Deck 11: Gender

Question 1

Managing a transgendered identity may be stressful because of:

A) the expectations of others.
B) the strong role of biology.
C) the changing nature of gender.
D) socialization.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Evidence that gender is socially constructed includes

A) the different gender roles found in different countries.
B) the lack of gender variability generally.
C) studies that find more difference within a gender than between genders on most traits.
D) the common gender expectations across all social classes.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The United Nations estimates that the value of women's unpaid work amounts to at least _.

A) $800 billion
B) $11 trillion
C) $50 billion
D) $140 trillion

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The example of the Navajo berdaches illustrates what concept?

A) Biological determinism
B) Hermaphroditism
C) Gender as a social construction
D) Gender stratification

Question 5

The Equal Pay Act of 1963

A) requires married fathers to be paid more than unmarried men.
B) requires that men and women receive equal pay for equal work.
C) requires companies to pay men and women equally within the company.
D) requires education and experience to be the only factors used to determine pay.

Question 6

_____ is unusual in that there is far greater sharing of household responsibilities by couples than in most other nations.

A) Japan
B) China
C) Britain
D) the United States

Question 7

The Equal Rights Amendment:

A) was passed in 1918.
B) was passed in 1963.
C) was passed in 2012.
D) has not been passed.

Question 8

In school, children gain knowledge and skills as well as gender roles. Schools are:

A) gendered institutions.
B) gendered apartheid.
C) discriminatory institutions.
D) patriarchal systems.

Question 9

Beth decides to become a man. Which of the following would likely occur?

A) A gain in income, power, and social standing
B) A loss in income, power, and social standing
C) Little change in social standing
D) A gain of income by 50 percent

Question 10

When it comes to the impact of religion on gender expectations, all of the following are true, except that:

A) any religion interpreted in a fundamentalist way may be oppressive to women.
B) the most devout believers of any faith tend to have the most traditional beliefs about the proper roles for men and women.
C) both Christian and Islamic women have organized to resist sexist practices.
D) Judaism encourages the most egalitarian roles in the U.S.

Question 11

When a child learns social expectations and behaviors that are associated with being male and being female, he or she is engaging in the process of addressing:

A) sexuality
B) role playing
C) gender socialization
D) sex

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true regarding work and family life?

A) Men, but not women, have increased the number of work hours over the past several decades.
B) The expectations of men in the home have decreased over time.
C) Men are more involved in family life than in the past.
D) Women are moving away from the labor force for the first time in many years.

Question 13

Gender stratification is supported by:

A) a belief that treats gender inequality as natural.
B) individual sexism, not institutional sexism.
C) the matriarchal structure of American society.
D) norms and values encouraging gender equality.

Question 14

Anita believes that the oppression of women results from patriarchy. Anita is a:

A) liberal feminist.
B) functionalist.
C) conflict theorist.
D) radical feminist.

Question 15

Gender is something that is accomplished through ongoing interactions. This process is referred to as:

A) gender socialization.
B) overt gendering.
C) doing gender.
D) matriarchy.

Question 16

Which of these statements about the differences between men and women, is false?

A) Men earn 23 percent more than women.
B) Women live longer than men.
C) Men interrupt others in conversation more often than women.
D) Men live longer than women.

Question 17

Today, women make up 96% of secretaries and 95% of child-care workers. This is evidence of:

A) overt discrimination.
B) sex stratification.
C) patriarchy.
D) occupational segregation.

Question 18

Gail is arguing that women are more emotional and men are more aggressive. She is using which of the following concepts?

A) Social constructionist
B) Biological determinism
C) Gender Socialization
D) Intersexed

Question 19

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Sex refers to biological identity, male or female.
B) Gender refers to the socially learned expectations and behaviors associated with members of each sex.
C) Gender is more important concept to sociologists than sex.
D) The key sociological question on this issue is whether biology or culture is more important.

Question 20

The Minangkabau society in Indonesia is one where women have power over men. The Minangkabau is an example of a(n) society.

