Deck 7: Depression and Mood Disorders

Question 1

Which of the following is a motivational deficits experienced by individuals suffering unipolar depression?

A)A lack of initiative and spontaneity
B)Social withdrawal
C)Lack of appetite and sexual desire
D)All of the above

Answer 1

All of the above

Question 2

Mania is an emotion characterised by:

A)Boundless,frenzied energy
B)Feelings of euphoria
C)Ideas coming too fast and too many
D)All of the above

Answer 2

All of the above

Question 3

Mania is frequently associated with:

A)Bipolar mood disorder
B)Unipolar disorder
C)Tripolar
D)Quadrapola

Answer 3

Bipolar mood disorder

Question 4

Lifetime co-morbidity rate of Major Depression with another anxiety disorder is:

A)58%
B)30%
C)2%
D)86%

Question 5

Two years of hypomania symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a manic episode could be diagnosed as:

A)Dysthymic Disorder
B)Dissociative disorder
C)Personality disorder
D)Cyclothymic Disorder

Question 6

Comorbidity of Major Depressive disorder with Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)is:

A)50%
B)5%
C)17.2%
D)81.4%

Question 7

Which of the following is a type of depression?

A)Tripolar
B)Polar
C)Bipolar
D)Quadrapola

Question 8

Comorbidity of Major Depressive disorder with agoraphobia is:

A)16.3%
B)27.4%
C)71.2%
D)37.3%

Question 9

Which of the following is a characteristic common in a manic phase in bipolar disorder?

A)Constant,sometimes unconnected stream of thoughts and ideas
B)Limited attention span
C)Rapid topic shifts in conversation
D)All of the above

Question 10

Which of the following is not a DSM-IV-TR criteria for a manic episode?

A)Inflated self esteem or grandiosity
B)Decreased need for sleep
C)Increase in goal directed activity
D)Hypersomnia

Question 11

Chronic mood disturbances that cause depressive symptoms,but do not disrupt normal functioning may be diagnosed as:

A)Dysthymic Disorder
B)Cyclothymic Disorder
C)Dissociative disorder
D)Personality disorder

Question 12

Which of the following is a cognitive features experienced by individuals suffering unipolar depression?

A)Extremely negative views of themselves,the world,and their future
B)A lack of initiative,with individuals reporting impaired ability to think,concentrate or make decisions
C)A sense of worthlessness
D)All of the above

Question 13

Which of the following is a physical symptom exhibited by individuals suffering unipolar depression?

A)Indigestion
B)Constipation
C)Dizzy spells
D)All of the above

Question 14

Which of the following is not a DSM-IV-TR criterion for a major depressive episode?

A)Depressed mood for most of the day nearly every day
B)Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
C)Distractibility
D)Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day

Question 15

Depressed individuals exhibit a number of:

A)Behavioural symptoms
B)Physical symptoms
C)Cognitive symptoms
D)All of the above

Question 16

DSM-IV-TR requires that for the diagnosis of Major Depression,an individual must have:

A)5 symptoms for a period of one month
B)5 symptoms for a period of 2 weeks
C)3 symptoms for a period of 2 weeks
D)3 symptoms for a period of one month

Question 17

Which of the following is a sleep disturbance experienced by individuals suffering unipolar depression?

A)Terminal insomnia
B)Middle insomnia
C)Hypersomnia
D)All of the above

Question 18

Which of the following is included in DSM-IV-TR criteria for major depressive episode?

A)Symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social functioning
B)Symptoms are not due to physiological effects of substance misuse
C)Symptoms are not accounted for by bereavement
D)All of the above

Question 19

Depression is:

A)Psychosis
B)A mood disorder
C)Anxiety disorder
D)A somatic disorder

Question 20

Which of the following is a behavioural symptom exhibited by individuals suffering unipolar depression?

A)Stay in bed for long periods
B)Unpredictable and erratic behaviour
C)Compulsive checking
D)Ritualised behaviour

Question 21

Comorbidity of Major Depressive disorder with social phobia is:

A)38.6%
B)27.1 %
C)58.9%
D)92.6%

Question 22

The increased risk of depressive symptoms for relatives of Major Depression sufferers is:

A)20-30%
B)30-40%
C)35-45%
D)5-10%

Question 23

Evidence suggests that individuals with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)increase their secretion of:

A)Serotonin
B)Melatonin
C)Dopamine
D)Norepinephrine

Question 24

Comorbidity of Major Depressive disorder with Panic Disorder is:

A)9)9%
B)19.5%
C)23.7%
D)61.7%

Question 25

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)is characterised by:

A)Depression and mood fluctuations
B)Psychotic episodes
C)Manic episodes
D)Substance dependency

Question 26

Family studies have indicated that _____ of first-degree relatives of Bipolar Disorder sufferers have also reported significant symptoms of mood disorder:

A)20-30%
B)30-40%
C)10-25%
D)40-50%

Question 27

In Bipolar II Disorder,major depressive episodes alternate with periods of:

A)Hypomania
B)Hyperventilation
C)Hypothermia
D)Hypoxia

Question 28

Comorbidity of Major Depressive disorder with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is:

A)8)6%
B)58.9%
C)19.5%
D)87.1%

Question 29

According to DSM-IV-TR,necessary symptoms for the diagnosis of Bipolar I disorder include:

A)Currently (or most recently)in a Manic Episode
B)The previous occurrence of at least one Major Depressive Episode,Manic Episode or Mixed Episode
C)Mood episodes are not better accounted for by psychotic disorders
D)All of the above

Question 30

The main symptoms of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)are:

A)Weight gain
B)Craving for carbohydrates
C)Hypersomnia
D)All of the above

Question 31

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)affects what percentage of adults in temperate climates?

