Deck 2: Managing Individuals

Question 1

What does Alfred Bandura mean by the term reciprocal determinism?

A)Personality is already determined when we are born,and so it shapes how we view and interact with our environment.
B)Personality is determined by our behaviour,our thoughts and feelings,in interaction with our environment.
C)Personality is the result of the environment,and only the environment can determine a person's personality.
D)Personality is determined by our behaviour,our thoughts and feelings,in interaction with our environment and is the result of the environment,and only the environment can determine a person's personality.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is one of the most popular and respected trait theories of personality developed by McCrae and Costa (1986)?

A)the Myers Briggs Typology Indicator
B)the 16 Personality Factors
C)the Big Five Personality Factors
D)the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Answer 2

C

Question 3

You tell a base jumper that there is a good chance he will die the more times he jumps.He says 'That just makes it more exciting' and then he jumps.Schwartz would argue that this person's value priority is ______.

A)tradition
B)stimulation
C)benevolence
D)hedonism

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to the 'Big Five' personality factor theory,a person who is characterized as calm,self-satisfied,and self-secure would be someone who scores highly on the ______ factor.

A)extraversion
B)openness
C)agreeableness
D)emotional stability

Question 5

What is the 'tension' relating to values highlighted by Aronson (1960)?

A)Humans are social animals living in a state of tension between values associated with their individuality and values associates with social conformance.
B)Humans are social animals that control tension because they create values to establish norms of how to get along as individuals and as a society.
C)Humans are social animals that use values as the building blocks of their culture,and so use culture to control tension.
D)all of these

Question 6

According to Schwartz if a person values personal success,ambition,and capability above all else,that person would give highest priority to the values of ______.

A)benevolence
B)achievement
C)power
D)universalism

Question 7

Which personality theory was Rotter (1966)integral in developing?

A)the Big Five Personality Factor
B)locus of control
C)Type A,Type B behaviour
D)psychoanalytic theory

Question 8

Which one of the words below defines 'the stable patterns of behavior and internal states of mind that help explain a person's behavioral tendencies'?

A)values
B)behaviour
C)personality
D)cognition

Question 9

The belief that a person's personality is the result of their learning,experience,and social relationships in life,is typical of which approach to personality?

A)humanist
B)trait
C)socio-cognitive
D)psychoanalytic

Question 10

What is the term that reflects the belief that humans naturally behave in hedonistic ways to ensure their genes prevail over their competitors?

A)competition
B)cooperation
C)the survival of the fittest
D)the survival of the fastest

Question 11

The belief that events which happen in life are the result of outside forces,even chance,is typical of individuals with ______.

A)internal locus of control
B)external locus of control
C)aggression
D)hopes

Question 12

The belief that a person's personality is the result of a number of innate characteristics is typical of which approach to personality?

A)socio-cognitive
B)psychoanalytic
C)trait
D)humanist

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a 'Big Five' personality factor?

A)emotional stability
B)openness
C)agreeableness
D)introversion

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of values?

A)Values serve as guiding principles in people lives.
B)Values can create tension between subjective values and societies values.
C)Values are transituational.
D)Values are easy to change to suit the situation.

Question 15

What is meant by the term 'value priorities'?

A)that we only ever behave in ways consistent with those values important to us
B)that we should constantly re-evaluate which values are important to us
C)that our values are ordered in terms of their importance to us in guiding us through life
D)that we change which values are important to us to suit the situation in which we find ourselves

Question 16

______ are desirable goals,varying in importance,which serve as guiding principles in people's lives?

A)Beliefs
B)Attitudes
C)Values
D)Assumptions

Question 17

Your textbook identifies four general approaches to making sense of personality.Which of the following is not one of those?

A)trait
B)behavioral
C)socio-cognitive
D)postmodern

Question 18

Much of the theorizing in psychology implicitly deals with the question of what makes us who we are.Some argue we are the way we are because of genetics,and others say it is because of our learning and environment.This debate is commonly known as the ______ debate.

A)nature versus nurture
B)biology versus psychology
C)who versus what
D)all of these

Question 19

Schwartz uses the term ______ to represent the idea that irrespective of the situation in which one finds themselves,their value priorities do not change.

A)situational
B)tensions
C)transituational
D)terminal

Question 20

What does it mean to say values are 'continuous'?

A)that our values go on forever
B)that values overlap
C)that values never change
D)all of these

Question 21

What are the big five personality factors,and what are the characteristics of each of the factors?

Question 22

Which two psychologists are credited with the development of positive psychology?

A)Katz and Khan
B)Frost and Dutton
C)Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi
D)Siegfried and Roy

Question 23

The belief that a person's personality is the result of unconscious motives and desires,and defence mechanisms aimed at controlling sexual anxieties and the fear of death,is typical of which approach to personality?

A)humanist
B)trait
C)socio-cognitive
D)psychoanalytic

Question 24

What does research on locus of control show about individuals who are internals compared to externals?

A)They are higher achievers.
B)They are more independent.
C)They enjoy higher levels of psychological wellbeing and cope better with stress.
D)all of these

Question 25

According to your textbook,which of the following is considered part of the definition of happiness?

A)calmness
B)joy
C)contentment
D)all of these

Question 26

The term ______ refers to feelings in response to,or expectation of,an event or object

A)projection
B)emotion
C)moodiness
D)hope

Question 27

Which of the following is the definition of affective forecasting offered in your textbook?

A)basing your decision on future behaviour on past emotional experiences
B)basing your decision on current behaviour on expected emotional experiences
C)basing your past behaviours based on expected emotional experiences
D)all of these

Question 28

Use the statements below to complete the following: We have an 'idealized self' - which represents what we strive to be like - and an 'actual self' - which represents who we feel we are.

A)We are said to have a positive self-image if we act in ways consistent with concepts of our ideal self.
B)We are said to have a negative self-image if we act in ways inconsistent with our ideal self.
C)We are said to have positive self-image if we act in ways consistent with our actual self.
D)Both we are said to have a positive self-image if we act in ways consistent with concepts of our ideal self and we are said to have a negative self-image if we act in ways inconsistent with our ideal self.

Question 29

According to your text book,the difference between emotions and moods is ______.

A)intensity of feeling
B)duration of feeling
C)there is no difference
D)joy

Question 30

The field of research and theory that seeks to understand and foster civic virtues,social responsibility,altruism,tolerance,happiness,authenticity and psychological wellbeing is known as ______.

A)positive power
B)abnormal psychology
C)positive organizational behaviour
D)organizational behaviour

Question 31

Which one of the following people is credited with the development of emotional intelligence?

A)George Bush
B)Stewart Clegg
C)Daniel Goleman
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 32

What are emotions and can they be managed?

Question 33

Which one of the following is NOT a 'schema' as identified in your text book?

A)person schema
B)script schema
C)social schema
D)rational schema

Question 34

According to Carl Rogers (1967)our environment should provide three basic conditions to enable self-growth.Which of the following is NOT one of those?

A)People must be authentic about their feelings.
B)People must be accepting of oneself and others - even of failures and shortcomings.
C)People must practice empathy.
D)People must believe in and practice their religion.

Question 35

List and describe Schwartz's ten universal values.How might our values priorities influence our behaviour?

Question 36

The tendency to project emotions into the future and to over-generalize the intensity of the emotion to be felt is known as ______.

A)impact bias
B)anxiety bias
C)affective bias
D)social bias

Question 37

The belief that all individuals are unique and each person's personality is the result of properties relative to one's self-concept is characteristic of which approach to personality?

A)humanist
B)trait
C)socio-cognitive
D)psychoanalytic