Deck 11: Aggression

Question 1

______________Craig and colleagues (2000)set up hidden cameras______________and microphones in a Canadian schoolyard and found that bullying in midsized schools occurred at a rate of______________episodes per hour.

A)1
B)4.5
C)7.25
D)10

Answer 1

4.5

Question 2

One form of violence that is prevalent across virtually all cultures is

A)violence against young girls.
B)gun violence.
C)domestic violence.
D)bullying.

Answer 2

bullying.

Question 3

The defining characteristic of aggression is that the aggressor

A)intends to harm another living being.
B)actually causes physical or psychological harm.
C)is angry or otherwise emotionally aroused during the aggressive act.
D)derives enjoyment from the aggressive act.

Answer 3

intends to harm another living being.

Question 4

Whitley feels intensely displeased that Lena deliberately left the tuna fish sandwich sitting out in the sun so that Whitley would get food poisoning after she ate it.Whitley's emotional response would best be described as

A)instrumental aggression.
B)hostility.
C)anger.
D)displacement.

Question 5

Aggressive behavior whereby harm is inflicted as a means to a desired end is known as______________aggression.

A)proactive
B)reactive
C)emotional
D)relational

Question 6

A negative,antagonistic attitude toward another person or group is called

A)emotional aggression.
B)hostility.
C)anger.
D)instrumental aggression.

Question 7

When Katie found out that her brother Matt had pulled the heads off all of her Barbie dolls,she threw her Easy Bake oven at him.Katie's behavior illustrates______________aggression.

A)instrumental
B)proactive
C)incompatible
D)reactive

Question 8

The Amish,the Hutte rites,and the Mennonites are all examples of societies that live in the violent United States without,for the most part,having become violent themselves.What is a similar type of nonviolent culture that resides______________ in Southern Mexico?

A)Pailyan
B)Batik
C)Zapata
D)Glib

Question 9

______________A practice called chicken that occurs in Japan has recently come under criticism and steps are being taken to curtail it.What is this practice?

A)People who sell drugs on the street are disciplined through public "vigilante" punishment rather than facing legal actions.
B)Teachers in school are allowed to using caning as a disciplinary method on children as young as 4 years of age.
C)Mothers take their daughters away from the home to raise them in solitude until they reach the age of 3 years.
D)Adult businessmen grope schoolgirls who ride public transportation.

Question 10

The difference between aggression and violence is best described as one of

A)extremity.
B)intent.
C)affect.
D)hostility.

Question 11

Proactive is the same as______________aggression,while reactive is the same as______________aggression.

A)instrumental;emotional
B)emotional;instrumental
C)relational;impersonal
D)impersonal;relational

Question 12

Which of the following would decrease the likelihood that Chris would behave in a physically aggressive manner?

A)if Chris is a teenager
B)if Chris is male
C)if Chris is drunk
D)if Chris is gay

Question 13

According to your text,the fact that groping schoolgirls on the train in Japan is not uncommon illustrates that

A)what is unacceptable aggression in relation to children differs across cultures.
B)what is unacceptable aggression in relation to children is consistent across cultures.
C)collectivist cultures are hyper sexualized.
D)collectivist cultures are repressed sexually.

Question 14

Which______________scenario______________best illustrates aggression?

A)Felix and Oscar engage in a heated debate concerning the merits of the Big Mac versus the Whopper.
B)Maude trips over the scooter her son absentmindedly left in the driveway.
C)In his attempt to save Samantha from dying,Darin breaks three of her ribs while performing CPR.
D)Ginger kicks MaryAnn in the shins to keep her from eating the last coconut pie.

Question 15

United States citizens tend to be more likely than those of other nations to engage in

A)politically motivated violence directed toward groups.
B)mob violence at sporting events.
C)violence against young girls.
D)gun-related violence against individuals.

Question 16

Forbes and others (2009;2011)examined how levels of aggression differed in individualist versus collectivist cultures.They found that

A)aggression levels were highest in the U.S. ,a highly individualist culture.
B)aggression levels were highest in China,a highly collectivist culture.
C)aggression levels were lowest in the U.S. ,a highly collectivist culture.
D)both the U.S.and China had equally high levels of aggression.

Question 17

United States university students tend to be more likely than those of other nations to disapprove of

A)violence against young girls.
B)gun violence.
C)a husband slapping his wife.
D)bullying.

