Deck 8: Experiencing Psychosis: Schizophrenia Spectrum Problems

Question 1

Delusions are commonly experienced by around ______ of those individuals hospitalised because of their psychotic symptoms:

A)25%
B)10%
C)75%
D)50%

Answer 1

75%

Question 2

Which of the following are some of the symptoms of schizophrenia?

A)Disorganized speech
B)Flat affect
C)Poverty of speech
D)All of the above

Answer 2

All of the above

Question 3

In schizophrenia,symptoms such as delusions,hallucinations,disorganised speech (e.g.incoherence),and grossly disorganised or catatonic behaviour are referred to as:

A)Negative symptoms
B)Positive symptoms
C)Mediating symptoms
D)Catastrophic symptoms

Answer 3

Positive symptoms

Question 4

Examples of disorganised thinking include:

A)Tangentiality
B)Clanging
C)Word salads
D)All of the above

Question 5

In schizophrenia which is the most commonly experienced type of hallucination?

A)Auditory hallucination
B)Gustatory hallucinations
C)Olfactory hallucinations
D)Tactile hallucinations

Question 6

In schizophrenia,when an individual believes they are in danger,this is referred to as:

A)Delusions of persecution
B)Delusions of grandeur
C)Delusions of control
D)Nihilistic delusions

Question 7

Dementia praecox was first identified by?

A)Freud
B)Kraepelin
C)Beck
D)Watson

Question 8

In schizophrenia,the misinterpretation of perceptions or experiences is known as:

A)Delusion
B)Hallucination
C)Neologism
D)Derailment

Question 9

In schizophrenia which of the following is not a positive symptom?

A)Hallucinations
B)Delusions
C)Alogia
D)Disorganised speech

Question 10

In schizophrenia,when an individual believes they are someone with fame or power,this is referred to as:

A)Delusions of grandeur
B)Delusions of control
C)Delusions of reference
D)Nihilistic delusions

Question 11

Which of the following are true of lifetime prevalence rates for schizophrenia?

A)0)3-0.7%
B)There are around 24 million sufferers worldwide
C)There is no difference in prevalence rates between men and women
D)All of the above

Question 12

In schizophrenia the when an individual believes that independent external events are specifically about him or her,this is referred to as:

A)Delusions of persecution
B)Delusions of reference
C)Nihilistic delusions

Question 13

Which of the following is not a symptom of schizophrenia?

A)Dysfunctions of perception
B)Dysfunctions of inferential thinking
C)Dysfunctions of language and communication
D)Dysfunctions of memory

Question 14

In schizophrenia,the phenomenon known as 'downward drift' means?

A)Falling to the bottom of the social ladder
B)Become homeless
C)Inability to hold down a job
D)All of the above

Question 15

In schizophrenia,when an individual believes that some aspect of either the world or themselves has ceased to exist,this is known as:

A)Nihilistic delusions
B)Delusions of persecution
C)Delusions of control
D)Delusions of grandeur

Question 16

In schizophrenia,when an individual believes that messages are being sent directly to their brain,this is referred to as:

A)Delusions of control
B)Delusions of persecution
C)Delusions of reference
D)Delusions of grandeur

Question 17

In schizophrenia,in which of the following ways might hallucinations be experienced?

A)Auditory
B)Olfactory
C)Gustatory
D)All of the above

Question 18

Which of the following is not one of the main clinical symptoms of schizophrenia?

A)Delusions
B)Hallucinations
C)Apathy
D)Narcolepsy

Question 19

According to Kraepelin,which of the following was not a symptom of dementia praecox?

A)Paranoia
B)Catatonia
C)Hebephrenia
D)Mania

Question 20

Who was the first psychiatrist to utilise the term schizophrenia?

A)Bleuler
B)Kraepelin
C)Salkovskis
D)Rogers

Question 21

Paranoid delusions may be the result of:

A)Cognitive biases
B)Parental neglect
C)Food allergy
D)Confrontational experiences

Question 22

In schizophrenia,the term anhedonia refers to:

A)A decreased ability to experience pleasure from positive stimuli or an inability to recall pleasurable events
B)An inability to enjoy sex
C)An inability to express empathy
D)An inability to react appropriately to social cues

Question 23

In disorganised speech,neologisms are:

A)Made up words
B)Rhyming words
C)Unstructured speech
D)Irrelevant answers

Question 24

In schizophrenia,catatonic motor behaviours are characterised by which of the following?

