Deck 7: Minorities In Policing

Question 1

Which of the following was not one of the duties relegated to early female police officers?

A) issuing parking tickets
B) guarding female prisoners
C) performing routine clerical tasks
D) patrolling

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders stated that discriminatory police employment practices did not contribute to the riots of the middle and late 1960s.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The first African-American police officers were appointed in which of the following cities?

A) Chicago
B) New York
C) New Orleans
D) Miami

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What organization represented African American police officers in New York City?

A) Guardian Angels
B) Guardians' Association
C) American Civil Liberties Union
D) African American Equalization Association

Question 5

Police departments do not address workplace dating because of privacy concerns.

Question 6

In 1910,which of the following cities appointed the first "officially designated" policewoman?

A) Los Angeles
B) Seattle
C) New York
D) Cleveland

Question 7

The vision requirement was probably the strongest example of discrimination against female candidates in police tests.

Question 8

According to the text,which of the following is not an example of discrimination against African-American police officers in the early 1900s?

A) only assigned to patrol black neighborhoods
B) were not allowed to arrest whites
C) establishment of job-related standards
D) chances of promotion to higher ranks were limited

Question 9

Homosexuals have not been discriminated against in police hiring practices.

Question 10

The Supreme Court decision in Griggs v.Duke Power Company (1971)established the concept that job requirements must be job related-they must be necessary for the performance of the job a person is applying for.

Question 11

Academic research has shown that female officers are well received by the public.

Question 12

One of the most controversial methods of ending job discrimination is the concept of affirmative action.

Question 13

Historically there are many instances of job discrimination against women and minorities in the United States.

Question 14

Which of the following is not one of the possible causes for the acceptance of women in police departments in the late 1960s and early 1970s?

A) the women's rights movement
B) efforts by females officers to gain the right to perform patrol duty to achieve equality with male officers
C) pressure applied on behalf of women by the International Association of Chiefs of Police
D) 1964 Civil Rights Act

Question 15

The IACP believes the recruitment of women is an important issue for law enforcement today.

Question 16

Critics of affirmative action argue that it is unfair to select police officers based on their race or gender even though such a practice does not actually violate the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

Question 17

In a 1995 case,a state police agency agreed to provide back pay to white male troopers who claimed they were unfairly passed over for promotions in favor of minority troopers.

Question 18

Prior to the 1960s,African-American police officers employed by the NYPD were assigned only to African-American neighborhoods and were not assigned to specialized,high-profile units.

Question 19

In 1969,the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)confirmed its policy of opposing the employment of gay officers.

Question 20

Before the 1940s,no black police officers worked in the Deep South; they were eliminated from the hiring process because they:

A) posed a threat to white supremacy.
B) did not have a high school diploma.
C) were involved in too many use-of-force issues.
D) refused to work under white commanders.

Question 21

According to the Department of Justice,____________________ percent of sworn personnel in local police departments in 2007 were African Americans.

A) 19.5
B) 22.7
C) 11.9
D) l.8

Question 22

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to prohibit job discrimination based on all but which of the following?

A) race and color
B) sexual orientation
C) national origin
D) gender

Question 23

Until the 1970s,it was presumed that women were not as capable of performing the same type of patrol duty as men because:

A) of their gender and size.
B) they could not testify in court.
C) they were not good drivers.
D) they would side with women in domestic disputes.

Question 24

A Bureau of Justice Statistics publication reported that in 2007,____________________ percent of sworn personnel in local police departments were women.

A) 11.9
B) 15.3
C) 3.9
D) 21.2

Question 25

An agreement between parties in a court action before,and instead of,a decision by a judge is called a:

A) consent agreement.
B) consent decree.
C) lawsuit.
D) modus operandi.

Question 26

Which of the following is not consistent with the findings of Professor Sean Grennan in his study of patrol teams in New York City?

A) There were no basic differences between the way males and females working as a patrol team reacted to violent confrontations.
B) Female police officers,in most cases,were far more emotionally stable than their male counterparts.
C) Female officers were more likely to calm a potentially violent situation.
D) Female officers were more likely to suffer on-the-job injuries.

Question 27

Which of the following cities has actively recruited openly gay police officers and has a large number of openly gay officers relative to the city's population?

A) San Francisco
B) Milwaukee
C) San Diego
D) Key West

Question 28

One of the most controversial methods of ending job discrimination is:

A) reverse employment.
B) affirmative action.
C) de facto hiring.
D) equal employment opportunity.

Question 29

Which of the following is not a reason for the recent disappearance of institutional discrimination against African Americans in police departments,according to Stephen Leinen?

A) legal events of the civil rights era
B) the urban riots of the 1960s
C) efforts of black police officer organizations
D) social and political events of the civil rights era

Question 30

The book Black in Blue found that black police officers suffered from:

A) double marginality.
B) double taxability.
C) singular marginality.
D) all of these choices.

Question 31

Kristen Leger found that there has been a growing acceptance by the public for ____________________ in the law enforcement role.

A) women
B) Hispanics
C) African Americans
D) gay people

Question 32

The most prevalent form of discrimination has been:

A) separate job titles.
B) disparate recruiting.
C) de facto discrimination.
D) standard discrimination.

Question 33

The concept that employers must take active steps to ensure equal employment opportunity and to redress past discrimination is called:

A) reverse discrimination.
B) adverse impact.
C) affirmative action.
D) de facto opportunity.