A)1-3%
B)5-8%
C)10-12%
D)15-20%

Question 32

Which of the following are physical symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)?

A)Extreme fatigue
B)Muscle pain
C)Chest pain
D)All of the above

Question 33

Concordance rates in selected monozygotic twin studies of bipolar disorder are:

A)69.6%
B)23.9%
C)84%
D)10%

Question 34

Individuals suffering from Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)benefit from:

A)Photo therapy
B)Hypnotherapy
C)Psychotherapy
D)Behavioural activation therapy

Question 35

In Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)about 75% of reported cases are adult white females,This is due to?

A)Males not having menstrual cycles
B)Social pressure
C)A reporting bias
D)Hormonal differences

Question 36

Comorbidity of Major Depressive disorder with Alcohol dependence is:

A)23.5%
B)67.8%
C)10%
D)45%

Question 37

Concordance rates in selected dizygotic twin studies of bipolar disorder are:

A)2)1%
B)29.3%
C)87.6%
D)51.8%

Question 38

Comorbidity of Major Depressive disorder with drug dependence is:

A)87.6%
B)52.9%
C)2)4%
D)13.3%

Question 39

Comorbidity of Major Depressive disorder with Specific phobia is:

A)17.2%
B)51.2%
C)87.1%
D)24.3%

Question 40

The causes of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)are controversial.Theories have argued for:

A)Involvement of viral or immunological factors
B)Environmental stressors such as pollution or organophosphates
C)A predisposition to develop depression
D)All of the above

Question 41

Mania found in Bipolar Disorder is found to be associated specifically with which of the following neurotransmitters?

A)Serotonin
B)Dopamine
C)Norepinephrine
D)Acetylcholine

Question 42

In Major Depression raised levels of activation in the amygdala results in:

A)Prioritising threatening information as negative
B)Over stimulation of sweat glands
C)Overproduction of norepinephrine
D)Loss of short term memory

Question 43

Recent research suggests that depression is associated more with:

A)An imbalance in neurotransmitters
B)Deficits in specific neurotransmitters
C)An imbalance in dopamine production
D)Damage to neurons

Question 44

Depression and mood disorders have been shown to be reliably associated with abnormalities in the levels of:

A)Neurotransmitters
B)Haemoglobin
C)Cholesterol
D)Carotene

Question 45

In Major Depression hippocampal abnormalities are regularly linked with:

A)High levels of dopamine
B)High levels of cortisol
C)High levels of acetylcholine
D)High levels of GABA

Question 46

Life stressor raise levels of cortisol that,in turn lowers levels of:

A)Serotonin
B)Dopamine
C)Acetylcholine
D)Norepinephrine

Question 47

Abnormalities in which of the following brain areas have been found to be associated with depression?

A)Prefrontal Cortex
B)Anterior Cingulate Cortex
C)Hippocampus
D)All of the above

Question 48

Which of the following drugs significantly alleviated the symptoms of depression?

A)Tricyclic drugs
B)Monoamine oxidase (MAO)inhibitors
C)Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
D)All of the above

Question 49

Lower levels of activation in the Prefrontal Cortex results in:

A)Failure to anticipate incentives
B)Failure to regulate emotions
C)Deficit in the will to change
D)Inability to understand the context of affective reactions

Question 50

To counteract the theoretical problems of introjection,Freud proposed a new concept,which was:

A)Symbolic loss
B)Diabolic loss
C)Metabolic loss
D)Catastrophic loss

Question 51

Deficits in Hippocampal function in depression may result in:

A)The individual dissociating affective responses from their relevant contexts
B)Deficit in the will to change
C)Failure to regulate emotions
D)Failure to anticipate incentives

Question 52

According to psychodynamic explanations,depression is a result of:

A)Conflict
B)Ego state
C)Defense mechanisms
D)Loss

Question 53

Major Depression has also been found to be associated with structural and functional abnormalities in the amygdala.The role of the amygdala is to:

A)Stimulate secretion by sweat glands
B)Stimulate secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
C)Control spatial memory
D)Prioritize affectively salient stimuli

Question 54

Decreased activation in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)results in which of the following?

A)Failure to regulate emotions
B)Inability to sleep
C)Failure to anticipate incentives
D)Inability to understand the context of affective reactions

Question 55

In psychoanalytic theories of depression,one of the major problems of introjection is:

A)Not everyone experiences anger
B)Not everyone who experiences depression has lost a loved one
C)Not everyone believes in Freud's stages of development
D)Not everyone who loses a loved one develops depression

Question 56

Psychoanalytic approaches to depression do have some empirical problems.Which of the following concepts are difficult to verify empirically?

