Deck 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Abnormal Behaviour

Question 1

The Canadian physician Hans Selye established the area of study now known as

A)biofeedback.
B)stress physiology.
C)comparative psychology.
D)neuropsychology.
E)behavioural genetics.

Answer 1

stress physiology.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a manner in which disturbances in neurotransmitter systems can result in abnormal behaviour?

A)Having certain neurotransmitters working in brain circuits not responsive to those transmitters
B)Having an excess or deficit in the amount of the transmitter-deactivating substance in the synapse
C)Having too much or too little of the neurotransmitter produced or released into the synapse
D)Having too few or too many receptors on the dendrites of the receiving neurons
E)Having the process of reuptake (drawing released neurotransmitters back into the releasing axon)be too rapid or too slow

Answer 2

Having certain neurotransmitters working in brain circuits not responsive to those transmitters

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding brain plasticity?

A)Behaviour affects neurotransmitter activity
B)Brain plasticity can be influenced by a number of experiences that occur pre- and post-natally through hormones,diet,aging,stress,disease,and maturation
C)Any manipulation that produces an enduring change in behaviour leaves an anatomical footprint in the brain
D)Environmental events and responses to those events might contribute to the development of schizophrenia
E)Brain plasticity is possible only until middle-adolescence,after which the brain remains relatively stable

Answer 3

Brain plasticity can be influenced by a number of experiences that occur pre- and post-natally through hormones,diet,aging,stress,disease,and maturation

Question 4

The best response to reductionism from an integrative perspective is

A)biological processes have psychological and social correlates and vice versa: these are different and equally important levels of analysis for understanding human behaviour.
B)biological processes affect people at the psychological and social levels of analysis and so it's important to intervene at the most fundamental level.
C)the brain and the peripheral nervous system,but not the endocrine system,gives rise to all healthy and unhealthy psycho-social processes.
D)we must seek to identify the psychological processes that give rise to healthy and unhealthy brain states.
E)we must seek to identify the psycho-social processes that give rise to healthy vs.unhealthy brain states.

Question 5

In science,experiments are set up not to prove the worth of a theory,but rather to reject what is called the

A)rejection hypothesis.
B)test hypothesis.
C)experimental hypothesis.
D)null hypothesis.
E)false hypothesis.

Question 6

Which of the following statements concerning neurotransmitters is NOT true?

A)The various neurotransmitters are spread fairly evenly throughout the brain,and are believed to play approximately equal roles in different functions (such as exploratory behaviours).
B)The majority of research concerning neurotransmitters has examined dopamine,serotonin,norepinephrine and (more recently)gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA).
C)Neurotransmitters either inhibit or activate an impulse in the post-synaptic neuron.
D)Neurotransmitters carry their messages across a gap between neurons called a "synapse" or "synaptic cleft".
E)Neurotransmitters are the chemical substances that carry messages from one neuron to the next.

Question 7

A theory of abnormal behaviour

A)should only consider biological factors.
B)should be abandoned when shown to be incorrect,regardless of whether there is a better one available.
C)should not be considered useful if it has been shown to be incorrect,even if it generates further research.
D)should be judged solely on how well it matches current information.
E)should be abandoned only when there is a better one available.

Question 8

It can be inferred from the chapter's discussion that current theories about the brain bases of abnormal behaviour

A)have not seriously considered the roles of neurotransmitters and neuronal damage.
B)have given equal weight to the roles of neurotransmitters and neuronal damage.
C)have given more weight to the roles of neurotransmitters than to actual neuronal damage.
D)have only considered the role of one neurotransmitter,dopamine.
E)have given more weight to the role of actual neuronal damage than to neurotransmitters.

Question 9

An experiment by Canadian neurophysiologist Bryan Kolb and his colleagues demonstrated that the offspring of rats raised in a complex environment exhibited

A)decreased synaptic space on the neurons in the their cerebral cortex.
B)increased synaptic space on the neurons in their cerebral cortex.
C)an increase in the speed of neuronal transmission.
D)increased numbers of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
E)a decrease in the speed of neuronal transmission.