A)A significant increase in reactivity to the environment
B)Simple,stereotyped movements
C)Swearing in the street
D)None of the above

Question 25

Which of the following are examples of grossly disorganised behaviour in schizophrenia?

A)Behaviour may be childlike and silly and inappropriate for the person's chronological age
B)Behaviour may be inappropriate to the context
C)Behaviour may be unpredictable and agitated
D)All of the above

Question 26

In the UK,the reporting of psychotic symptoms is twice as high in which ethnic minority group,as compared to ethnic white individuals?

A)British Jews
B)Gipsy/traveller
C)Bangladeshi
D)African-Caribbean

Question 27

In disorganised speech,word salads are:

A)Disconnected phrasing
B)Rhyming speech
C)Irrelevant answers
D)None of the above

Question 28

In schizophrenia,reality-monitoring deficit refers to:

A)Problems distinguishing between what actually occurred and what did not
B)Problems distinguishing between thoughts and ideas they generated themselves
C)Problems with memory loss
D)Problems with spatial ability

Question 29

In schizophrenia olfactory hallucinations refer to:

A)Smells that are not present
B)Tingling skin
C)People that are not present
D)Foods that taste unusual

Question 30

Immigrants from developing countries are at higher risk of developing schizophrenia.Which of the following are potential risk factors?

A)Language difficulties
B)Unemployment
C)Poor housing
D)All of the above

Question 31

Environmental factors implicated in the subsequent development of future psychotic symptoms include:

A)Birth complications
B)Maternal infections
C)Antenatal influenza
D)All of the above

Question 32

Psychodynamic theory hypothesizes that psychosis is caused by a regression to a state of ______:

A)Oedipal conflict
B)Primary narcissism
C)Oral blockage
D)Secondary narcissism

Question 33

In schizophrenia,gustatory hallucinations refer to:

A)Foods that taste unusual
B)Smells that are not present
C)Tingling skin
D)People that are not present

Question 34

In disorganised speech tangentiality refers to:

A)Individuals only communicate with words that rhyme
B)Answers to questions may not be relevant
C)Speech may be neither structured nor comprehensible

Question 35

The most common subtype of Delusional Disorder is the _____ type:

A)Erotomanic
B)Grandiose
C)Schizoaffective
D)Persecutory

Question 36

In disorganised speech the term clanging refers to:

A)Individuals only communicate with words that rhyme
B)Answers to questions may not be relevant
C)Speech may be neither structured nor comprehensible

Question 37

In schizophrenia,self-monitoring deficit refers to:

A)Problems distinguishing between thoughts and ideas they generated themselves
B)Problems distinguishing between what actually occurred and what did not
C)Problems with spatial ability
D)Problems with memory loss

Question 38

In disorganised speech derailment refers to:

A)Where the individual may drift quickly from one topic to another during a conversation
B)Answers to questions may not be relevant
C)Speech may be neither structured nor comprehensible
D)Individuals only communicate with words that rhyme

Question 39

The core feature of Brief Psychotic Disorder is the sudden onset of at least ____ of the main psychotic symptoms and being associated with emotional turmoil or overwhelming confusion:

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 40

Which of the following are examples of prodromal symptoms?

A)Inappropriate emotions
B)Deterioration of grey matter
C)Withdrawal from social interaction
D)All of the above

Question 41

For some other psychotic symptoms there is less evidence for overriding genetic determination.These include symptoms such as:

A)Volume of grey matter
B)Anhedonia
C)Hallucinations
D)None of the above

Question 42

In the treatment of schizophrenia,antipsychotic drugs such as the phenothiazines work by:

A)Preventing re-uptake of serotonin
B)Increasing brain dopamine activity
C)Replacing dopamine with norepinephrine
D)Blocking the brain's dopamine receptor sites

Question 43

The biochemical theory of schizophrenia known as the dopamine hypothesis connects the symptoms of schizophrenia to:

A)Excess dopamine activity
B)Insufficient dopamine activity
C)Contaminated dopamine
D)Allergic sensitivity to dopamine

Question 44

Amphetamine psychosis results in disturbed behaviour patterns by:

A)Increasing production of norepinephrine
B)Blocking the brain's dopamine receptor sites
C)Increasing brain dopamine activity
D)Increasing levels of cortisol

Question 45

Which of the following symptoms constitutes the residual stage in schizophrenia?