A)Introjection
B)Fixation at the Oral stage of development
C)Symbolic loss
D)All of the above

Question 57

According to psychodynamic explanations,the fist stage of response to loss is called introjection where the individual regresses to:

A)Oral stage of development
B)Anal stage of development
C)Phallic stage of development
D)Sensorimotor stage of development

Question 58

Behavioural accounts of depression argue that life losses would be:

A)Reduction of reinforcing events
B)Establishing a vicious cycle
C)Lack of social reinforcement
D)All of the above

Question 59

Inherited factors can account for which of the following variances in depressive symptomology?

A)30% (A)
B)50%
C)10.4%
D)20%

Question 60

Which of the following neurotransmitters is significant in Major Depression?

A)Serotonin
B)Dopamine
C)Adrenaline
D)Acetylcholine

Question 61

Interpersonal theories of depression argue that depression is maintained by:

A)A cycle of reassurance seeking rejected by family and friends
B)Negative self beliefs lead to doubting any reassurances
C)Continual doubting may annoy reassurance providers
D)All of the above

Question 62

What percent of individuals taking tricyclic drugs show improvement?

A)30-35%
B)60-65%
C)80-85%
D)10-15%

Question 63

Beck's negative triad of beliefs leads to a number of systematic biases in thinking,including:

A)Arbitrary inference
B)Selective abstraction
C)Over generalisation
D)All of the above

Question 64

In Beck's cognitive theory of depression pessimistic thinking is caused by:

A)Unhappy childhood
B)The unconscious
C)Negative self schemas
D)Lowered levels of serotonin

Question 65

In addition to predicting many symptoms of depression,hopelessness is also a construct that has been shown to predict which of the following?

A)Suicidal tendencies
B)Schizophrenia
C)Agoraphobia
D)Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Question 66

Which of the following systematic biases in thinking form part of Beck's negative triad of beliefs?

A)Magnification and minimisation
B)Personalisation
C)All-or-none thinking
D)All of the above

Question 67

Which of the following are ain features of the stepped-care model for depression?

A)GPs are advised to make proper assessment of individuals who present with symptoms of depression,rather than simply providing medication
B)Medication is not recommended for the initial treatment of depression,rather reserved for the treatment of moderate to severe depression
C)Mild depression should be treated primarily with brief behavioural and cognitive interventions
D)All of the above

Question 68

Which of the following is part of a cluster of symptoms is known as hopelessness?

A)Apathy
B)Lack of energy
C)Psychomotor retardation
D)All of the above

Question 69

Beck's negative triad maintains that depressed people hold negative views about:

A)Themselves
B)The future
C)The world
D)All of the above

Question 70

According to Seligman's theory of depression,life experiences could give rise to a cognitive set that he termed:

A)Introjection
B)Negative triad
C)Learned Helplessness
D)Attribution theory

Question 71

Which of the following is one of the major drug therapies for bipolar disorder?

A)Lithium carbonate
B)Chlorpromazine
C)Clozapine
D)Benzodiazepine

Question 72

One of the most influential of all the theories of depression is:

A)Freud's Psychodynamic Theory
B)Seligman's Learned Helplessness Theory
C)Beck's Cognitive Theory
D)Berne's Humanistic Theory

Question 73

Despite the enhanced ability of the evolved model to predict depressive episodes,there are still a number of limitations to Hopelessness Theory:

A)Research been carried out on healthy or only mildly depressed participants
B)Majority of studies testing the model are correlational
C)The model does not explain all of the depressive symptoms required for a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis
D)All of the above

Question 74

In Attribution Theory of depression,people who are likely to become depressed attribute negative life events to:

A)Internal rather than external factors
B)Stable rather than unstable factors
C)Global rather than specific factors
D)All of the above

Question 75

Which of the following provides evidence that depressed individuals do show the negative cognitive biases that Beck's theory predicts?

A)Attentional biases to negative information results in prioritisation of negative information
B)Memory biases where more negative words than positive words are recalled in explicit memory tests
C)Depressed individuals exhibit interpretational biases that result in them interpreting ambiguous events negatively
D)All of the above

Question 76

Which of the following is not medication for depression?

A)Tricyclic drugs
B)Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
C)Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
D)Chlorpromazine

Question 77

Studies that have examined Hopelessness Theory confirm that depression can be predicted by:

A)Negative attributional style
B)Negative life events
C)Low self-esteem
D)All of the above

Question 78

Seligman first derived this hypothesis from:

A)Animal experiments
B)Observing depressed individuals
C)Analysis of blood chemistry
D)Analysis of childhood experiences

Question 79

One of the main tenets of Beck's Cognitive Theory is that individuals suffering from depression have developed:

A)Negative schema
B)Lowered levels of Serotonin
C)Introjected loss
D)Negative social behaviour

Question 80

Learned Helplessness Theory has been applied to depression in:

A)Personality disorder
B)Battered Woman Syndrome
C)Substance misuse
D)Alcohol abuse