Question 10

According to the text,which of the following is NOT a general aim of theories about mental disorders?

A)To identify characteristics that precede and follow episodes of the problem behaviour
B)To predict the course of the disorder
C)To identify the factors that maintain the behaviour
D)To design effective treatments
E)To explain the origins of the problem behaviour

Question 11

According to the text,scientific theories,such as those of abnormal psychology,are judged to be valuable for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A)they make predictions about aspects of the phenomena that had not previously been made.
B)they make it possible to specify the evidence necessary to deny the theory.
C)they are parsimonious.
D)they integrate most of what is presently known about the phenomena.
E)they describe the enduring truth about an issue.

Question 12

Clark and Beck (2010)have modified Aaron Beck's cognitive formulation of depression and anxiety to include neurobiological correlates of cognitive therapy (CT): as CT modifies maladaptive cognitive processes,imaging studies show that these changes are accompanied by

A)reduced activation of subcortical regions and increased activation of cortical regions involved in cognitive control of emotion and reflective processes.
B)reduced activation of cortical regions involved in excessive thinking,with increased activation in subcortical regions involved in the relaxation response.
C)increased activation in interactive cortical and subcortical regions where emotional processing takes place.
D)reduced activity in the left parietal lobe which has been associated with hyper- focusing and the anxio-depressogenic response complex.
E)increased activity in the left parietal lobe,which has been associated with adaptive judgment and appropriate emotional responses.

Question 13

The effects of untreated phenylketonuria (PKU)are

A)markedly increased blood levels of phenylalanine,resulting in obsessive-compulsive disorder in adulthood.
B)markedly increased blood levels of phenylalanine,resulting in severe mental retardation.
C)markedly increased blood levels of phenylalanine,resulting in severe dyslexia.
D)markedly increased blood levels of glycogen,resulting in severe dyslexia.
E)markedly increased blood levels of glycogen,resulting in severe mental retardation.

Question 14

Dementia,a deterioration in cognitive processes seen in disorders such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease,has been linked to

A)spinal cord injury.
B)dysfunction of the reticular activating system of the midbrain.
C)dysfunction of the hindbrain.
D)the general loss or ineffective functioning of brain cells.
E)damage to the cerebellum.

Question 15

The etiology of a disorder refers to

A)the proportion of the population affected by the disorder at any one time.
B)the number of new cases of a disorder,per 100,000 people per year.
C)the factors that maintain a disorder.
D)the causes or origins of a disorder.
E)the predicted path that people diagnosed with a disorder usually follow.

Question 16

Single-factor explanations

A)tend to identify risk factors rather than specific causes of dysfunctional behaviour.
B)emphasize one factor as being a major contributor to a particular psychological disorder.
C)are generally preferred over other explanations because of their simplicity.
D)often reflect a high level of current comprehensive knowledge of disorders.
E)view behaviour as the product of the interaction of several factors.

Question 17

An integrative approach to the case study of Hailey at the start of the chapter

A)would focus on how maternal postpartum depression factors combine with peer social stressors in triggering depression.
B)would focus on how genetic factors interact with atypical synthesis of neurotransmitters to produce depression.
C)would infer biological,psychological and social factors from Hailey's developmental history and describe how these factors have interacted over time to produce depression.
D)would infer multiple biological and social factors from Hailey's history and then describe how these factors have dynamically and reciprocally interacted over time.
E)would look at Hailey's history of thoughts,feelings and behaviours and integrate these in an account of how and when her depression emerged.

Question 18

Biological theories of abnormal behavior have primarily implicated dysfunctions in

A)the brain (central nervous system),the peripheral nervous system,or the endocrine system.
B)the peripheral nervous system and the endocrine system,but not the brain.
C)the brain and the peripheral nervous system,but not the endocrine system.
D)the brain only.
E)the brain and the endocrine system,but not the peripheral nervous system.