Question 18

Which situation best illustrates instrumental aggression?

A)When Buster finds out that his favorite television show has been preempted by the presidential debates,he kicks Gob,who just happens to be standing nearby.
B)After getting fired from his job at the nuclear power plant,Homer pulls out his semi-automatic machine gun and shoots at the squirrels in his backyard.
C)Karen pinches Grace until Grace finally moves out of the way so that Karen can get to the liquor cabinet.
D)Edith stabs her husband Archie with a fork when she finds out that he totally forgot her birthday.

Question 19

Robbing a bank because you need money is an example of______________aggression.

A)proactive
B)emotional
C)institutional
D)reactive

Question 20

Group attacks against other groups are least likely to occur in

A)the Middle East.
B)Eastern Europe.
C)Africa.
D)the United States.

Question 21

Campbell proposed that women are more likely than men to use relational aggression because women

A)lack direct access to wealth.
B)have lower levels of testosterone.
C)place more of a value on their own lives and therefore avoid risky behaviors.
D)do not want to risk physically harming the father of their offspring.

Question 22

Regarding self-esteem and aggression,which statement is false?

A)Narcissism is a good predictor of aggression.
B)Low self-esteem is a good predictor of aggression.
C)Narcissism is correlated with aggression in response to provocation.
D)High self-esteem is predictive of aggression when combined with narcissism and provocation.

Question 23

Compared to straight men,gay men are

A)less likely to physically aggress,but equally likely to engage in indirect aggression.
B)less likely to both physically and indirectly aggress.
C)more likely to physically aggress,but less likely to engage in direct aggression.
D)more likely to both physically and indirectly aggress.

Question 24

A murder has been committed.Given the research on homicide,which of the following is most likely?

A)The victim was black and the murdered was white.
B)The murder occurred in the eastern United States.
C)The murderer was over 55 years old.
D)The murderer and victim were of the same race.

Question 25

Which statement regarding the relationship between gender and aggression is false?

A)In virtually every culture,males are more violent than females.
B)Men are more likely to commit a homicide and are more likely to be the victim of a murder than women.
C)Males are more likely to engage in risky,self-destructive behavior than females.
D)Boys demonstrate more overt and relational forms of aggression than do girls.

Question 26

The relatively greater violence rates in the southern United States has been attributed to

A)greater variability of temperature in the South than in the North.
B)the manner in which residents of the South respond to status threats.
C)the ratio of males to females living in the South.
D)the age demographics of the South.

Question 27

In Ainsworth and Mariner's (2014)study,male participants playing a reaction-time computer game were most likely______________ to blast their opponent with an aversive noise in their headphones if

A)the participant was primed by viewing pictures of very attractive women and his opponent was regarded as being socially dominant.
B)the participant was primed by viewing pictures of very attractive women and his opponent was regarded as being of average social dominance.
C)the participant was primed by viewing pictures of less attractive women and his opponent was regarded as being socially dominant.
D)the participant was primed by viewing pictures of less attractive women and his opponent was regarded as being of average social dominance.

Question 28

Char ice,a teenaged girl,is angry with her friend,so she tells all her other friends that this girl has had sex with most of the football team.Carmen's behavior illustrates______________aggression.

A)indirect
B)hostile
C)physical
D)overt

Question 29

Which statement is most consistent with evolutionary explanations of aggression?

A)Children are more likely to be abused by their biological parents than by stepparents.
B)Male-to-female violence is predominantly triggered by sexual jealousy.
C)Male-to-male violence is triggered by a rise in testosterone.
D)Different cultures demonstrate different levels of aggressiveness.

Question 30

According to Smith's (2007)book about the evolutionary origins of human warfare,

A)pacifists have a greater chance for reproductive success.
B)pacifism is likely to become part of human nature.
C)warriors have a greater chance for reproductive success.
D)warriors are least likely to be accepted as part of the group

Question 31

Which personality factor is most strongly associated with aggression?

A)being low in agreeableness
B)being low in conscientiousness
C)being high in neuroticism
D)being high in openness to experiences

Question 32

Evolutionary accounts of aggression emphasize the

A)role of aggression in securing food and land.
B)contribution of genetics and hormones to aggressive behavior.
C)importance of intrapsychic conflict in aggressive behavior.
D)role of aggression in securing a mate.

