Deck 14: Health

Question 1

Health psychology

A)is one of the oldest subfields in all of psychology,including psychoanalytic and behavioral psychology.
B)recognizes the clear distinction between biological and psychological factors.
C)is the application of psychology to the promotion of physical health and prevention and treatment of illness.
D)focuses primarily on mental health and psychological well-being.

Answer 1

is the application of psychology to the promotion of physical health and prevention and treatment of illness.

Question 2

What do getting married,surviving a tornado,and dealing with a long,congested commute to work all have in common?

A)They are all major life events.
B)They are all catastrophes.
C)They are all daily hassles.
D)They are all stressors.

Answer 2

They are all stressors.

Question 3

Sarah is stressed about her upcoming exam,so she goes to the gym to work out and feels less stressed afterwards.Shine is also stressed about her exam,but she decides to budget extra time to study and hires a tutor,which makes her feel less stressed.Both Sarah and Shine are engaged in

A)coping.
B)appraisal.
C)learning helplessness.
D)adaptation.

Answer 3

coping.

Question 4

How do scientists measure stressors and their effects?

A)through self-report measures only
B)through physiological measures only
C)through self-report and physiological measures
D)through self-report measures for major life events and physiological measures for daily hassles

Question 5

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A)is most likely to occur when an individual feels personally responsible for the outcome of a traumatic event.
B)is more prevalent among men versus women.
C)is observed among military personnel,but not the general citizenry.
D)often occurs three to six months after a soldier's return rather than immediately afterward.

Question 6

Imagine that an earthquake occurs in Missouri soon after a hurricane strikes Florida and a flood strikes South______________Dakota.Jorge,a psychiatrist with a specialty in dealing with suicidal individuals,is ready to be dispatched to one of these locations to offer assistance.Based on the suicide rates that follow major disasters,Jorge will be

A)equally needed in all locations.
B)most needed in Missouri and Florida.
C)most needed in Florida and South Dakota.
D)most needed in Missouri and South Dakota.

Question 7

Anything that causes an unpleasant state of arousal that arises when we perceive that the demands of a situation threaten our ability to cope effectively is known as a(n)

A)stressor.
B)alarm reaction.
C)social support.
D)major life event.

Question 8

All of the following are examples of micro stressors except

A)traffic.
B)noisy neighbors.
C)natural disasters.
D)waiting in a long line.

Question 9

Following a terrible car accident,Ruby is anxious,socially withdrawn,has difficulty sleeping,and experiences flashbacks of the crash.Ruby is most likely suffering from

A)the illusion of invulnerability.
B)posttraumatic stress disorder.
C)a depressive explanatory style.
D)Type A behavior.

Question 10

By definition,stress is

A)an unpleasant state of arousal.
B)synonymous with anxiety.
C)permanent.
D)inescapable on a daily basis.

Question 11

The process by which we make judgments about the demands of potentially stressful events as well as our ability to meet those demands is called

A)coping.
B)subjective well-being.
C)appraisal.
D)stress-and-coping process.

Question 12

Research on burnout suggests it is more likely when workers

A)lack support from their supervisors.
B)avoid cordial relationships with their coworkers.
C)have adequate resources at work.
D)have regular performance reviews with supervisors.

Question 13

The distressing effects of a natural disaster are most likely to emerge among an individual who

A)was least distressed before the event.
B)is high in self-efficacy.
C)experienced the most danger during the event.
D)relies on emotion-focused coping.

Question 14

According to Lazarus and Folkman (1984),the way in which stress is experienced and the particular coping strategies that are used depend primarily on

A)a person's amount of social support.
B)the health of the immune system.
C)a subjective appraisal of the situation.
D)the general adaptation syndrome.

Question 15

Major positive life events and major negative life events

A)result in similar levels of distress and physical illness.
B)are a more common source of stress than everyday hassles.
C)have different effects on physical illness.
D)are related to psychological,but not physical,illness.

Question 16

Which statement appears to be true?

A)The stress caused by positive events can be as long-lasting as the stress caused by negative events.
B)People can experience positive and negative emotions simultaneously.
C)A positive major life event usually offsets the stress that is caused by several negative micro stressors.
D)Negative events produce more antibodies than do positive events.

Question 17

In interviews with hospital patients,Holmes and Rah (1967)found that illness was often preceded by either a positive or negative major life event.This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that

A)stress is caused by change.
B)childhood trauma can exacerbate stress,especially among those who are ill.
C)negative events are experienced as more stressful than positive events.
D)life itself,rather than stress,produces physical illness.