Question 19

Theories

A)are never completely replaced in science because a better theory comes along.
B)are not facts,but rather the best approximation possible at the present time.
C)represent the known facts of current understanding.
D)can be proven correct,if enough evidence is gathered.
E)must be shown to be true by scientists.

Question 20

The autonomic nervous system consists of

A)the somatic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system.
B)the somatic nervous system and the parasomatic nervous system.
C)the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
D)the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
E)the somatic nervous system and the endocrine system.

Question 21

In the first year of life,an infant is at the

A)anal stage.
B)latency stage.
C)phallic stage.
D)genital stage.
E)oral stage.

Question 22

Which of the following is true regarding the gene-environment interaction?

A)It appears that genes may influence behaviours that contribute to environmental stressors,wnich in turn,heighten risk for psychopathology.
B)Contrary to commonly held ideas,it appears that there is not a reciprocal relationship between genes and environmental risk factors.
C)It turns out that genetic risk factors and environmental risk factors operate independently for most disorders except schizophrenia.
D)Some mental disorders have been shown to be entirely due to sociocultural and environmental factors.
E)Genetic contributions to disorder are always more dominant than environmental factors.

Question 23

Which statement is NOT true about Bertha Pappenheim,also known as Anna O.?

A)She revealed traumatic past experiences associated with deep emotional responses during hypnosis.
B)She became Germany's first social worker.
C)She continued to suffer from intermittent recurrence of her problems for years after being told she was 'cured' by Freud's mentor,Josef Breuer.
D)She became a leading feminist.
E)Though she became quite hostile towards psychoanalysis,she grudgingly allowed the girls in the home she ran to be psychoanalyzed because of their considerable problems.

Question 24

Regarding the HPA axis which of the following statements is true?

A)Too little cortisol in the long term can have adverse effects.
B)Too much cortisol in the long term can have adverse effects.
C)Too little cortisol in the short term can have adverse effects.
D)Too little glycogen in the long term can have adverse effects.
E)Too much glycogen in the short term can have adverse effects.

Question 25

The personality structure Freud called the id

A)utilizes what is called "secondary process thinking."
B)is the internalization of the moral standards of society.
C)begins to develop in the first year of life in response to experiences in which the infant's instinctual demands are not immediately met.
D)represents the rational aspect of one's personality.
E)acts according to the pleasure principle.

Question 26

Which seventeenth-century English philosopher thought that aggression and self- interest were inborn features of all humans?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)John Locke
C)Thomas Hobbes
D)William Shakespeare
E)William Bentham

Question 27

Which of the following statements concerning the ego is true?

A)It develops out of a concern for right and wrong.
B)It develops in response to the Oedipal complex.
C)It operates according to the pleasure principle.
D)It operates according to the reality principle.
E)It operates by "primary process thinking".

Question 28

Research into the genetic basis of psychiatric disorders typically takes one of three forms.These three methods are:

A)adoption studies,family studies,and sibling studies.
B)family studies,sibling studies,and adoption studies.
C)family studies,twin studies,and adoption studies.
D)twin studies,family studies,and sibling studies.
E)sibling studies,adoption studies,and twin studies.

Question 29

What are the three levels of consciousness as distinguished by Freud?

A)the preconscious,the conscious,and the unconscious
B)the conscious,the subconscious,and the unconscious
C)the conscious,the preconscious,and the subconscious
D)the subconscious ,the nonconscious,and the unconscious
E)the conscious,the preconscious,and the unconscious

Question 30

Sigmund Freud,founder of the psychodynamic school of thought,was a

A)behaviourist from Chicago.
B)psychologist from Paris.
C)psychiatrist from Berlin.
D)neurologist from Vienna.
E)hypnotist from Oslo.

Question 31

The superego

A)develops to curb the desires of the id so that the individual does not suffer any unpleasant consequences.
B)acts according to the reality principles.
C)is the internalization of the moral standards of our society.
D)operates by "secondary process thinking".
E)represents biological or instinctual drives.

Question 32

Regarding the HPA axis which of the following statements is NOT true?