Question 33

According to an evolutionary perspective,males are competitive with each other because

A)females are predisposed to sexual jealousy.
B)males select high-status females for mating.
C)aggression enhances the male's confidence in the paternity of his offspring.
D)males use physical aggression to eliminate women who are unlikely to provide offspring.

Question 34

What is the nature of the relationship between self-control and aggression? ambiguous and inconsistent

A)clear and consistent negative correlation
B)ambiguous and inconsistent
C)clear and consistent positive correlation
D)one that is mediated by self-esteem

Question 35

Though women are at least as likely as men to aggress in an intimate relationship,men's aggression in such relationships differs in that it typically

A)emerges in the face of provocation.
B)has more severe consequences.
C)results from alcohol abuse.
D)is sexual in nature.

Question 36

In which region of the United States is the murder rate consistently the highest?

A)the Midwest
B)the Northeast
C)the South
D)the West Coast

Question 37

The fact that the American population has been aging in recent years has been offered as an explanation for the

A)decrease in violent crimes.
B)increase in gun-related violence.
C)greater availability of violent pornography.
D)current overcrowded conditions in prisons.

Question 38

Bettina is extremely Type A.Research suggests that she will tend to

A)be more aggressive than most people across situations.
B)rely more on verbal versus physical aggression.
C)be more aggressive than other people when provoked.
D)exhibit more relational than overt forms of aggression.

Question 39

Which statement about gender differences in aggression is true?

A)Men use more relational aggression than verbal aggression.
B)Women use relational aggression more than men.
C)When there is a clear provocation,men use much more overt aggression than women.
D)Women use more verbal aggression than indirect aggression.

Question 40

In which state is there most likely to exist a culture of honor?

A)Texas
B)Illinois
C)South Dakota
D)Rhode Island

Question 41

Finnegan notices his wife talking to another man and flies into a jealous rage.According to the evolutionary perspective,Finnegan's behavior is designed to

A)assert his social intelligence.
B)increase his confidence in the paternity of his offspring.
C)deflect the death instinct outward instead of inward.
D)increase the level of serotonin in his brain.

Question 42

Which research result would provide evidence that aggression is a heritable trait?

A)Identical twins reared together are more similar in their levels of aggressiveness than identical twins reared apart.
B)Adopted children are more similar in levels of aggressiveness to their adoptive parents than to their biological parents.
C)Fraternal twins are more similar in levels of aggressiveness than non-twin siblings.
D)Identical twins are more similar in levels of aggressiveness than fraternal twins.

Question 43

The theory that behavior is learned through the observation of others as well as through the direct experience of rewards and punishments is called______________theory.

A)psychodynamic
B)frustration-aggression
C)social learning
D)cultivation

Question 44

Several studies have found that finger length ratio is associated with higher levels of______________aggression in______________.

A)physical;men
B)relational;men
C)physical;children
D)relational;children

Question 45

In a study about status (to successfully compete for mates),Vlades Griskevicius and others (2009)and Vaillancourt (2005)found that

A)women do not use aggression of any type to boost their status.
B)men are more likely to boost their status through indirect aggression.
C)women are more likely to boost their status through direct aggression.
D)men are more likely to boost their status through direct aggression

Question 46

When aggression stops an undesired outcome or prevents it altogether,the aggressive behavior will increase in the future through the process of

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)positive punishment.
D)negative punishment.

Question 47

What is the "2D;4D ratio?"

A)a measure of the length of one's index finger compared to the length of their ring finger
B)an assessment of the overall ambient temperature on the 2^nd and 4^th floors of an office building
C)a statistic that compares the second division to the fourth division of scores produced by participants in a research study
D)a volume rating of one's second cerebral lobe (parietal)the fourth cerebral lobe (temporal)

Question 48

Angelina is interested in whether the teenager she is preparing to adopt is likely to be aggressive as an adult. Research suggests that she would be wise to consider whether he

A)is a twin.
B)had aggressive biological parents.
C)has long fingers.
D)was born in a nation with a warm climate.

Question 49

Each of the following individuals behaved aggressively,and each was punished for his or her aggression.For which person will the indicated punishment have the best chance of successfully reducing aggression?

A)Jake,who was punished immediately following his act of aggression
B)Keizer,who was extremely angry when punished for emotional aggression
C)Lakes,who was punished in a very angry,hostile manner by her parents
D)Danielle,who was punished for some of her aggressive acts but not for others

Question 50

Research on testosterone and aggression indicates that

A)it is surprising that women ever aggress given that they have no testosterone.
B)their relationship in human males is weaker and less reliable than expected.
C)very little regarding aggressive behavior is actually heritable.
D)their relationship disappears when you examine samples of elderly adults.

