Deck 5: Personality Judgment

Question 1

What are the two primary criteria for evaluating personality judgments?

A) interjudge agreement and internal consistency
B) internal consistency and behavioral prediction
C) interjudge agreement and behavioral prediction
D) predictive validity and behavioral prediction

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Judgments other people make of your personality are known as your

A) reputation.
B) self-concept.
C) realistic accuracy model signal.
D) identity.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The judgments other people make of your personality may affect

A) your opportunities.
B) your chances of getting a job.
C) expectancies of your behavior.
D) All of the answer options are correct.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In terms of personality judgment, according to the text, which of the following is assessed in the process of convergent validation?

A) interjudge agreement
B) constructivism
C) critical realism
D) first impressions

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of interjudge agreement in the context of accuracy judgments?

A) Your own ratings of your conscientiousness predict your class attendance.
B) Your friends' ratings of your agreeableness do not predict your neatness.
C) Your friends' ratings of your extraversion converge with your parents' ratings.
D) Your parents' ratings of your neuroticism correlate with your tendency to have test anxiety.

Question 6

The observation "If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it is probably a duck" illustrates the method of

A) moderator variables.
B) constructivist accuracy.
C) procedural judgment.
D) convergent validation.

Question 7

In a series of studies about intellectual expectancies, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) found that schoolchildren randomly identified as "bloomers" showed an average IQ increase of about 15 points by the end of the school year. These studies demonstrated

A) the power of expectancies.
B) that formal training designed to develop self-efficacy can impact performance.
C) the accuracy of lay judgments of personality.
D) the good target moderator of accuracy.

Question 8

In a study of social expectancies, Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977) found that if male participants were shown a photograph of an attractive woman and told they would be interacting with her by telephone, the female participant they actually spoke with

A) rated herself as more attractive than the woman in the photograph.
B) rated herself as less attractive than the woman in the photograph.
C) was rated by other people as behaving in a warm, humorous, and friendly manner.
D) was rated by other people as behaving in a cold, aloof, and unfriendly manner.

Question 9

Attractive females are expected to be warm and friendly, and those females who are considered to be attractive are treated in such a manner that they indeed respond in warm and friendly ways. According to Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977), this effect is a type of

A) self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) accuracy moderator.
C) sex discrimination.
D) judgeability phenomena.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of predictive validity in the context of accuracy judgments?

A) Your own ratings of your neuroticism correlate with your parents' ratings.
B) Your friend's ratings of your openness do not predict your timeliness.
C) Your own ratings of your agreeableness correlate with a clinician's ratings.
D) Your parents' ratings of your conscientiousness correlate with the messiness of your room.

Question 11

What might be an effect of expectancies in real life?

A) to create new behavioral tendencies
B) to enhance reputations
C) to magnify or maintain existing behavioral tendencies
D) to diminish or punish existing behavioral tendencies

Question 12

Julie does not like to attend parties because she is shy and convinced that people will not like her. When Julie does go to a party, she avoids eye contact, gives abrupt responses to other people's questions, and quickly withdraws from interactions. As a result, she spends most of the evening in a corner by herself, convinced that no one at the party likes her. This is an example of

A) the causal force of I data.
B) expectancy effects.
C) the effects of low self-monitoring.
D) an internal locus of control.

Question 13

According to Lee Jussim (1991), the source of real-life expectancies is likely

A) erroneous stereotypes about groups.
B) previous observations of behavioral tendencies.
C) authoritarian personality traits.
D) a cognitive bias to seek incongruent information.

Question 14

Self-fulfilling prophecies are more technically known as

A) opportunistic fallacies.
B) expectancy effects.
C) consequential reputations.
D) recency effects.

Question 15

The basic reason that research on the accuracy of personality judgments experienced a lengthy hiatus between 1955 and the mid-1980s was that

A) early researchers had already identified the characteristics of a good judge of personality.
B) researchers turned their attention to the content of personality judgments.
C) researchers lacked consensual criteria for deciding the accuracy of personality judgments.
D) early research indicated that personality judgments are relatively inconsequential.

Question 16

Shy people fear social interactions and often feel lonely. Others typically perceive them as

A) shy.
B) cold and aloof.
C) warm and friendly.
D) sensitive and intelligent.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the likely reasons that high-expectancy students perform better?

A) Teachers are warmer to these students.
B) Teachers provide more detailed and constructive feedback to these students.
C) Teachers show an increased willingness to ignore disciplinary problems in these students.
D) Teachers provide extra opportunities to these students.