Question 18

Compared to life in the year 1900,Americans today are more likely to die from

A)infectious diseases,such as pneumonia.
B)potentially preventable diseases,such as heart attacks and strokes.
C)natural disasters,such as hurricanes and floods.
D)accidents (excluding motor vehicle accidents).

Question 19

Efforts to reduce stress are known as

A)appraisal.
B)coping.
C)explanatory style.
D)adaptation.

Question 20

Marla studies the link between psychological stress and physical health.Marla is most likely a(n)

A)forensic psychologist.
B)health psychologist.
C)industrial/organizational psychologist.
D)social worker.

Question 21

Which observation has been demonstrated in research concerning the impact of gender on responses to stress?

A)Men and women exhibit the fight-or-flight response to the same degree.
B)Women become more nurturing and facilitative than do men.
C)Women react more aggressively than men.
D)Men are less likely than women to suffer negative health consequences.

Question 22

Sanchez is very hard-driving,is competitive,and seems to lack patience when things are not going his way.He might be classified as having a Type A personality,or a______________behavior pattern.

A)fight-or-flight
B)compulsive
C)coronary-prone
D)sociopathic

Question 23

What is not a reason for why socioeconomic status is negatively associated with the experience of daily hassles?

A)Low-income neighborhoods are more crowded than high-income neighborhoods.
B)People from low SES backgrounds have fewer medical resources.
C)Low-income families are more likely to have a poor diet.
D)Children in low-income families have greater access to enrichment activities

Question 24

Which statement concerning personality and coronary heart disease is true?

A)Individuals with a Type B personality are more likely to have coronary heart disease than those with Type A personalities.
B)Observations of a person's behavior are a better indicator of Type A personality than self-reports.
C)An estimated 5 million Americans suffer from coronary heart disease.
D)The most toxic personality ingredient associated with coronary heart disease is competitiveness.

Question 25

Sapolsky (2004)argues that for humans,from an evolutionary perspective,psychological stress is a(n)

A)"recent invention."
B)"adaptive benefit."
C)"long-term selection advantage."
D)"nuisance variable."

Question 26

High levels of hostility have been found to predict

A)decreased use of alcohol and cigarettes.
B)greater use of emotion-focused coping.
C)more intense cardiovascular responses to events.
D)risky behaviors.

Question 27

Selye's (1936)general adaptation syndrome includes all of the following stages except

A)alarm.
B)exhaustion.
C)recovery.
D)resistance.

Question 28

Upfront efforts to ward off or modify the onset of a stressful event are referred to______________coping.

A)problem-focused
B)emotion-focused
C)proactive
D)anticipatory

Question 29

A pattern of behavior characterized by extremes of competitive striving for achievement,a sense of time urgency,hostility,and aggression is called

A)Type A personality.
B)Type B personality.
C)depressed explanatory style.
D)a hardy disposition.

Question 30

Bernie is about to be attacked by the class bully and thus is under stress.According to the general adaptation syndrome,Bernie can expect

A)his digestive functions to accelerate.
B)his stress to impede his ability to defend himself.
C)higher levels of adrenaline in his bloodstream.
D)local immunological defenses to be activated immediately.

Question 31

Penelope tends to be hostile and angry much of the time.She recently had an argument with her best friend,Daisy.Daisy,who is more easygoing,is wary about bringing up the debated subject again,even after a significant period of time has elapsed.Daisy probably recognizes that

A)Penelope has a strong fight-or-flight response.
B)Penelope,because of her hostile nature,will exhibit intense reactions long after the argument by just being reminded of it.
C)Penelope,because she is high in hostility is likely to remember events in ways that minimize her anger.
D)Penelope has the three most important risk factors for coronary heart disease.

Question 32

Gurjit is easily angered when threatened and hates it when his coworkers are not prepared.In addition,he is always in a rush and feels that he has to be the best employee in the company.Gurjit's personality is most consistent with

A)optimism.
B)hardiness.
C)self-focused depression.
D)a Type A personality.

Question 33

When females are isolated,unsupported,and in social distress,they experience

A)elevated levels of oxytocin.
B)heightened fight-or-flight response.
C)posttraumatic stress disorder.
D)lower facilitative responses.

Question 34

Regina learns that hostility is a factor in the development of high blood pressure,so she now tries to push down her anger.How will this affect her body?

