Deck 20: High Pressure Environments and Their Effects on the Cardiopulmonary System

Question 1

What was the world record time established in 2008 for the longest breath hold?

A) 14 minutes +
B) 8 minutes+
C) 17 minutes +
D) 10 minutes+

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What maneuver is normally performed to prolong the duration of a breath-hold dive?

A) voluntary hypoventilation
B) voluntary hyperventilation
C) hyperventilation with helium
D) hyperventilation with carbon dioxide-oxygen mixture

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What is another name for lung packing?

A) glossopharyngeal insufflation
B) glossolaryngeal insufflation
C) glossotracheal insufflation
D) glossoesophageal insufflation

Answer 3

A

Question 4

At what point in a breath hold deep dive would the CO2-O2 paradox occur?

A) CO2 paradox occurs on descent, O2 paradox occurs on ascent.
B) O2 paradox occurs on descent, CO2 paradox occurs on ascent
C) both occur during descent
D) both occur during ascent

Question 5

What is the general term for the administration of gases at increased ambient pressures via a compression chamber?

A) hypobaric medicine
B) hyperbaric medicine
C) bariatric medicine
D) positive pressure medicine

Question 6

What is the first line of defense against hypoxia during deep dives?

A) rapid ascent
B) mammalian diving reflex
C) pre-dive voluntary hyperventilation
D) rapid descent

Question 7

Which of the following influence the volume of dissolved gas that moves into a diver's tissues during a deep dive?
I. Solubility of the gas in the tissues
II. The partial pressure of the gas
III. The hydrostatic pressure in the tissue

A) III only
B) I, II, and III
C) II only
D) I and II only

Question 8

How many feet below the water's surface must a diver reach to be subjected to a total pressure of 4 atmospheres?

A) 66 feet
B) 99 feet
C) 132 feet
D) 33 feet

Question 9

What is another name for the coughing and chest pain that is associated with decompression sickness?

A) the chokes (pulmonary decompression sickness)
B) barotrauma
C) squeezes
D) the bends

Question 10

What is the respiratory drive breaking point?

A) 40 mm Hg
B) 55 mm Hg
C) 68 mm Hg
D) 72 mm Hg

Question 11

Which of the following can occur with decompression sickness?
I. Joint pain
II. Chest Pain and Coughing
III. Paresthesia and Paralysis
IV. Circulatory Failure

A) I and IV only
B) I, II, and IV
C) I, II, III, and IV
D) I only

Question 12

If the TLC is 6.6 L at sea level, what would it equal at a depth of 33 feet under water?

A) 4.4 L
B) 2.2 L
C) 3.3 L
D) 1.1 L

Question 13

Which clinical condition is most commonly associated with too rapid of an ascent from a deep dive?

A) pneumothorax
B) pleural effusion
C) pulmonary edema
D) decompression sickness

Question 14

With a PaO2 of 100 mm Hg at 1 atm of pressure, what amount of oxygen can physically dissolve in 1 dL of blood?

A) 3.0 mL
B) 0.03 mL
C) 0.003 mL
D) 0.3 mL

Question 15

Which gas law can be used to calculate the changes in gas volumes and pressures applied to diving?

A) Charles'
B) Boyle's
C) Henry's
D) Dalton's

Question 16

What is the term for the drop in P_AO₂ that occurs when a breath hold diver ascends from a deep dive?

A) diving response
B) decompression sickness
C) the bends
D) hypoxia of ascent

Question 17

If an individual at sea level has a blood volume of 5 L, how much oxygen would be transported physically dissolved if the PaO2 were 100 mm Hg?

A) 150 mL
B) 50 mL
C) 15 mL
D) 1.5 ml

Question 18

Which of the following occur during the mammalian diving reflex during a breath hold deep dive?
I. Tachycardia
II. Decreased cardiac output
III. Lactic acid accumulation
IV. Peripheral vasoconstriction

A) I, II, III, and IV
B) I, II and III only
C) II and IV only
D) II, II, and IV only

Question 19

If the TLC equals 4.8 L at sea level, what would it equal at a depth of 66 feet?

A) 2 L
B) 3 L
C) 4.8 L
D) 1.8 L

Question 20

At 66 feet below the surface of the water, what would the pressure equal expressed in mm Hg?

A) 760 x 3 = 2280 mm Hg
B) 66 x 2 = 132 mm Hg
C) 66 x 3 = 198 mm Hg
D) 760 x 2 = 1520 mm Hg

Question 21

Which of the following are clinical goals of hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of decompression sickness?
I. Reduction in bubble size
II. Acceleration of bubble resolution
III. Maintaining tissue oxygenation

A) III only
B) I and III only
C) II and III only
D) I, II, and III

Question 22

What is the term for an abnormal collection of air in the abdominal cavity?

A) pneumoperitoneum
B) pneumopericardium
C) pneumothorax
D) pneumomediastinum

Question 23

Which of the following are clinical indications for hyperbaric oxygenation?
I. Gas embolism
II. Crush injuries
III. Clostridial infections
IV. Severe anemia

A) IV only
B) I, III, and IV only
C) I, II, and IV only
D) I, II, III, and IV

Question 24

What is the half-life of CO_Hb on FIO2 0.21 at 1 atm?

A) 10 hours
B) 5 hours
C) 15 hours
D) 20 hours

Question 25

What effect does F_IO₂ 1.0 at 1 atm have on the half-life of CO_Hb?

A) reduces half-life to 10 hours
B) reduces half-life to less than 1 hour
C) reduces half-life to 7.5 hours
D) reduces half-life to 2.5 hours

Question 26

What is the most common diving-related disorder encountered by divers?

A) decompression sickness
B) conjuctival hemorrhages
C) middle ear barotrauma
D) gastrointestinal barotrauma

Question 27

What is the leading cause of death by poisoning in the United States?

A) arsenic poisoning
B) salmonella food poisoning
C) carbon monoxide poisoning
D) botulism food poisoning