Question 34

The 1971 Supreme Court case that established the concept that hiring requirements must be job related was:

A) Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka.
B) Brown v.Mississippi.
C) Griggs v.Duke Power Company.
D) United States v.Paradise.

Question 35

Alice Stebbins Wells was the first woman appointed to the ____________________ Police Department.

A) Dallas
B) New York
C) Los Angeles
D) Chicago

Question 36

Which of the following terms refers to the simultaneous expectation by white officers that African-American officers will give members of their own race better treatment and hostility from members of the African-American community who consider black officers to be traitors to their race?

A) double marginality.
B) de facto discrimination.
C) adverse impact.
D) reverse discrimination.

Question 37

A substantially different rate of selection resulting from hiring,promotion,and other employment decisions that work to the disadvantage of members of a particular race,gender,or ethnic group is called:

A) reverse discrimination.
B) reverse impact.
C) cultural discrimination.
D) adverse impact.

Question 38

The academic studies of women on patrol indicate that women:

A) can perform patrol duties as well as men can.
B) perform in a less satisfactory manner than men on patrol.
C) perform as well as men on patrol but only when teamed with a male partner.
D) usually do not want to work patrol.

Question 39

The Equal Employment Opportunity Act (EEOA)of 1972:

A) expanded the jurisdiction and strengthened the powers of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
B) allowed employees of state and local governments to file employment discrimination suits with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
C) made the provisions of the 1964 Civil Rights Act,including Title VII,applicable to state and local governments
D) all of these choices

Question 40

In the early 1900s,policewomen were often called ____________________ and were employed to bring order and assistance to the lives of women and children.

A) city mothers
B) mother McCredies
C) matrons
D) mother superiors

Question 41

Title ____________________ of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to prohibit all job discrimination based on race,color,religion,sex,or national origin.

A) I
B) III
C) IV
D) VII

Question 42

The _______________ Amendment to the U.S.Constitution governs employment equality in U.S.society.

Question 43

What act was established with the goal of assisting local governments in reducing the incidence of crime by increasing the effectiveness,fairness,and coordination of law enforcement and the criminal justice system?

A) Civil Rights Act of 1964
B) Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
C) Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
D) Civil Rights Act of 1991

Question 44

__________________ is the simultaneous expectation by white officers that African-American officers will give members of their own race better treatment and hostility that African-American officers receive from the African-American community because they are perceived as traitors to their race.

Question 45

Previous forms of physical ability testing for police jobs generally have been replaced by __________ tests.

Question 46

What was the U.S.Supreme Court ruling in Ricci v.DeStefano?

A) The city's decision to invalidate the promotion test violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
B) The city did not violate any constitutional protections.
C) The city approved an invalid test due to disparate impact,so the court reversed the decision of the district court.
D) The city was in violation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 for discriminating against African-American employees who took the promotion exam.

Question 47

The __________ extended the 1964 Civil Rights Act and made its provisions applicable to state and local governments.

Question 48

__________ is the indirect result of policies or practices that are not intended to discriminate but do,in fact,discriminate.

Question 49

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited all job discrimination based on: __________,__________,__________,__________,or __________

Question 50

A study conducted by James David in Texas and Oklahoma revealed that arrest rates for men and women police officers are:

A) almost identical.
B) slightly higher for men.
C) significantly higher for women.
D) slightly higher for women.

Question 51

_____ is the unequal treatment of persons in personnel decisions (hiring,promotion,and firing)on the basis of their race,religion,national origin,gender,or sexual orientation.

Question 52

The job analysis must include the __________,__________,and abilities needed to perform the tasks of the job for which they are being tested.

Question 53

The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders is also known as the:

A) Warren Commission.
B) O'Connor Commission.
C) Kerner Commission.
D) Johnson Commission.

Question 54

The Indianapolis Police Department assigned ____________________ and ____________________ to patrol in 1968.They were the first females to be armed,wear a uniform,and drive a marked car on an equal basis with men.

A) Lari Rollings; Jenny White
B) Melissa Idol; Cynthia Lockhart
C) Susan Smith; Jamie Wilson
D) Betty Blankenship; Elizabeth Coffal

Question 55

_______________ discrimination is the indirect result of policies or practices that are not intended to discriminate but do,in fact,discriminate.

A) De facto
B) By-product
C) Reverse
D) Circumlocutory

Question 56

Which Constitutional Amendment is the primary instrument governing employment equality,as well as all equality,in U.S.society?

A) First Amendment
B) Second Amendment
C) Fourteenth Amendment
D) Twenty-First Amendment

Question 57

____________________ agencies tend to lead the way with the employment of Asian Americans in law enforcement.

A) Texas
B) California
C) New York
D) Arizona

Question 58

The first important job discrimination case was __________.

Question 59

If the majority of females fail a test while the vast majority of males pass it,that exam can be said to have a(n)__________ on females.

Question 60

The __________ was enacted with the goal of assisting local governments in reducing the incidence of crime by increasing the effectiveness,fairness,and coordination of law enforcement and the criminal justice system.

Question 61

In the past,some agencies have forced _____________ officers to take sick leave or to go to a limited-duty assignment despite their desires.

Question 62

__________ means that employers must take active steps to ensure equal employment opportunity and to redress past discrimination.

Question 63

________________ continue to be faced with stereotypes that people,both other officers and community members,hold but do not vocalize.

Question 64

One of the most disturbing concepts behind the affirmative action movement,and possibly the most disturbing concept to many,is the establishment of __________.