A)Her blood pressure will probably decrease.
B)Her blood pressure will probably increase.
C)Her blood pressure will remain stable at its current level.
D)Her blood pressure will decrease,but only if she believes that suppression can have such an effect.

Question 35

While walking home alone late at night,Winona suddenly hears footsteps behind her.She can feel her heart pounding,her breathing quickens,and adrenaline is racing through her body.Within the framework of the general adaptation syndrome,Winona is in the______________stage.

A)alarm
B)exhaustion
C)recovery
D)resistance

Question 36

Caleb has a Type A personality.The aspect of his behavior that is likely to place Caleb at greatest risk for coronary heart disease is his

A)level of hostility.
B)competitive orientation.
C)impatience.
D)work holism.

Question 37

Walter Cannon (1932)described the body's preparation for dealing with stressors as a(n)______________response.

A)"tend-and-befriend"
B)"fight-or-flight"
C)"rest-and-digest"
D)"activate-and-decelerate"

Question 38

Prolonged response to job stress resulting in emotional exhaustion,cynicism,disengagement,and lack of personal accomplishment is known as

A)general adaptation syndrome.
B)PTSD.
C)burnout.
D)learned helplessness.

Question 39

Married couples who are financially strained are more likely to experience

A)high levels of satisfaction,but low levels of commitment.
B)high levels of commitment,but low levels of satisfaction.
C)illusions of invulnerability in their relationship.
D)more distress and conflict in their relationship.

Question 40

Women experiencing burnout at work are likely to show______________as a symptom;men experiencing burnout at work are likely to show______________.

A)depersonalization;the same symptom as women
B)emotional exhaustion;the same symptom as women
C)depersonalization;emotional exhaustion
D)emotional exhaustion;depersonalization

Question 41

After an extraordinarily stressful week at work,Mahmoud spends the weekend in bed with the flu.Which of the following best explains why Mahmoud became ill?

A)Mahmoud depleted his body's stress-fighting resources,thus increasing his susceptibility to illness.
B)Prolonged activity of Mahmoud's stress-fighting resources caused other bodily systems to break down,increasing his susceptibility to illness.
C)Mahmoud's natural stress-fighting resources weakened with prolonged use,making his body more susceptible to illness.
D)Mahmoud has a Type B,rather than a Type A,personality.

Question 42

Which statement best characterizes the relationship between stress and illness?

A)Stress increases the number of lymphocytes in the bloodstream,which diminishes the body's ability to fight off disease.
B)Stress increases levels of adrenaline and other hormones that suppress immune cell activity and increase susceptibility to illness.
C)Stress increases the negative attributions that people make,and negative attributions can become self-fulfilling prophecies.
D)Under high levels of stress,people tend to sleep too much,which weakens the immune system and makes illness more likely.

Question 43

Psychological stress has been implicated as a factor in a wide variety of illnesses.This can be explained by the fact that stress

A)can be experienced as either positive or negative.
B)compromises the body's immune system.
C)cannot be treated and thus escalates.
D)promotes an illusion of invulnerability to disease.

Question 44

Research in Israel on resilience in the face of terrorism and violence indicates that______________tend to be more resilient than ____.

A)members of ethnic minority groups;members of the ethnic majority
B)women;men
C)more educated people;less educated people
D)single people;married people

Question 45

Which of the following has been demonstrated in research concerning the impact of stress on the immune system?

A)Individuals deprived of sleep for long periods of time exhibit a weakened immune system.
B)Recently divorced or widowed individuals show increased functioning of their immune systems.
C)Both positive and negative events weaken the immune system.
D)Stress weakens the immune systems of rats,but not humans.

Question 46

Which statement concerning the link between stress and illness is true?

A)Stress can increase vulnerability to short-term illnesses,like colds,but does not affect the course of more serious long-term diseases such as cancer.
B)Stress can influence whether or not a person contracts a particular illness,but not the time course or outcome of that illness.
C)Stress increases susceptibility to coronary heart disease,but not colds or cancer.
D)Stress can influence both short-term and long-term illnesses,including colds,coronary heart disease,and cancer.

Question 47

Based on research concerning the link between stress and illness,which individual is______________most likely to actually contract______________a cold if exposed to a cold virus?

A)Carrie,who has a Type B personality
B)Charlotte,who is happily married,but just had an argument with her husband
C)Samantha,who has been unemployed for two months
D)Miranda,who got a speeding ticket on her way home from work

Question 48

If Maurice has a depressive explanatory style,then he is likely to attribute his failures to

A)stable,global,and internal factors.
B)stable,global,and external factors.
C)unstable,situational,and internal factors
D)unstable,situational,and external factors.

