Deck 18: Exercise and Its Effects on the Cardiopulmonary System

Question 1

Which of the following circulatory changes are expected during exercise? Rate and strength of cardiac contractions increase
Blood vessels in working muscles constrict
Blood vessels of peripheral vascular system dilate
Blood vessel of heart and brain constrict

A) I only
B) I, II, III and IV
C) II only
D) I, II, and III only

Answer 1

A

Question 2

At what exercise level would the alveolar-arterial PO2 difference be expected to change?

A) It will increase when 40% or more of maximum oxygen consumption is reached
B) It will increase when 60% or more of maximum oxygen consumption is reached
C) It will start to decrease when 40% or more of maximum oxygen consumption is reached
D) It will start to decrease when 60% or more of maximum oxygen consumption is reached

Answer 2

A

Question 3

During heavy exercise, what change in perfusion to working muscles can occur?

A) It can increase 25-fold
B) It can increase 12-fold
C) It can increase 4-fold
D) It can increase 8-fold

Answer 3

A

Question 4

During heavy exercise, what change in cardiac output may occur?

A) It may increase 2-fold
B) It may increase 4-fold
C) It may increase 8-fold
D) It may increase 25-fold

Question 5

Which of the following pathways likely contribute to increased ventilation during exercise?
I. Cerebral cortex
II. Proprioceptors in moving muscles, tendons and joints
III. increased body temperature

A) I, II, and III
B) I and II only
C) II and III only
D) I and III only

Question 6

What is the term for the point at which the energy pathways that produce lactic acid start to operate?

A) aerobic threshold
B) anaerobic threshold
C) cardiovascular threshold
D) isometric threshold

Question 7

During exercise, how much variation would be expected to occur in the systolic blood pressure?

A) Systolic pressure would remain unchanged with exercise
B) increase by 40-100 mm Hg
C) increase less than 10 mm Hg
D) increase by 20-80 mm Hg

Question 8

In healthy adults at rest on F_IO₂ 0.21, what does the mean alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference equal?

A) 30 mm Hg
B) 40 mm Hg
C) 10 mm Hg
D) 20 mm Hg

Question 9

What is the formula for calculating the maximum heart rate?

A) maximum heart rate = 220 - (age in years)
B) maximum heart rate = 250 - (age in years x 2)
C) maximum heart rate = 250 - (age in years +20)
D) maximum heart rate = 220 - (age in years x 1.5)

Question 10

By what amount can ventilation increase during strenuous exercise?

A) up to 20-fold increase
B) 2-fold increase
C) 10-fold increase
D) 5-fold increase

Question 11

During heavy exercise, what percent of the maximal exercise level is reached during the second stage?

A) 60-70%
B) 30-40%
C) 40-50%
D) 50-60%

Question 12

What changes in arterial blood gases would be expected to occur during very heavy exercise? PaO2 would decline
PaCO2 would decline
PH would decline

A) II and III only
B) II only
C) I only
D) I, II, and III

Question 13

Why would stroke volume increase during exercise?
I. Parasympathetic discharge increases cardiac contractility
II. Vasodilation of working muscles increases venous return to the heart
III. Vasoconstriction of peripheral venous blood reservoirs increases venous return

A) I and III only
B) I only
C) II and III only
D) I , II, and III

Question 14

What changes in ventilatory pattern would be expected during the third stage of moderate exercise?

A) alveolar ventilation increases rapidly
B) alveolar ventilation returns to pre-exercise level
C) alveolar ventilation gradually increases until maximum ventilation is reached
D) alveolar ventilation stabilizes

Question 15

When, in the first stage of moderate exercise, is there an increase in alveolar ventilation?

A) one minute after onset of exercise
B) 30 seconds after onset of exercise
C) 15 seconds after onset of exercise
D) within seconds after onset of exercise

Question 16

During heavy exercise, what percent of the total oxygen consumption is consumed by the skeletal muscles?

A) 95% +
B) 55%
C) 35%
D) 75%

Question 17

How does the Frank-Starling curve affect stroke volume during exercise?