A)The HPA axis refers to the hippocampus,pituitary gland and adrenal cortex
B)Action of the HPA includes release of cortisol by the adrenal cortex
C)Cortisol facilitates an individual's response to short-term threat
D)Cortisol affects the body in ways that confer survival benefits
E)The HPA is chronically activated in most cases of depression and some cases of anxiety disorder

Question 33

Which of the following has been shown to be involved in fear and anxiety reactions,and thus perhaps in phobias or other anxiety disorders?

A)the parasympathetic nervous system
B)the sympathetic nervous system
C)the gonads
D)the somatic nervous system
E)the thalamus

Question 34

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)Hypoglycemia,a disorder known to be related to a defective thyroid gland,results in a variety of psychiatric symptoms including anxiety and depression.
B)Cretinism,a disorder known to be related to the failure of the pancreas to produce balanced levels of insulin or glycogen,produces experiences that mimic anxiety.
C)Cretinism,a disorder known to be related to a defective thyroid gland,results in a variety of psychiatric symptoms including anxiety and depression.
D)Hypoglycemia,a disorder known to be related to a defective thyroid gland,results in a dwarflike appearance and mental retardation.
E)Cretinism,a disorder known to be related to a defective thyroid gland,results in a dwarflike appearance and mental retardation.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Cesare Lombroso declared that criminals could be identified by physiological features they inherited from their degenerate parents.
B)Arthur Jensen declared that criminals could be identified by physiological features they inherited from their degenerate parents.
C)Arthur Jensen declared that criminals could be identified by psychological features they inherited from their degenerate parents.
D)Paul Broca declared that criminals could be identified by physiological features they inherited from their degenerate parents.
E)Cesare Lombroso declared that criminals could be identified by psychological features they inherited from their degenerate parents.

Question 36

Genetic linkage studies rely upon

A)the identification of environmental factors that relate to a particular psychiatric disorder that runs in families.
B)the identification of genetic markers that can be linked to the occurrence of a disorder within the general population.
C)the identification of genetic markers that can be linked to the occurrence of a disorder within extended families.
D)the identification of environmental factors that relate to a particular psychiatric disorder within the general population.
E)the identification of several genes within a single person that combine to produce a particular psychiatric disorder.

Question 37

Little Hans had such a fear of being bitten by a horse that he would not leave the house.Freud took the case and

A)explained that the boy was associating horses to his earlier frightening experience that involved a horse.
B)dismissed the experience with the horse as causal,and considered the fear to have hidden causes.
C)explained that the boy's decision to avoid horses and stay indoors was his young ego's attempt at suppressing threatening id material that he didn't like.
D)explained that avoiding horses was a conscious attempt at repressing the horse incident to the unconscious.
E)attempted to help the boy identify his own beliefs and expectations about encountering another horse.

Question 38

The hypothalamus

A)secretes "releasing" hormones that activate the pituitary gland.
B)is activated by neurotransmitters released by the pituitary gland.
C)is often called the "master gland".
D)directly releases prolactin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone into the body.
E)releases sex hormones in response to signals from the pituitary gland.

Question 39

Relative to healthy controls,people who experience panic attacks

A)have been demonstrated to display chronic muscle tension.
B)have been described as sympathetic restrictors because of their consistently low sympathetic nervous system activity.
C)have extremely high levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
D)have extremely low levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
E)take longer to unlearn a conditioned fear response.

Question 40

According to Freud,the energy for the sexual drive called eros is referred to as __________.

A)libido
B)thanatos
C)erogeny
D)electra
E)phallic

Question 41

Alex is a four-year-old boy who starts telling his mother that he wants to marry her.Freud would characterize his behaviour as reflecting

A)the Oedipal complex.
B)the pleasure principle.
C)sublimation.
D)the fear of parental loss.
E)castration anxiety.

Question 42

Which of the following statements does NOT represent a valuable aspect of Freud's thinking,according to your text?