Question 49

When Ayanna passes a class,she thinks her success is due to her hard work.When she fails a class,she thinks her failure is due to a lack of hard work.These perceptions reflect a sense of______________and make it______________likely that Ayanna will get sick.

A)self-efficacy;less
B)optimism;more
C)pessimism;more
D)control;less

Question 50

Which of the following is not a method used to observe operations in the immune system?

A)Determine the lymphocyte count in a blood draw.
B)Extract blood,add cancerous tumor cells,and measure effectiveness of natural killer cells.
C)Inject a foreign agent in the skin and measure the amount of swelling.
D)Swab the inside of a cheek and measure the level of cortical.

Question 51

Stress may weaken the immune system in part by increasing

A)the number of lymphocytes in the bloodstream.
B)blood pressure.
C)unhealthy behaviors.
D)physical exertion and rest.

Question 52

Ralph has had a stressful month.His girlfriend dumped him,he failed three exams,and someone stole his car.According to Abramson et al.'s (1989)notion of hopelessness,Ralph's reactions to these events depend on his

A)upbringing.
B)achievements.
C)attributions.
D)self-esteem.

Question 53

Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of the relationship between psychological factors,

A)the nervous system,and the brain.
B)the heart,and the brain and nervous system.
C)the immune system,and the brain and nervous system.
D)the immune system,and the heart.

Question 54

Hardiness has all of the following features except

A)commitment.
B)concentration.
C)control.
D)challenge.

Question 55

In an experiment that tested the effects of negative emotions on the immune system,experimenters gave each participant a blister using a vacuum pump.Which participants took the longest to heal?

A)participants who had financial problems
B)participants who had recently undergone a major life stressor
C)participants who ate an unhealthy diet
D)participants who had anger-control problems

Question 56

The habitual tendency to attribute negative events to causes that are stable,global,and internal is characteristic of

A)hardiness.
B)optimism.
C)Type A behavior style.
D)a depressive explanatory style.

Question 57

According to Seligman (1975),depression results primarily from

A)proactive coping.
B)learned helplessness.
C)high self-complexity.
D)specific external attributions.

Question 58

Lucille lives in a nursing home where she is able to choose her daily activities.Peggy Sue lives in a nursing home where the staff schedules all activities.Research suggests that compared to Peggy Sue,Lucille will be

A)happier,but not healthier.
B)healthier,but not happier.
C)happier and healthier.
D)just as happy and healthy.

Question 59

Research by Sbarra and colleagues (2011)on divorce showed that

A)people divorced at the start of a study were more likely to die from all causes of death at follow-up.
B)people who experienced a divorce prior to age 65 showed dramatic resilience and rapidly improved health.
C)men who experienced divorce were more resilient than divorced women.
D)young people who get divorced experience less stress than people who divorce after 65.

Question 60

Monty studies hard for math,but never seems to "get it." Week after week,he fails his math tests.By the end of the year,Monty does not even try to study for math.Monty is demonstrating

A)problem-focused coping.
B)hardiness.
C)learned helplessness.
D)self-efficacy.

Question 61

Neal knows that the Thanksgiving dinner with his in-laws,who do not particularly like him,will be stressful.He and Nicki,his wife,decide that there are certain topics they will just bluntly change should they be raised by the in-laws.They also decide that Nicki will,should her parents persist,state that family gatherings should be pleasant and pursuing certain issues will create such unpleasantness that she and Neal will leave.Neal and Nicki are best described as engaging in______________coping.

A)problem-focused
B)emotion-focused
C)proactive
D)anticipatory

Question 62

A 2001 study of 1,306 adult men from the Boston area found that optimism was

A)positively correlated with emotion-focused coping.
B)positively correlated with problem-focused coping.
C)negatively correlated with coronary heart disease 10 years later.
D)negatively correlated with self-serving appraisal styles.

Question 63

"The biology of hope" (described by Norman Cousins,1989)says that

A)positive expectations can be self-fulfilling.
B)positive expectations lead to optimism.
C)negative expectations are inevitable.
D)when there's hope,there's life.

Question 64

Although Heloise would like to quit smoking,she is convinced that she is addicted and will never be able to stop. With respect to smoking,Heloise is

A)high in self-efficacy.
B)low in self-efficacy.
C)high in self-complexity.
D)low in self-complexity.