A) patriarchal
B) matriarchal
C) sexist
D) apartheid

Question 21

When Johnny learns about gender from a Judeo-Christian religious perspective in the U.S., he will learn about:

A) gender equality.
B) gender differences.
C) female dominance.
D) conservative sex differences.

Question 22

When a society excludes women from institutions in that society, it is practicing:

A) religious sexism
B) theological patriarchy
C) economic segregation
D) gender apartheid

Question 23

In biological terms, the combination of an X and a Y chromosome establishes a person's sex as _.

A) female
B) male
C) hermaphrodite
D) transgender

Question 24

In general, men and women differ physically from each other in all of the following ways, except

A) men tend to have a lower resting heart rate.
B) women tend to have lower blood pressure.
C) men tend to have greater muscle density.
D) women have greater endurance than men.

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of a primary labor market job?

A) Seasonal work
B) Retail sales
C) A corporate management position
D) A waiter or waitress

Question 26

In the primary labor market

A) there is a high turnover rate and low wages.
B) jobs are relatively stable, wages are good, and there are ample opportunities for advancement.
C) women and racial-ethnic minorities are more likely to be employed than in the secondary labor market.
D) jobs are short-lived and workers suffer poor work conditions.

Question 27

When Bob assumes all women should have the same status and behave in the same way, his expectations about gender:

A) only influences females.
B) only influences males.
C) influences both males and females.
D) positively influences males

Question 28

When individuals look back on their lives, is/are most likely the most important influence on their gender socialization.

A) parents
B) peers
C) teachers
D) religion

Question 29

In what way is the gender socialization of African American and White women alike?

A) Both are encouraged to be nurturing and "other­oriented"
B) Both are equally likely to view work as an expected part of a woman's role
C) Socialization for both places a strong emphasis on self-sufficiency and independence
D) Gender conformity is strongly encouraged for both.

Question 30

What is the sociological term for the hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender?

A) Gender apartheid
B) Gender roles
C) Gender stratification
D) Gender assignation

Question 31

Which of the following is not an explanation for the gender pay gap?

A) Men and women have different levels of prior experience and training.
B) Men and women tend to be employed in different types of occupations.
C) Women are discriminated against in employment and in wages.
D) Women and men's wages are determined by biological traits .

Question 32

When an individual is born with both male and female biological sex characteristics, this is referred to as .

A) intersexed
B) fetal sex differentiation
C) transgenderation
D) bisexual variation

Question 33

In order to address the complex causes behind an individual's gender identity, sociologists emphasize:

A) nature only.
B) nurture only.
C) both nature and nurture.
D) neither nature nor nurture.

Question 34

Research on biological determinism has found that

A) a strong correlation exists between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels.
B) changes in testosterone levels predict changes in levels of men's aggression.
C) there are minimal differences in the levels of sex hormones between boys and girls in early childhood.
D) children born with mixed biological sex characteristics are more aggressive than other children.

Question 35

Which of these is not a trait found to correspond to relatively equal status for men and women within a society?

A) Work is highly segregated according to sex.
B) Women have access to education.
C) Women's work is central to the economy.
D) Men make a contribution to household responsibilities.

Question 36

Research on socialization during childhood has found that

A) boys and men are featured in children's books more often than girls and women.
B) toys for both boys and girls today tend to promote cooperation rather than aggression or competition.
C) girls are encouraged to play outdoors as much as boys are.
D) gender is likely not formed until adolescence.

Question 37

Substantial differences in the construction of gender may exist in all of the following except:

A) across social classes.
B) between subcultures within a single society.
C) among different racial and ethnic groups.
D) within a single individual.

Question 38

Which of the following is true regarding gender segregation?

A) Most women work in occupations that have roughly equal numbers of male and female employees.
B) Men are concentrated in fewer occupations that women.
C) The greater the concentration of women workers in an occupation, the lower the pay.
D) Legislation has had little effect on gender segregation.

