openly loving
B)Openly loving rather than openly admiring
C)Openly hostile
D)Openly promiscuous

Question 40

American and European data suggests that the most common of the personality disorders is:

A)Narcissistic personality disorder
B)Avoidant personality disorder
C)Schizotypal personality disorder
D)Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Question 41

Because antisocial personality disorder is closely associated with criminal and antisocial behaviour,considerable effort has been invested in attempting which of the following?

A)Identifying childhood and adolescent behaviours that may help to predict later adolescent and adult APD
B)Working to ascertain whether there is an inherited or genetic component to APD
C)Working to identify any biological or psychological processes that may be involved in APD
D)All of the above

Question 42

Psychodynamic theories of personality disorders that individuals with weak egos engage in a defence mechanism called:

A)Splitting
B)Spiking
C)Blanking
D)Fracturing

Question 43

Deltito,Martin,Riefkohl,Austria et al.(2001)have estimated that what percentage of individuals with BPD belong to a broader bipolar disorder spectrum?

A)44%
B)24%
C)34%
D)54%

Question 44

Individuals with APD frequently fail to show any signs of fear learning in aversive conditioning procedures and functional brain imaging studies have shown that this failure to learn is accompanied by:

A)Inactivity the limbic-prefrontal circuit
B)Overactivity in the limbic-prefrontal circuit
C)Enlarged ventricles
D)Damage in the frontal lobes

Question 45

According to psychodynamic theory,people are motivated to respond to the world through the perspectives they have learned from important other people in their developmental past.This is called:

A)Object permanence theory
B)Object-relations theory
C)Distorted perspective theory
D)Ego defence theory

Question 46

Psychodynamic theories of narcissistic PD have argued that the traits associated with this disorder result from childhood experiences with:

A)Cold,rejecting parents
B)Over protective parents
C)Sibling bullying
D)Absent parent

Question 47

Evidence suggests that individuals with BPD have a number of brain abnormalities that may give rise to impulsive behaviour.They tend to possess relatively low levels of the brain neurotransmitter:

A)Glutamate
B)Serotonin
C)Acetylcholine
D)GABA

Question 48

Evidence suggests that individuals with BPD have a number of brain abnormalities that may give rise to impulsive behaviour.The associated dysfunctional dopamine activity is known to play an important role in:

A)Emotion information processing
B)Impulse control
C)Cognition
D)All of the above

Question 49

Neuroimaging techniques of individuals with BPD have revealed abnormalities in a number of brain areas.Which of the following is not thought to be implicated?

A)Frontal lobe functioning
B)Hippocampus
C)Amygdala
D)Cerebellum

Question 50

Because personality disorders are enduring patterns of behaviour that persist from childhood into adulthood,one of the best predictors of APD in adulthood is a diagnosis of

A)Conduct disorder
B)Attention deficit disorder
C)Attachment disorder
D)Childhood anxiety

Question 51

Evidence suggests that individuals with BPD have a number of brain abnormalities that may give rise to impulsive behaviour.There is evidence for dysfunction in brain:

A)Dopamine
B)Circuitry
C)Anatomy
D)Corpus callosum functioning

Question 52

Which of the following are schema modes that determine the responses and reactions of individuals with APD?

A)The abandoned and abused child mode
B)The angry and impulsive child mode
C)The punitive parent mode
D)All of the above

Question 53

Narcissistic personality disorder is also closely associated with antisocial personality disorder (APD).Which of the following is not a way in narcissistic individuals will regularly behave?

A)Self-motivated
B)Deceitful
C)Aggressive
D)Withdrawn

Question 54

Young,Klosko & Weishaar (2003)suggested that individuals with BPD may develop a similar set of dysfunctional schema modes to those acquired by individuals with:

A)Broad spectrum disorder
B)Schizotypal spectrum disorder
C)Social anxiety spectrum disorder
D)APD

Question 55

In personality disorders some of the Cluster B disorders share a number of characteristics in common.Which of the following is NOT a shared characteristic?

A)Impulsivity
B)Lack of empathy
C)Aggressiveness
D)Passivity

Question 56

Persistent and aggressive behaviour before the age of 11-years is also a good predictor of APD in adulthood.Which of the following is also a good predictor?

A)Low IQ
B)Low self-esteem
C)Early fighting
D)All of the above

Question 57

There are high levels of comorbidity between the different personality disorders.According to Zanarini & Gunderson (1997)what percentage of individuals with BPD also display antisocial behaviour and meet the diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder?

A)10-47%
B)5-20%
C)15-30%
D)1-5%

Question 58

There are a number of physiological characteristics shown by individuals with APD.These include which of the following?

A)Significantly lower levels of anxiety than normal control participants
B)Lower reactivity and baseline levels of physiological indicators of anxiety such as skin conductance
C)Failure to exhibit increased startle reactions when being shown stimuli designed to elicit negative emotions
D)All of the above

Question 59

According to psychodynamic theory which of the following is NOT deemed to be characteristic of the parents of an individual with paranoid personality disorder?