Question 18

Judgments of your personality by others

A) reflect who you are.
B) impact what you are like.
C) are too inaccurate to be used in research contexts.
D) reflect who you are and can influence what you are like.

Question 19

In terms of interpersonal judgment, one's ________ has a significant effect on the opportunities he or she faces in his or her life.

A) cross-situational consistency
B) self-fulfilling tendencies
C) ability to demonstrate athleticism
D) reputation

Question 20

Research on intellectual and social expectancies demonstrates that

A) other people's perceptions of your personality can influence who you are and what
You do.
B) other people's perceptions of your personality have little influence on your expectations.
C) such judgments are always based on direct observation of behavior.
D) such judgments are rarely unbiased.

Question 21

Participants in a recent study were shown and then asked to judge composite faces from targets who scored extremely low or extremely high on personality dimensions. Which two traits had the highest levels of accuracy for both female and male targets?

A) extraversion and neuroticism
B) extraversion and agreeableness
C) agreeableness and neuroticism
D) neuroticism and openness

Question 22

What does recent research suggest about the validity of first impressions?

A) First impressions based on configural properties of faces may have some validity.
B) First impressions based on the size of the target's nose have a surprising amount of validity.
C) First impressions based on the shape of the target's mouth have a surprising amount of validity.
D) First impressions based on face judgments have no validity.

Question 23

Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the textbook as a potential moderator of accuracy?

A) qualities of personality judges
B) qualities of the target of the judgment
C) the amount of information available to judges
D) the age of the target of the judgment

Question 24

People who enjoy upbeat, conventional music tend to be higher in what trait?

A) cheerfulness
B) talkativeness
C) imagination
D) intelligence

Question 25

Based on recent research, what approach for job interviews might be the best?

A) written responses to open-ended questions
B) telephone interviews
C) face-to-face interviews
D) computer-mediated interviews

Question 26

Which of the following attributes were MOST consistently related to being a good judge of personality in earlier studies investigating accurate personality judgment?

A) extraversion and openness
B) agreeableness and intelligence
C) conscientiousness and intelligence
D) extraversion and conscientiousness

Question 27

Which was NOT one of the areas in which people made reasonably accurate judgments, based only on looking at someone's face?

A) dominance versus submissiveness
B) sexual orientation
C) profitability of a CEO's company
D) number of children

Question 28

A variable that affects the relation between two other variables is known as a

A) moderator.
B) catalyst.
C) transmitter.
D) residual.

Question 29

According to the text, ________ describes a context where social norms tend to restrict what people do.

A) a weak situation
B) an unstructured conversation
C) a strong situation
D) situationism

Question 30

Which of the following illustrates converging criteria that could be used to establish the accuracy of a personality judgment?

A) One of your friends describes you as an extravert.
B) You always show up to work on time, and your colleagues say that you are dependable and conscientious.
C) You tend to get into arguments, and you throw tantrums frequently.
D) You describe yourself as intelligent, but you score low on an IQ test.

Question 31

The statement "There is no such thing as objective reality, only human ideas or perceptions of reality" would MOST likely be made by a(n) ________. The statement "The absence of perfect, infallible criteria for truth does not force us to conclude that all interpretations of reality are equally likely to be correct" would MOST likely be made by a(n) ________.

A) constructivist; empiricist
B) constructivist; critical realist
C) critical realist; empiricist
D) empiricist; critical realist

Question 32

People who enjoy reflective, complex music tend to be higher in what trait?

A) cheerfulness
B) talkativeness
C) imagination
D) intelligence

Question 33

Recent research on the good judge of personality indicated that the good judge was high in

A) extraversion.
B) self-monitoring.
C) narcissism.
D) agreeableness.

Question 34

According to research described in the textbook, about how often did the more "competent"-looking candidate win in the 2004 senate races?

A) 20 percent of the time
B) 50 percent of the time
C) 70 percent of the time
D) 100 percent of the time

Question 35

Imagine that judgments of extraversion made on the first day of college correlate with the number of parties that students attend over the course of their four years of college. Researchers would therefore say that these judgments have

A) interjudge agreement.
B) internal consistency.
C) critical realism.
D) predictive validity.

Question 36

Andersen (1984) found that the quality of information affected the accuracy of personality judgments. According to the results of this study, information obtained from which actions would MOST likely lead to a social impression that corresponds to the target's self-assessment?

A) listening to the target describe his or her overt behaviors
B) observing the person's behaviors at work
C) watching a 5-minute videotaped interaction between the target and an opposite-sex stranger
D) listening to the target describe his or her thoughts and feelings

Question 37

When Samira argues that all interpretations of reality are equally accurate, she is advocating the ________ philosophical position.