Question 39

Sexual harassment is a form of overt discrimination that has a negative impact on women's employment. Which of these statements about sexual harassment is false?

A) Sociologists argue men use sexual harassment as a means to protect their power in the workplace.
B) Cultural changes have resulted in men experiencing as much sexual harassment as women.
C) Women in traditionally male-dominated jobs experience the most harassment.
D) Men's preserving of their advantage in the workplace is evidence that women are viewed as sex objects.

Question 40

Martha works in a female dominated occupation and makes less than most men in the overall labor market. Her lower pay can be explained by _.

A) differences in human capital
B) a dual labor market
C) differential association
D) the existence of a power elite

Question 41

The definition of oneself as a woman or a man is termed one's _.

A) gender identity
B) sexuality
C) sexual identity
D) gender attribution

Question 42

How would a functionalist explain unequal wages between men and women?

A) Women experience overt discrimination.
B) Women are socialized into roles that lead them to make choices that might result in lower wages.
C) Women's work is devalued in comparison with men's.
D) Women have less power than do men.

Question 43

When teachers of either sex respond more to boys (positively and negatively) than to girls, they

A) heighten boys' sense of importance.
B) are ignored.
C) create confusion among boys since they are rewarding both conformity and deviance.
D) have little, if any, effect on how boys or girls perceive themselves.

Question 44

When Bob deviates from the binary (i.e., either male or female) system of gender he is .

A) transgendered
B) intersexual
C) sexually differentiated
D) pansexual

Question 45

According to the concept of biological determinism

A) the physiology of any person may be manipulated in order to alter that person's sex.
B) social behaviors are believed to be caused by physiological characteristics.
C) the creation of a male or female occurs as the egg and the sperm meet during human reproduction.
D) the interplay of culture and biology is what shapes human behavior.

Question 46

Which of these is a criticism of the feminist perspective of "doing gender"?

A) It ignores that power and economic differences based on gender that exist in society.
B) It focuses too much on race and class-based gender differences.
C) It does not allow for social change.
D) It encourages radical changes within society.

Question 47

Gender segregation in occupations

A) is not very prevalent, although it does exist.
B) tends to be a disadvantage men who may want to work in traditionally female occupations.
C) reinforces the belief that there are significant differences between men and women.
D) rewards the most experienced women over men.

Question 48

Gender socialization

A) only affects men and women in their relationships with others.
B) is consistent and uniform for all men and women.
C) influences all aspects of society and daily life.
D) may be completely avoided if a person is conscious of it.

Question 49

Which of these statements about gender socialization is false?

A) Gender socialization impacts the self-concepts of both women and men.
B) Gender socialization influences the social and political attitudes of both men and women.
C) Gender socialization shapes the perceptions that men and women have about other people.
D) Gender socialization causes all members of society to conform to gender expectations of society.

Question 50

When Barbara was a child, her view of femininity was shaped not only by her family but also the The media is an example of a(n) _.

A) objective perspective
B) neutral perspective
C) cultural gatekeeper
D) total identity

Question 51

The process of learning the expectations for behavior associated with each sex is called .

A) sexual differentiation
B) gender socialization
C) gender polarization
D) sexual norm internalization

Question 52

Attitudes toward gender roles have changed, so that today

A) only 10 percent of men think that one parent should stay at home while the other is working.
B) both men and women say it is not fair for men to be the sole decision maker in the household.
C) women no longer believe they will be discriminated against men in employment.
D) men and women both agree that gender discrimination should be illegal.

Question 53

A significant difference between the functionalist and conflict theory perspectives on gender is that

A) functionalism is a macrosociological perspective and conflict theory is not.
B) conflict theory recognizes the role of gender within the social structure and functionalism does not.
C) conflict theory is more likely than functionalism to explore issues of race and social class as they relate to gender.
D) functionalism advocates for change more than conflict theory.

Question 54

From a sociological perspective, which of the following is true, regarding sex and gender?