A)He legitimized discussion and research on sexual matters.
B)He recognized that the motives for human behaviour were not always the obvious ones.
C)He encouraged a concern with processes beyond our awareness.
D)He emphasized the need to support claims with empirical evidence.
E)His work on defence mechanisms has witnessed the greatest acceptance among clinicians than any of his other ideas.

Question 43

Freud believed that girls desire their father to gain what they strongly desire - a penis.Freud referred to this desire for the father as the

A)Phallic complex.
B)Displacement complex.
C)Libido complex.
D)Electra complex.
E)Pandora complex.

Question 44

After putting up with numerous criticisms from his boss all day,John came home and yelled at his wife for no apparent reason.This illustrates the defense mechanism of

A)regression.
B)reaction formation.
C)projection.
D)denial.
E)displacement.

Question 45

Classical conditioning accounts of phobias

A)were strongly supported by B.F.Skinner.
B)were first described by Freud.
C)remain popular to this day.
D)cannot explain many facets of phobias.
E)help explain why certain fears persist.

Question 46

After being informed that she has only 2 months to live,Lisa plans a holiday that will take place in a year's time.This illustrates which defence mechanism?

A)Repression
B)Regression
C)Intellectualization
D)Reaction formation
E)Denial

Question 47

Freud believed that the ego employed __________ to allow the expression of libidinal desires in a distorted or symbolic form.

A)insight
B)object relations
C)the id
D)defence mechanisms
E)primary process thinking

Question 48

Freud's concept of the Oedipal complex is based upon a play by the Greek tragedian,Sophocles.In this play,the character Oedipus

A)kills his father and marries his mother.
B)kills his brother and marries his mother.
C)kills his mother and marries his sister.
D)kills his brother and marries his sister.
E)kills his father and marries his sister.

Question 49

Part of Mowrer's two-factor theory of conditioning is derived from the work of __________ concerning __________.

A)Burrhus F.Skinner;classical conditioning
B)John B.Watson;classical conditioning
C)Ivan Pavlov;stimulus-stimulus learning
D)Burrhus F.Skinner;operant conditioning
E)John B.Watson;operant conditioning

Question 50

Watson and his student,Rosalie Rayner,demonstrated that

A)operant conditioning could instill a fear of a white rat in an eleven-month-old boy.
B)classical conditioning could instill a fear of a horse in an eleven-month-old boy.
C)classical conditioning could instill a fear of a white rat in an eleven-month-old boy.
D)operant conditioning could instill a fear of a spider in an eleven-month-old boy.
E)classical conditioning could instill a fear of a spider in an eleven-month-old boy.

Question 51

Early behaviourists such as Watson were

A)environmentalists.
B)psychoanalysts.
C)biologists.
D)geneticists.
E)physicians.

Question 52

The case of Little Hans demonstrates what Freud meant by

A)the pleasure principle.
B)the reality principle.
C)the moral principle.
D)reaction formation.
E)castration anxiety.

Question 53

The case of __________ has been interpreted both as an example of Freudian analysis and classical conditioning.

A)Little Anna
B)Little Otto
C)Little Ivan
D)Little Albert
E)Little Hans

Question 54

Watson's most famous application of the process of "stimulus-stimulus learning" was to the acquisition of

A)obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B)post-traumatic stress disorder.
C)schizophrenia.
D)generalized anxiety disorder.
E)phobias.

Question 55

According to Freud,__________ is the most fundamental of the defence mechanisms.

A)repression
B)denial
C)projection
D)reaction formation
E)sublimation

Question 56

Recall the way classical conditioning applies to Pavlov's dogs and to Little Albert's conditioned fear of white rats.Which of the following analogies are correct?

A)Food is to bell as sudden loud noise is to little white rat
B)Food is to bell as sudden loud noise is to fear / distress response
C)Food is to salivation as white rat is to fear / distress response
D)Food is to salivation as sudden loud noise is to playful response
E)Bell is to salivation as white rat is to playful response

Question 57

Which of the following is true of the latency stage of development?