A)When the individual ceases to show prominent signs of positive symptoms
B)May exhibit negative symptoms
C)May find it difficult to cope to normal day to day activities
D)All of the above

Question 46

Studies suggest that between ______ of those diagnosed with schizophrenia successfully commit suicide:

A)5-15%
B)19-20%
C)25-30%
D)30-40%

Question 47

Which of the following symptoms constitutes the active stage in schizophrenia?

A)Delusions
B)Disordered speech and communication
C)Hallucinations
D)All of the above

Question 48

The slow deterioration of normal functioning before a diagnosis of schizophrenia is known as the __________ stage:

A)Residual
B)Active
C)Prodromal
D)None of the above

Question 49

Relapse in schizophrenia is relatively common.Which of the following may explain this?

A)Stressful life events or return to a stressful family environment after a period of hospitalisation or care
B)Non-adherence to medication
C)Inadequate discharge or aftercare planning
D)All of the above

Question 50

Concordance rates for schizophrenia amongst MZ twins is:

A)44%
B)25%
C)38%
D)14%

Question 51

Long term studies of Schizophrenia have suggested that around ______ will alternate between active and residual stages:

A)50%
B)70%
C)30%
D)15%

Question 52

Long term studies of schizophrenia have suggested that around _____ will continue to show positive symptoms over the long-term:

A)22%
B)45%
C)10%
D)15%

Question 53

Blood samples are sometimes collected in order to study the inheritance patterns within families that have members diagnosed with schizophrenia.This process is known as a(n)______:

A)Twin study
B)Adoption study
C)Genetic linkage analysis
D)Concordance study

Question 54

A seminal study by Heston (1966)compared which kinds of children in order to establish the heritability of schizophrenia?

A)MZ twins
B)DZ twins
C)Adopted
D)Physically disabled

Question 55

According to the WHO,_____ of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia are aged between 15 and 35:

A)51%
B)30%
C)12%
D)60%

Question 56

The mortality rate among people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia is around _____:

A)50%
B)63%
C)12%
D)5%

Question 57

What is the diathesis-stress approach to understanding psychosis?

A)Psychosis is thought to be caused by a combination of genetically-inherited biological factors and environmental stress
B)Psychosis is thought to be caused by a combination of low self-esteem and environmental stress
C)Psychosis is thought to be caused by a combination of gender and environmental stress
D)Psychosis is thought to be caused by a combination of intelligence and life stress

Question 58

According to Wahlberg et al.(2004),an adopted child is more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia if they have a biologically inherited predisposition and were also brought up in an adopted home environment where there was evidence of ________:

A)Dysfunctional communication patterns
B)Sexual abuse
C)Physical abuse
D)Neglect

Question 59

Long term studies of schizophrenia have suggested that around _______ will remit after one or more active stage:

A)28%
B)50%
C)10%
D)5%

Question 60

Twin studies have indicated that the heritability estimate for schizophrenia is approximately:

A)80%
B)50%
C)70%
D)30%

Question 61

Which of the following are constructs of expressed emotion in schizophrenia?

A)High levels of criticism
B)Hostility
C)Emotional involvement between key family members
D)All of the above

Question 62

In cognitive theories of schizophrenia,which of the following are normal orienting responses?

A)Changes in skin conductance
B)Changes in brain activity
C)Changes in heart rate and blood pressure
D)All of the above

Question 63

The mesocortical pathway projects to the _____:

A)Basal ganglia
B)Temporal lobe-limbic structures
C)Frontal lobes
D)Prefrontal cortex

Question 64

Which of the following brain areas have been implicated in schizophrenia?

A)The frontal lobes
B)The temporal lobe-limbic structures
C)The basal ganglia
D)All of the above

Question 65

Communication deviance in families is related to the development of psychotic symptoms.Which of the following are examples of these types of communications?