A) Physical differences determine one's gender.
B) Biology alone does not determine a person's gender.
C) Gender is completely socially created.
D) There is no relationship between gender and biology.

Question 55

Which of these statements regarding social and physical differences between men and women is true?

A) Gender differences are the same in every culture.
B) All perceived differences between men and women are natural and biological.
C) For any given trait, there is as much or more difference within a given gender group as between groups.
D) Biological makeup is more important than social influences in creating differences between men and women.

Question 56

Gender expectations begin to influence how children are treated

A) from the moment of birth.
B) after eighteen months of age.
C) at three years of age.
D) when they reach preschool age.

Question 57

Research on the impact of peer relationships on socialization have found that

A) for boys and girls peers reinforce age and racial norms as well as gender expectations.
B) gender norms are applied more strictly to boys than to girls.
C) homophobia serves to reinforce gender norms.
D) All of these choices are true

Question 58

The condition that has generally been called hermaphroditism is now often termed being .

A) transgendered
B) intersexed
C) transsexual
D) dichotomized

Question 59

Gender identity has a strong impact on how one feels about one's appearance. Studies of gender identity and body image have found that

A) among preschool children, girls have lower self-concept related to body image than boys do.
B) in early adolescence boys compare their bodies with others of the same sex more than girls do.
C) by early adolescence girls have lower self-esteem than boys do, due to concerns about their appearance.
D) once men and women reach the stage of being in college, they are equally likely to be dissatisfied with their bodies.

Question 60

Since the passage of Title IX in 1972

A) gender inequality in the schools has disappeared.
B) discrimination by schools on the basis of gender is illegal.
C) boys and girls receive the same treatment by teachers.
D) treatment by teachers is still unequal, but books now feature equal numbers of boys and girls.

Question 61

Which of these statements about the application of the dual labor market theory to the gender pay gap is false?

A) In female-dominated occupations, it is difficult to determine cause and effect in regards to the pay discrepancy between males and females.
B) While equal pay for equal work is applied in principle, men and women do not do equal work.
C) The informal labor market is exclusively female.
D) Women tend to be employed in the second tier of the primary labor market.

Question 62

Which of these statements is true regarding the validity of the human capital theory as it applies to the pay gap?

A) There is no evidence that human capital theory explains the difference in men's and women's earnings.
B) While factors such as education and age do affect earnings, the earnings of men and women with the same levels of education and prior experience are still unequal.
C) Women earn less than men because they work fewer hours.
D) Research indicates that there is actually no difference in men's and women's wages when the type of work is taken into account.

Question 63

The labor market is characterized by high job turnover, low wages, short or nonexistent promotion ladders, and few benefits.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) fringe

Question 64

Research on race, gender, and eating disorders, by Meg Lovejoy, found that

A) Black women are less likely than White women to engage in excessive dieting and are less fearful of fat.
B) White women are much more satisfied with their bodies than originally thought.
C) both Black and White women tend to overestimate their weight.
D) Black women do not suffer from eating disorders such as overeating.

Question 65

According to the text, there is a price of conformity to gender norms. Which of these is nota negative consequence for men that results from conformity to gender roles?

A) Gender norms discourage intimacy with other men, affecting friendships.
B) Conformity to gender norms increases risk-taking behavior that may result in death or injury.
C) Gender norms that demand thinness have resulted in men being diagnosed with eating orders as often as women.
D) Traditional norms of aggressiveness can lead some men to act violently against women.

Question 66

Which of these theories explains wage inequality between men and women using the individual characteristics of workers?

A) Human capital theory
B) Dual labor market theory
C) Both human capital theory and dual labor market theory
D) Neither human capital theory nor dual labor market theory

Question 67

According to the text, individual people do not need to be sexist in order for there to be sexism. How do sociologists explain this?