Question 65

Research suggests that procrastination is problematic.Nonetheless,a more controlling orientation epitomized by tackling tasks head-on can be problematic too in that it can

A)prevent problem-focused coping.
B)lead to development of a Type B personality.
C)lead to decrements in attention.
D)be physiologically taxing.

Question 66

A person's belief that he or she is capable of the specific behavior required to produce a desired outcome in a given situation is called

A)self-efficacy.
B)control.
C)hardiness.
D)internal explanatory style.

Question 67

Erin has been in a bad mood all day,and her wife Leslie is tired of dealing with it.Leslie is going to suggest that Erin go engage in a specific task in the hopes that it will end the bad mood.According to Erber and Teaser (1992),which of the following should Leslie recommend?

A)Erin should work on the statistical calculations for her Master's thesis.
B)Erin should spend time on Facebook.
C)Erin should go make some of her favorite cookies.
D)Erin should go for a walk.

Question 68

Janoff-Bulman's (1979)research indicates that self-blame may be adaptive in the long term when it is directed at ____ as opposed to ____.

A)one's behavior;one's own character
B)one's past behavior;one's present behavior
C)emotion;behavior
D)one's character;one's behavior

Question 69

Cognitive and behavioral efforts to alter a stressful situation are called______________coping.

A)problem-focused
B)emotion-focused
C)proactive
D)efficacious

Question 70

Cognitive and behavioral efforts to reduce the distress produced by a stressful situation______________are called______________coping.

A)problem-focused
B)emotion-focused
C)proactive
D)reactive

Question 71

According to Starker and colleagues (2009),heart disease patients were more likely to survive hospitalization when they

A)had high ratings of self-efficacy.
B)had low ratings of self-efficacy.
C)had depressive explanatory styles.
D)made stable,global attributions.

Question 72

Sue Ellen typically explains negative events using temporary,specific,external attributions.According to Seligman (1991),Sue Ellen could best be described as possessing

A)a Type B personality.
B)hardiness.
C)learned helplessness.
D)optimism.

Question 73

Which of the following has not been revealed by research on the relationship between optimism and health?

A)Optimists are more likely than pessimists to make a quicker and fuller recovery from coronary artery bypass surgery.
B)A positive correlation exists between hopelessness and mortality.
C)Optimism can have negative consequences when it leads people to believe that they have control over uncontrollable events.
D)Optimists are more likely than pessimists to take an emotion-focused approach to dealing with stress.

Question 74

Frazier's (2003)research on blame,control,and coping among victims of rape indicates that

A)assigning blame leads to less stress.
B)self-blame is only adaptive when it leads to feelings of future safety.
C)blaming the assailant is the best way to recover from the trauma.
D)past control is more important that present control.

Question 75

In their study of procrastination,Tice and Baumeister (1997)found that,compared to non-procrastinators,procrastinators tended to report

A)lower levels of stress throughout the semester.
B)higher levels of stress throughout the semester.
C)lower levels of stress early in the semester and higher levels late in the semester.
D)higher levels of stress early in the semester and lower levels late in the semester.

Question 76

The biological explanation for the correlation between optimism and physical health focuses on

A)risky behaviors and adrenaline.
B)alcohol consumption.
C)the immune system.
D)genetic heritability.

Question 77

Sean believes that he has a high sense of control over his own health,so when his kidney transplant unexpectedly fails,he is likely to

A)avoid feeling depressed.
B)feel particularly depressed.
C)seek out the company of more pessimistic patients in the same situation.
D)exhibit a particularly strong immune response.

Question 78

Upon discovering that she has lung cancer,Mary blames the illness on her stupidity and lack of willpower.The blame she assigns herself is______________,and it is likely to______________her sense of future control.

A)situational;increase
B)behavioral;increase
C)character logical;decrease
D)cathartic;decrease

Question 79

One limitation to the positive relationship between a sense of control and resiliency is that

A)setting control expectations too high can be harmful when outcomes are negative.
B)a personal sense of control often predicts oversensitivity to the needs and feelings of others.
C)it is much stronger in collectivist cultures than in individualistic cultures.
D)it tends to disappear when a person opts for emotion-focused coping rather than problem-focused coping.

Question 80

Within Carver et al.'s (1989)multidimensional framework,individuals who cope with stressful events by trying to find the good in the situation are relying on

A)mental disengagement.
B)restraint coping.
C)active coping.
D)positive reinterpretation.