A) realist
B) positivist
C) empiricist
D) constructivist

Question 38

When Andrew argues that some interpretations of reality are more correct than others, he is advocating the ________ philosophical position.

A) realist
B) positivist
C) empiricist
D) constructivist

Question 39

Imagine your new roommate makes her bed carefully each morning. What might you infer with some accuracy about her personality?

A) She is conscientious.
B) She is open to experience.
C) She is depressed.
D) She is extremely extraverted.

Question 40

A(n) ________ condition refers to a limit on the generalizability of a particular research conclusion.

A) threshold
B) boundary
C) exclusionary
D) caveat

Question 41

According to research that shows a link between a trait's observability and the accuracy with which it is judged, which of the following traits would be easiest to judge accurately?

A) moodiness
B) talkativeness
C) empathy
D) creativity

Question 42

Which of the following is the strongest situation using the psychological definition of a strong situation?

A) a party
B) an unstructured job interview
C) a funeral
D) free time on a Saturday afternoon

Question 43

Given what we know about trait visibility and judgment, which of the following traits would be difficult to judge?

A) emotional stability
B) extraversion
C) physical appearance
D) social dominance

Question 44

A good judge of personality seems to be high in

A) agency.
B) self-monitoring.
C) communion.
D) absorption.

Question 45

According to the text, ________ does not seem to significantly improve as judges acquire more information, whereas ________ does seem to improve considerably.

A) accuracy; consensus
B) consensus; accuracy
C) predictive validity; reliability
D) consensus; interjudge agreement

Question 46

According to the text, what trait refers to individual differences in the willingness to engage in sexual relations with minimal acquaintanceship?

A) sexual constraint
B) sociosexuality
C) socio-openness
D) sexual openness

Question 47

A small number of studies have investigated whether making an extra effort to be a good judge of personality improves accuracy. According to the textbook, what conclusions can be drawn from this literature?

A) Extra effort greatly improves accuracy.
B) Extra effort reduces accuracy by a considerable amount.
C) Extra effort improves judgments of close friends but not casual acquaintances.
D) The results of the existing studies are mixed.

Question 48

One difficulty that early researchers encountered in identifying the good judge of personality was that

A) a good judge in one context was not always a good judge in other contexts.
B) clinical psychologists dismissed the findings, claiming that good judgment of others required extensive training.
C) no one could measure personality objectively in the first place.
D) researchers did not have the statistical tools to study accuracy.

Question 49

How should you act in everyday life according to the "transparent self" theory of psychological health?

A) Act like a chameleon, changing from one situation to the next, and keep your inner self private.
B) Conceal very little from those around you; show your true self.
C) Adopt a public persona and always follow that identity to keep your inner self private.
D) Make sure to act like everyone else around you to blend in with the crowd.

Question 50

A recent study found that women are more accurate than men in judging others. What was the explanation for this finding?

A) Women are better than men at figuring out what is unique about each person.
B) Men are biased to see everyone more negatively.
C) Men are biased to see everyone more positively.
D) Women are better than men at knowing what the average person is like.

Question 51

In making an overall judgment of your personality, which person should be MOST accurate?

A) a teacher
B) a lifelong best friend
C) a trained clinical psychologist
D) a classmate who has seen you most recently

Question 52

Which of the following is an aspect of the "good" trait?

A) moderation
B) unpredictability
C) visibility
D) acquaintanceship

Question 53

Abed is a stable, well-adjusted person. His behavior is fairly consistent and predictable; essentially, "what you see is what you get." Abed would MOST likely be

A) easy to judge accurately.
B) a good judge of personality.
C) a narcissist.
D) someone who scores high on commonality.

Question 54

A salesperson has been married for 10 years, but her husband has never seen her do her job. According to the textbook, which of the following statements is true regarding the accurate prediction of her behavior during her work?

A) Her customers will be about as accurate as her husband in predicting her behavior at work.
B) Her husband will be much more accurate than her customers in predicting her behavior at work.
C) Her customers will be much more accurate than her husband in predicting her behavior at work.
D) None of the answer options is true.

Question 55

According to evolutionary theory, humans should be able to judge the trait of ________ more accurately than other traits that are less important for the survival of the species.