Question 51

Chris is a playground bully.He finds that he can win the admiration of his peers by acting aggressively.Chris's aggressive behavior is encouraged by

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)positive punishment.
D)negative punishment.

Question 52

Consider a mother who slaps her son whenever he engages in aggression.If negative reinforcement is responsible for her behavior,what likely happens after she slaps him?

A)He ignores her.
B)He slaps her back.
C)He behaves more aggressively.
D)He behaves less aggressively.

Question 53

According to research on the role of the brain and executive function in predicting aggressive tendencies,when very aggressive teenagers witnessed a situation in which someone intentionally inflicted pain on another person,they exhibited brain activity associated with

A)being part of a group.
B)empathy.
C)experiencing rewards.
D)filtering sensory input.

Question 54

Drugs that______________the level of serotonin tend to______________aggression levels.

A)boost;lower
B)boost;increase
C)boost;not affect
D)decrease;raise

Question 55

The finding that male-to-male violence occurs primarily in response to status challenges,but male-to-female violence occurs primarily in response to sexual jealousy,______________supports the______________perspective of aggression.

A)instinct
B)evolutionary
C)learning
D)sociocultural

Question 56

Twin studies suggest that heritability explains______________of the variation in aggression in children

A)less than one quarter
B)between about a quarter and a third
C)between about a third and a half
D)between about a half and two thirds

Question 57

The only way that Britney can get her husband to stop leaving his dirty socks on the kitchen table is to pinch him every time he does it.Britney's aggressive behavior is perpetuated through the idea of

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)positive punishment.
D)negative punishment.

Question 58

Ira believes that aggression is an acquired tendency picked up by observing others and by experience with rewards and punishments.Ira's beliefs are most consistent with

A)social learning theory.
B)the evolutionary perspective.
C)instinct theory.
D)negative affect escape model.

Question 59

Mario and Luigi are trying to decide whether to spank their child when she does something undesirable.Research suggests that this type of punishment

A)will be most effective if she perceives her parents to be warm and supportive.
B)is very unlikely to lead their daughter to engage in serious aggression later in life.
C)is not used by many of their friends,if they are representative of U.S.citizens.
D)will cause their child to learn the rules of their family very quickly.

Question 60

Gershoff's (2002)meta-analysis of over 36,000 participants indicates a positive correlation between corporal punishment and other factors.Which factor was not shown to have a positive correlation?

A)aggression as a child
B)aggression as an adult
C)adult criminal behavior
D)improved academic performance

Question 61

Deion is least likely to imitate the aggressive behaviors of Darcy if Darcy

A)is a cartoon character.
B)is punished for behaving aggressively.
C)is rewarded for behaving aggressively.
D)experiences catharsis following the aggressive behavior.

Question 62

A socialization explanation for gender differences in aggressive tendencies

A)would focus on differences between men and women in levels of hormones and neurotransmitters.
B)might consider ways in which parents react differently to the aggressive actions of young boys versus girls.
C)would suggest that such differences should be identical across different cultures.
D)should examine the genetic similarity between relatives who show high levels of aggression.

Question 63

Bandera and colleagues' (1961)study of aggressive behavior in children

A)demonstrated that children will follow an adult model's lead in terms of degree and nature of aggression demonstrated.
B)identified the specific antisocial personality characteristics associated with highly aggressive children.
C)demonstrated that violent TV has little effect on the children's own aggressive tendencies.
D)illustrated the ability of punishment to curtail the aggressive tendencies of children.

Question 64

Brown and others (2009)found the school violence is especially associated with

A)the presence of weapons in the school.
B)the culture of honor in the area.
C)the level of economic frustration in the geographic region.
D)the temperature of the day.

Question 65

When his wife tells him that he cannot go out bowling with the guys,Homer gets mad and yells at his son,Bart. Homer's behavior is an example of

A)instrumental aggression.
B)catharsis.
C)displacement.
D)vicarious aggression.

Question 66

Nonie gets a new Barbie doll for her sixth birthday,and she immediately begins to punch,kick,and throw the doll around the house.Which of the following is likely to have contributed to this behavior?