A)Because sex is especially relevant during this stage,it has received a great deal of attention from psychoanalysts.
B)It is a relatively quiescent stage.
C)It spans the age range from approximately 3 to 6 years.
D)Children in this stage typically associate with other children of the opposite sex.
E)Children in this stage develop their toilet training skills.

Question 58

Watson's behaviourism was based on

A)Freud's ideas concerning the development of the ego.
B)the ideas of Freud's followers such as Carl Jung and Alfred Adler.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.
E)social learning theory.

Question 59

At which stage of development did Freud believe that girls experience the Electra complex?

A)oral stage
B)phallic stage
C)genital stage
D)latency stage
E)anal stage

Question 60

Joe is often characterized as a "chatter box." A Freudian therapist would likely feel that he is fixated at which stage of development?

A)latency stage
B)oral stage
C)phallic stage
D)genital stage
E)anal stage

Question 61

Which of the following is true of the Rosenhan study in which normal people were admitted to psychiatric hospitals complaining of hearing voices?

A)The on-duty psychiatrists later admitted that they were wrong with their initial diagnoses.
B)Once in the hospital,the pseudo-patients' normal behaviour was recognized as normal by the staff.
C)Once in the hospital,some of the pseudo-patients did in fact start to show symptoms that confirmed their diagnoses.
D)Each was diagnosed as suffering from a different disorder.
E)The staff rarely responded to legitimate questions by the pseudo-patients.

Question 62

According to Carl Rogers,abnormal behaviour results from

A)a person's distorted view of other people.
B)a person's distorted need for self-fulfillment.
C)a person's distorted view of the world.
D)a person's distorted fear of death.
E)a person's distorted view of himself or herself.

Question 63

Which pair of pre-eminent cognitive theorists have offered accounts of the etiology and treatment of abnormal behaviour?

A)Ellis and Beck
B)Ellis and Rogers
C)Watson and Skinner
D)Bandura and Mowrer
E)Bandura and Walters

Question 64

Sally became fearful of spiders as a child after repeatedly watching her mother show distress in the presence of a spider.Sally's fear of spiders is most easily accounted for by

A)classical conditioning.
B)social learning theory.
C)cognitive theory.
D)operant conditioning.
E)stimulus-stimulus learning.

Question 65

According to sociocultural theories,identifying someone as having a disorder

A)can lead to the perception by others that the labelled person is dysfunctional and different.
B)is an important first step for the person so labelled in seeking the proper type of treatment for their disorder.
C)typically has little significance in the way of proper treatment.
D)does not lead to unwarranted expectations by others about the person labelled.
E)is important because it leads to the proper treatment.

Question 66

Geris is a clinical psychologist whose therapeutic approach reflects the view that thinking and behaviour are learned and thus can be changed.Further,her approach essentially follows the views expressed by Bandura's social learning theory.Which of the following is most likely Geris's treatment approach?

A)cognitive-behavioural
B)behavioural
C)operant
D)neo-psychodynamic
E)cognitive

Question 67

According to third wave approaches to CBT,what is mindfulness?

A)the capacity to experience self-compassion.
B)careful,deliberate mental simulation of coping strategies that one can employ in the face of adversity.
C)paying attention on purpose and in the present moment.
D)treating the self and others with respect.
E)considering alternative explanations for ambiguous situations.

Question 68

According to the text,two of the most eminent advocates of humanistic psychology were

A)Maslow,who discussed self-actualization;and Rogers,who discussed a person- centred approach.
B)Maslow,who discussed self-efficacy;and Rogers,who discussed existential angst.
C)Maslow,who discussed self-actualization;and Rosenhan,who discussed labelling theory
D)Maslow,who discussed labelling theory;and Rosenhan,who discussed self- actualization.
E)Maslow,who discussed a person-centred approach;and Rogers,who discussed self- actualization.

Question 69

According to Beck's theory,individuals who are depressed have negative automatic thoughts that focus on themes:

A)that other people are dangerous and cannot be trusted.
B)of personal loss and failure.
C)that the world is a dangerous and unpredictable place.
D)of bad things that may happen in the future.
E)that one will never be attractive enough.