A) Sexism is a natural part of life and of being human, so it doesn't matter what the individual does.
B) Sexism has become embedded in the structure and ideology of social institutions.
C) Even when people are not consciously being sexist, it is part of their subconscious so it still comes out in different ways.
D) Sociologists do not agree that it is possible for there to be sexism without individuals being sexist.

Question 68

Which of these statements about patriarchy is false?

A) The term refers to a society in which men have power over women.
B) Patriarchy refers to interactions and ideology in the public sphere only.
C) Patriarchy is very common throughout the world.
D) Forms of patriarchy vary from society to society.

Question 69

When Jake adheres to traditional male gender roles, he is more likely to:

A) ignore gender stereotypes
B) take risks and produce physical daring
C) become gender neutral
D) none of the above

Question 70

The labor force participation rate for White women

A) has only recently reached the rate for women of color.
B) has always been much higher than that of women of color.
C) has been stagnant for the past 50 years.
D) is significantly lower than that for women of color.

Question 71

Comparative research finds that women are more nearly equal to men in societies where

A) women perform a lot of the domestic labor.
B) women have responsibility for child care.
C) women have access to education.
D) work is highly segregated by sex.

Question 72

Researchers on the influence of television has found that

A) both boys and girls rate aggressive toys seen in commercials as desirable.
B) viewing stereotypical images of women has no impact on attitudes toward traditional roles.
C) there is a positive link between viewing more sexist images and holding stronger feminist attitudes.
D) watching television results in a rejection of popular culture stereotypes of both men and women.

Question 73

Until recently, matriarchal societies have not been widely noted or discussed in the social sciences. Which of the following explains this?

A) Sociologists agree that matriarchal societies have never existed.
B) Matriarchal societies existed prior to Christianity, but there are not contemporary matriarchal societies.
C) The identification of matriarchal societies has been obscured by the application of Western ideas about power.
D) There is no interest in matriarchal power within the social sciences.

Question 74

Which of the following is not considered one of the central aspects of a gendered institution?

A) The personal opinions and attitudes of the individual members of the institution
B) Stereotypical role expectations for men and women
C) Stratification of the positions within the institution, based on sex
D) Organizational structure that gives advantages to men

Question 75

Research indicates that men and women of different races have different expectations regarding gender roles. Which of these statements regarding expectations of different groups is true?

A) Hispanic men have stronger beliefs than White men that men and women should have different characteristics.
B) African American men are more likely than African American women to support feminism and egalitarian views of men and women's roles.
C) Asian American women are more likely than Asian American men to value egalitarian roles for men and women.
D) African American women are socialized to be more dependent on men than are White women.

Question 76

Human capital theory explains gender differences in wages

A) as created by the different occupations in which men and women work.
B) by taking into consideration women's tendency to drop out of the workforce in order to have children.
C) as the result of individual characteristics of workers.
D) as being overstated.

Question 77

Which of these statements regarding homophobia and gender expectations is false?

A) Fear of being perceived as gay drives greater conformity to male gender norms.
B) Homophobia has the effect of discouraging feminine traits, such as gentleness and empathy, in men.
C) Men who endorse the most traditional masculine roles tend to be the most homophobic.
D) While homophobia encourages gender norm conformity, it is not likely to promote hostility toward gays and lesbians.

Question 78

With regard to homophobia and gender socialization, the author argues that

A) homophobia plays little role in gender socialization.
B) there is no connection between homophobia and gender norms.
C) homophobia may have serious negative consequences for both heterosexual and homosexual men and women.
D) while homophobia has an influence on male socialization, it has no effect on the socialization of women.

Question 79

Professional women experience a significant loss of income if they leave and reenter the workforce after raising children. This has been termed .

A) the mommy tax
B) the double shift
C) double jeopardy
D) dual labor market

Question 80

How is homophobia related to gender socialization?

A) Homophobia encourages conformity to gender expectations.
B) Homophobia illustrates the validity of biological determinism.
C) Sociologists find that the effect of homophobia on peer socialization has been overstated.
D) Research on homophobia indicates that the "social construction of gender" is a myth.