A) The increased sympathetic stimulation causes the heart to be faster with smaller stroke volumes
B) The Frank-Starling curve is only activated when the heart rate reaches 90% of the maximum targeted rate
C) The increased venous return causes cardiac chambers to increase in size and thus contract with more force
D) The Frank-Starling law only affects heart rate, not stroke volume

Question 18

At rest, what percent of the total oxygen consumption is consumed by the skeletal muscles?

A) 25-30%
B) 35-40%
C) 10-15%
D) 50-55%

Question 19

What primary factor is responsible for the normal change in oxygen diffusion capacity during maximum exercise?

A) Hyperventilation results in increased PaO2s
B) The increased cardiac output results in increased ventilation/perfusion mismatch
C) Hyperventilation results in lowered H+ levels which shifts the oxygen dissociation curve
D) The increased cardiac output results in recruitment of pulmonary capillaries

Question 20

What effect does maximum exercise have on oxygen diffusion capacity?

A) It can decrease by 33%
B) It can increase up to 10 fold
C) It can increase up to 3-fold
D) It can decrease by 10%

Question 21

What increase in body heat production can occur during exercise?

A) 20-fold
B) 5-fold
C) 30-fold
D) 10-fold

Question 22

Which of the following are signs and symptoms of heat stroke?
I. Absence of sweating
II. Muscle cramping
III. Circulatory collapse
IV. Confusion

A) I and Ii only
B) I, II and IV only
C) II, III, and IV only
D) I, II, III, and IV

Question 23

What percent of maximum can the respiratory system reach during extreme exercise?

A) 90%
B) 75%
C) 65%
D) 50%

Question 24

What is the primary treatment for heat stroke?

A) Rapid reduction of body temperature
B) Reduce PaCO₂ as rapidly as possible
C) Restore electrolytes as rapidly as possible
D) Rehydrate as rapidly as possible

Question 25

Which of the following are benefits of moderate exercise? Reduced stress, anxiety and depression
Reduced weight
Decreased bone density
Improved sleep quality

A) I and IV only
B) III and IV only
C) I, III, and IV only
D) I, II, III, and IV

Question 26

What changes would be expected in blood vessels in the following areas during exercise? Capillaries of working muscles would fully dilate
Visceral blood vessels would dilate
Blood vessels of non-working muscles would constrict

A) I, II, and III
B) II and III only
C) I and III only
D) I only

Question 27

What changes would be expected in the size of the heart chambers and heart mass of a marathon runner?

A) Both would decrease
B) The size of the heart chambers would remain normal but the heart mass would increase
C) No change would occur
D) Both would increase

Question 28

Which exhibits the highest percent of change in a marathon runner? Cardiac output
Stroke volume
Heart rate

A) I and II increase by the same amount
B) II only
C) III only
D) I only

Question 29

What is the maximum cardiac output expected to be in marathon runners?

A) up to 30 L/min
B) up to 20 L/min
C) up to 10 L/min
D) up to 40 L/min

Question 30

Which of the following can produce vasodilation of working muscles? Adenosine triphosphate
Aldosterone
Acetylcholine
Lactic acid

A) I only
B) IV only
C) I, II, III, and IV
D) I, II, and III only

Question 31

At rest, what portion of the muscle capillaries are dilated?

A) 2-5%
B) 20-25%
C) 5-10%
D) 30-35%

Question 32

What change would be expected in mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure during intense exercise?

A) Both should increase
B) PCWP would increase but mean pulmonary artery pressure would drop due to the increased recruitment of pulmonary capillaries
C) Both should remain within normal limits
D) The mean pulmonary artery pressure would increase and PCWP would remain within normal limits

Question 33

What changes would be expected in the oxygen consumption and cardiac output when muscle work decreases?

A) Oxygen consumption would remain unchanged but CO would decrease
B) Both would remain unchanged
C) Both would increase
D) Both would decrease

Question 34

Which of the following are benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD?
I. Increased exercise capacity
I. Reduction in anxiety and depression
III. Increased hospital length of stay
IV. Improved upper arm strength and endurance

A) I, II, III, and IV
B) I , II, and IV only
C) I and II only
D) I and IV only