A)Abandoned or abruptly ceased remarks or sentences
B)Inconsistent references to events or situations
C)Using words or phrases oddly or wrongly
D)All of the above

Question 66

In schizophrenia,PET scans have demonstrated which of the following?

A)Decreased frontal lobe activity
B)Increased frontal lobe activity
C)Deformed frontal lobes
D)Inactive frontal lobes

Question 67

Research suggests that information processing biases may be involved in the development of persecutory delusions.Which of the following factors are important in contributing to the development of cognitive biases involved in persecutory ideation?

A)Anomalous experiences
B)Anxiety,depression and worry that would normally cause a bias towards negative thinking and threatening interpretations of events
C)Reasoning biases on the part of the individual which lead them to seek confirmatory evidence for their persecutory interpretations rather than question them
D)All of the above

Question 68

According to Fromm-Reichmann,which of the following attributes does a schizophrenogenic mother possess?

A)Rejecting
B)Distant
C)Dominating
D)All of the above

Question 69

Which of the flowing statements describes the double-bind hypothesis in Schizophrenia?

A)Both parents actively encourage the individual to remain childlike and dependant
B)A mother may repel all displays of affection
C)A mother may demand excessive public displays of affection
D)A mother may both request and repel displays of affection

Question 70

Ullman & Krasner (1975)argued that the bizarre behaviours of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia developed because they are rewarded by a process of _______:

A)Operant reinforcement
B)Classical conditioning
C)Respondent conditioning
D)None of the above

Question 71

The construct of _____ refers to high levels of criticism,hostility and emotional involvement between key members of a family:

A)Repressed emotion
B)Expressed emotion
C)Regressed emotion
D)Unexpressed emotion

Question 72

Which of the following are examples of the social-selection theory of Schizophrenia?

A)Individuals displaying psychotic symptoms will drift into simple,undemanding lifestyles
B)Individuals displaying psychotic symptoms will choose to socialise only with others sharing similar symptoms
C)Individuals displaying psychotic symptoms will automatically be excluded by their social circle
D)Individuals with simple,undemanding lifestyles will start to display psychotic symptoms

Question 73

An excess of dopamine receptors only seems to be related to the _______ symptoms associated with schizophrenia.

A)Negative
B)Positive
C)Active
D)Residual

Question 74

In schizophrenia,underactivity in the frontal lobes is associated with which of the following?

A)Poor performance on cognitive tasks
B)Abstraction/categorization
C)Memory and sustained attention
D)All of the above

Question 75

Important structural differences between sufferers and non-sufferers of schizophrenia include:

A)Shrunken ventricles
B)Increased grey matter in the prefrontal cortex
C)Structural abnormalities in the temporal cortex
D)All of the above

Question 76

The prefrontal cortex plays an important role in many cognitive processes.The most important process and that most relevant to the development of schizophrenia is _____:

A)Executive functioning
B)Prospective memory
C)Visuospatial awareness
D)Response inhibition

Question 77

Which of the following are factors in the sociogenic hypothesis of schizophrenia?

A)Lack of education
B)Racist abuse
C)Childhood spent in a deprived area
D)Unemployment,crime and poverty

Question 78

Research suggests that paranoid delusions may also be the result of abnormal attributional processes.These biases take the form of:

A)Attributing negative life events to external causes
B)Attributing negative life events to internal causes
C)Attributing all life events to God
D)Attributing others' behaviour to oneself

Question 79

In schizophrenia,individuals who cannot infer the beliefs,attitudes and intentions of others are said to lack:

A)Theory of Mind
B)Intelligence
C)Self esteem
D)Sense of self

Question 80

Which of the following are features of social labelling in schizophrenia?

A)Others will begin to behave differently towards sufferers,and define any deviant behaviour as a symptom of schizophrenia
B)The person who is diagnosed may themselves assume a 'role' as someone who has a disorder,and play that role to the detriment of other - perhaps more adaptive - roles
C)The individual generates a self-fulfilling prophecy,in which a diagnosis leads to the individual,their family and friends behaving in ways which are likely to maintain pathological symptom
D)All of the above