A)Nonie saw Uncle Floyd yell at Auntie Mime when she threw her Barbie doll.
B)Nonie saw her cousin Bruce hug and kiss his Barbie doll.
C)Nonie just finished watching the new Barney beat up Barbie in a cartoon on television.
D)Nonie has been socialized in a stereotypical female role.

Question 67

Which term provides an example of the concept of displacement?

A)catharsis
B)habituation
C)scapegoating
D)diffusion of blame

Question 68

Aggressive models teach aggressive behavior by all of the following except

A)teaching observers how to perform the aggressive act.
B)fostering positive attitudes toward aggression.
C)allowing observers to construct aggressive scripts.
D)increasing the frustration experienced by observers.

Question 69

Aggressing against a substitute target because aggressive acts against the source of the frustration are inhibited by fear or lack of access is called

A)catharsis.
B)displacement.
C)rumination.
D)desensitization.

Question 70

Which conclusion is least consistent with the original formulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A)The need to aggress in response to frustration can be reduced if the frustrated individual behaves in an aggressive but relatively harmless way toward an object that is not related to the source of the frustration.
B)The need to aggress in response to frustration is taught directly by reinforcement,important models,and the media,and can be "unlearned" if the reinforcements and models change.
C)The need to aggress in response to frustration is a psychological drive that resembles the physiological drive of seeking food in response to hunger.
D)The need to aggress in response to frustration can lead to nonviolent acts of aggression such as spreading rumors about someone or telling hostile jokes.

Question 71

The transmission of domestic violence across generations is called the

A)cultivation of honor.
B)rumination/frustration hypothesis.
C)domestic desensitization effect.
D)cycle of violence.

Question 72

Based on the principles of social learning theory,which measure is most likely to be successful in teaching a child to act nonviolently?

A)punishing the child physically for acting aggressively
B)exposing the child to older models who are punished harshly for acting aggressively
C)exposing the child to older models who act non-aggressively in response to provoking situations
D)teaching the child how to displace frustrations and anger in safe,socially acceptable ways,such as by hitting a punching bag or role-playing a desired outcome

Question 73

Nesbit & Cohen (1996)found that among______________in the American South,there was a greater acceptance of the notion that a man has a right to kill in defense of his family and his house.

A)black women
B)white women
C)black men
D)white men

Question 74

Ryan was abused as a child.He is now married to a woman who abuses him,and he is physically abusive toward his child.This pattern of behavior is consistent with

A)the negative affect escape model.
B)the arousal affect model.
C)cultivation.
D)the cycle of violence.

Question 75

Of the following,the frustration-aggression hypothesis would probably be least effective as an explanation for

A)instrumental aggression.
B)emotional aggression.
C)a strong correlation between economic conditions and prejudice toward minority groups.
D)examples of "road rage."

Question 76

Ethan has been released from jail in the United States and is applying for jobs in the South and the Northeast.Ethan is probably more likely to land interviews in the South than in the Northeast if he was in jail for

A)assaulting a person who taunted him in public about an affair with his wife.
B)committing fraud on a million-dollar insurance claim.
C)illegally importing cocaine across the border.
D)robbing a jewelry store owned by a member of a racial minority group.

Question 77

Marty watches his older brother act non-aggressively after being provoked.According to social learning theory, Marty is subsequently likely to

A)act less aggressively and experience stronger restraints against aggression.
B)refrain from acting aggressively because he believes that he will be punished for aggressing.
C)experience catharsis and displace his aggression onto safer,more acceptable targets.
D)find more socially acceptable outlets for his impulses,such as rough sports.

Question 78

The idea that (1)frustration always elicits the motive to aggress and (2)all aggression is caused by frustration is known as

A)the frustration-aggression hypothesis.
B)the negative affect model.
C)excitation transfer theory.
D)catharsis.

Question 79

Gee and Leigh (2007)analyzed aggressive behavior in the National Hockey League (NHL).They concluded that players born in North America were more likely to resort to fighting to deal with their frustration because

A)hockey players generally have aggressive personalities.
B)they were always punished severely when they acted aggressively.
C)the sport of hockey makes people act aggressively.
D)they had been exposed to models of aggression in hockey from a young age.

Question 80

Which statement concerning a culture of honor is true?

A)It is more prevalent among women than men.
B)It is more prevalent in the northern United States than in the southern United States.
C)It is a product of socialization that can influence the tendency to aggress.
D)It is produced by differences in testosterone and serotonin levels.