Question 70

Which of the following was NOT discussed by Skinner as a part of operant conditioning?

A)negative punishment
B)positive reinforcement
C)stimulus-stimulus learning
D)positive punishment
E)negative reinforcement

Question 71

The two-factor theory explains the persistence of phobias in a way that simple classical conditioning cannot,by adding a _______ component to the process.

A)negative reinforcement
B)positive reinforcement
C)vicarious reinforcement
D)negative punishment
E)positive punishment

Question 72

Which of the following has been proposed as the likely mechanism underlying mindfulness-based interventions?

A)changes in cognitive and emotional reactivity.
B)changes in behavioural and emotional reactivity.
C)changes in interoceptive reactivity.
D)changes in compassion for other people
E)changes in appraisals of one's physiological processes.

Question 73

Albert Ellis

A)developed a behaviourist view of abnormal behaviour that focused primarily on the role of reinforcement of dysfunctional behaviours.
B)believed that people who are low in self-efficacy are more likely to develop low self-worth.
C)discussed irrational beliefs,which he believed distort responding and increase feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness.
D)argued that people with disorders have underlying cognitive schemata that inappropriately direct their processing of information.
E)was the first to develop a form of cognitive-behavioural therapy,entitled "cognitive- rational therapy".

Question 74

The text claims that humanistic and existential theories can be considered to be variants on the __________ approach to understanding human behaviour,first clearly formulated by __________.

A)phenomenological;Locke
B)deterministic;Locke
C)deterministic;Freud
D)phenomenological;Husserl
E)deterministic;Husserl

Question 75

According to learning paradigms,which one of the following is not a pathway by which phobias develop?

A)classical conditioning.
B)direct observation (watching others' fearful reaction).
C)information transmission (from books,movies,television).
D)operant conditioning.
E)passive conditioning

Question 76

Cognitive therapy has enjoyed most success with the treatment of

A)phobias.
B)eating disorders.
C)anxiety and mood disorders.
D)schizophrenia.
E)personality disorders.

Question 77

Abraham Maslow believed

A)that people are evil and only behave positively as a result of experience that has diverted from the path of self-actualization.
B)the fulfillment of self-actualization often leads to abnormal behaviour in some people.
C)that people are neither good nor evil and behave positively or negatively as a result of experience that has diverted them from the path of self-actualization.
D)that there is a hierarchy of needs,with biological or survival needs at the top.
E)that people are good and only behave dysfunctionally as a result of experience.

Question 78

Which of the following reasons was NOT suggested by the text to potentially account for the finding that people who were aggressive or psychotic were far more likely to be identified among the poor than the middle class?

A)People who are low in functioning gravitate to the lower end of the socioeconomic spectrum.
B)Being poor produces higher levels of stress,and therefore higher rates of psychological dysfunction are to be expected.
C)More acceptable diagnoses are reserved for people from the upper classes.
D)Poorer people typically have genetic predispositions toward mental illnesses.
E)The resentment at being poor may generate behaviours that are seen by others as antisocial or dysfunctional.

Question 79

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the existential approach?

A)Considerable research has supported this approach to treatment.
B)Treatment is directed at confronting clients with their responsibility for their actions,and helping them find meaning in their lives.
C)A key concept is angst,a German word perhaps best translated as a sense of severe distress.
D)Two leading exponents are Rollo May and Victor Frankl.
E)Awareness of one's existence is a critical feature of human functioning.

Question 80

With respect to gender differences in the diagnosis of personality disorders,Pantony and Caplan (1991)point out that

A)men and women are equally likely to be diagnosed with dependent personality disorder.
B)men and women are equally likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.
C)men are more likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder and women are more likely to be diagnosed with dependent personality disorder.
D)gender does not appear to play role in the development or diagnosis of any particular personality disorder.
E)men are more likely to be diagnosed with dependent personality and women more likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.