A)Demanding
B)Distant
C)Rigid
D)Absent

Question 60

More recent research has linked BPD with bipolar disorder,and the two are often comorbid.A number of individuals with BPD belong to a broader:

A)Generalised anxiety spectrum
B)Social anxiety spectrum
C)Social identity spectrum
D)Bipolar disorder spectrum

Question 61

Therapists have utilised a broad range of differing therapeutic procedures with varying degrees of success.In general,individuals with personality disorders will need to acquire the skill of mentalisation which is:

A)Ability to reflect on their experiences,feelings and thoughts and to assess their meaning and importance
B)Reflect on their ability to visualise their own behaviour
C)The ability to compartmentalise their emotions
D)Their ability to assess the meaning and importance of internal processes

Question 62

Drugs are frequently used in an attempt to treat individuals with personality disorders,but they tend to be used to tackle symptoms of any comorbid psychiatric disorder rather than the symptoms of the personality disorder itself.Individuals with comorbid anxiety disorders,such as social phobia or panic disorder can be prescribed:

A)Antidepressants
B)Antipsychotics
C)Tranquilisers
D)Lithium chloride

Question 63

In the case of BPD,for example,object-relations psychotherapy will:

A)Attempt to show the client how their normal way of behaving is defensive
B)How their judgments are often simplistic and fall into simple dichotomous categories
C)Provide the client with more adaptive ways of dealing with important life issues
D)All of the above

Question 64

When treating individuals with BDP a therapist may change dysfunctional schemata by:

A)Repossessing
B)Remothering
C)Restructuring
D)Reparenting

Question 65

Drugs are frequently used in an attempt to treat individuals with personality disorders,but they tend to be used to tackle symptoms of any comorbid psychiatric disorder rather than the symptoms of the personality disorder itself.Which of the following are used to reduce the symptoms of Cluster A personality disorders which are known to have some relationship to the symptoms of schizophrenia?

A)Lithium chloride
B)Tranquilisers
C)Antipsychotics
D)Antidepressants

Question 66

Some studies of non-clinical populations indicate there may be a single underlying vulnerability factor for both OCPD and OCD,and this may be related to a parenting style that includes which of the following two?

A)Psychological manipulation and guilt induction
B)Guilt induction and physical abuse
C)Physical abuse and rejection
D)Rejection and psychological manipulation

Question 67

Cognitive behavioural therapy may be used to treat an individual with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder by challenging:

A)Dysfunctional schemata
B)Dysfunctional relationships
C)Dysfunctional behaviour
D)Dysfunctional sleep patterns

Question 68

Which of the following is a particular example of psychodynamic treatment which attempts to strengthen the individual's weak ego so that they are able to address issues in their life without constantly flipping from one extreme view to another?

A)Object-relations psychotherapy
B)Object permanent psychotherapy
C)Selective relations psychotherapy
D)Goal directed psychotherapy

Question 69

Psychiatric disorders that are comorbid with a personality disorder are difficult to treat successfully,and reasons for these difficulties include:

A)Individuals are significantly more disturbed,and may require more intensive treatment than individuals with another type of psychiatric disorder alone
B)Many personality disorders consist of ingrained behavioural styles that are likely to continue to cause future life difficulties that may trigger symptoms of other psychiatric disorders
C)Many of the personality disorders have features which make such individuals manipulative and unable to form trusting relationships
D)All of the above

Question 70

When treating individuals with BDP a therapist may change dysfunctional schemata by reparenting.This allows the therapist to:

A)Form an emotional attachment to the client in order to challenge dysfunctional schemata
B)Analyse childhood parenting styles
C)Explore attachment styles
D)Teach the functional parenting styles

Question 71

Which of the following is not associated with avoidant personality disorder?

A)Low self-esteem
B)Feelings of shame
C)Feelings of guilt
D)Feelings of superiority

Question 72

Drugs are frequently used in an attempt to treat individuals with personality disorders,but they tend to be used to tackle symptoms of any comorbid psychiatric disorder rather than the symptoms of the personality disorder itself.Individuals who have comorbid bipolar disorder may receive:

A)Lithium chloride
B)Tranquilisers
C)Antipsychotics
D)Antidepressants

Question 73

Family studies have also found that having a family member diagnosed with either social phobia or avoidant Personality Disorder increases the risk for both these disorders:

A)22-25 fold
B)4-5 fold
C)5-10 fold
D)2-3 fold

Question 74

One particular form of therapy that has been successfully used to treat individuals with personality disorders and involves providing them with insight into their dysfunctional ways of thinking,and is designed to provide them with the necessary skills to overcome these problematic ways of thinking and behaving is known as:

A)Systematic desensitization
B)Psychodynamic therapy
C)Dialectical behaviour therapy
D)Exposure and response prevention

Question 75

Albert,Maina,Forner & Bogetto (2004),found comorbidity of OCPD in individuals with panic disorder was:

A)17%
B)25%
C)10%
D)37%

Question 76

Dialectical behaviour therapy has been particularly successful with individuals with BPD.It has been shown to be more effective than treatment-as-usual in reducing:

A)Self-harm
B)Suicide attempts
C)Hospitalisation
D)All of the above

Question 77

While the symptoms of OCPD are very similar to those of OCD,the reported comorbidity of OCPD in individuals with OCD is relatively low at:

A)22%
B)35%
C)15%
D)7%

Question 78

Which of the following is attempted by psychodynamic therapists when trying to take a more active approach to treating personality disorders?

A)Dream analysis
B)To expose the 'weak egos' and fragile self-image that usually underlie many of the personality disorders
C)To identify ego defence mechanisms
D)To identify and expose early negative childhood experiences

Question 79

Which of the following do therapists view as an important mechanism of change in personality disorders?

A)Insight
B)Foresight
C)Hindsight
D)Second sight

Question 80

Some clinicians have highlighted what appear to be many formalistic similarities between dependent personality disorder and depression.These similarities include:

A)Indecisiveness
B)Pessimism
C)Self-doubting
D)All of the above