A) social intelligence
B) self-esteem
C) sociability
D) sociosexuality

Question 56

According to the text, if peers based judgments on reputation and not observation, then researchers should find

A) more agreement on unobservable traits compared to observable traits.
B) more agreement on observable traits compared to unobservable traits.
C) equal agreement for both observable and unobservable traits.
D) no agreement in personality judgments whatsoever.

Question 57

The finding that more observable traits yield better interjudge agreement suggests that peer judgment is based more on ________ than on ________.

A) expectancies; the target's self-judgments
B) a manufactured reputation; direct behavioral observation
C) direct behavioral observation; a manufactured reputation
D) stereotypes; expectancies

Question 58

According to a recent study described in the textbook, which of the following is accurate about people who describe themselves as "a good judge of personality"?

A) Such people are much better than others at judging personality.
B) Such people are no more accurate than others at judging personality.
C) Such people are quite high in narcissism.
D) Such people are quite high in self-esteem.

Question 59

What is the best description of the acquaintanceship effect?

A) Your acquaintances are more accurate than you are when judging your personality.
B) The more information you have about someone, the more accurate your judgment of his or her personality.
C) The longer you have known someone, the less accurate your judgment of his or her personality.
D) People judge their friends more favorably than they judge their enemies.

Question 60

What was the boundary on the acquaintanceship effect identified by Colvin and Funder (1991)?

A) The advantage of close acquaintances vanishes when the criterion is the ability to predict behavior in a situation similar to one that strangers have seen but acquaintances have not.
B) Judgments made by acquaintances who have known the target for 5 years are as valid as judgments made by parents and acquaintances who have known the target for 20 years.
C) Strangers' judgments are more accurate than acquaintances' judgments when the criterion is self-other agreement.
D) Strangers' judgments, based on a 5-minute videotape of the target's behavior, demonstrated these judges' ability to generalize to situations and contexts that were very different from the videotaped interactions.

Question 61

Consider the following scenario: A person sits quietly during a classroom lecture. Which of the following represents the MOST likely reason that accurate judgment of extraversion might fail?

A) Important cues for extraversion are readily displayed.
B) The situation doesn't allow for the display of extraversion.
C) A judge sees no extraverted behavior and judges that the target is introverted.
D) A judge pays good attention and sees all the important behaviors.

Question 62

Drawing on research described in the text on the effect of acting against one's transparent self, what would be a reasonable prediction about an individual with high social anxiety who was instructed to act comfortable in social situations for a week?

A) He or she will report increased concentration at work.
B) He or she will report being psychologically tired and depleted from the effort.
C) He or she will report increased feelings of closeness with others.
D) He or she will not be noticeably different after the study.

Question 63

Consider the following scenario: A courageous person rushes into a burning building to save a child. Which of the following represents a likely reason that accurate judgment of this person's courageousness might fail?

A) The actor does not display important cues for courageousness.
B) The situation doesn't allow for the display of courageousness.
C) A judge sees the courageous act and applies that information to his or her judgment.
D) A judge's eyes are irritated due to the smoke in the air and he or she is unable to see the situation unfold.

Question 64

Bijoy is painfully shy at work. As a consequence of his shyness, according to research referenced in the text, he

A) is less likely to get help if he asks for it.
B) is probably better at working in groups.
C) likely perceives himself as highly extraverted.
D) is likely considered to be very likable among his coworkers.

Question 65

Introspection would be included as part of the ________ function of the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM).

A) detection
B) relevance
C) utilization
D) communication

Question 66

According to a study referenced in the text on personality judgments from close acquaintances (Kolar et al., 1996), acquaintance judgments were more accurate than self-judgments in predicting

A) overt behavior.
B) emotional experiences.
C) life satisfaction.
D) job satisfaction.

Question 67

Consider the following scenario: A child cries for his father to take him to the park while they are at the library. Which of the following represents a likely reason that accurate judgment of the child's extraversion might fail?

A) Important cues for extraversion are not displayed.
B) The situation doesn't allow for the display of extraversion.
C) A judge sees the tantrum and recognizes that the information isn't relevant.
D) A judge is highly intelligent and notices important cues.

Question 68

A judge may see a target's behavior, pay attention to the behavior, and use the behavior in his or her judgment about the target's personality. However, for the personality judgment to be accurate, the

A) observed behavior must be relevant to the trait being judged.
B) behavior must be unusual and distinctive.
C) judge must have observed the behavior on multiple occasions.
D) personality trait must be cross-situationally consistent.

Question 69

Research from multiple psychological domains has demonstrated that first impressions are

A) not at all accurate in judging personality.
B) accurate in judging most of the Big Five personality traits.
C) accurate in judging athleticism.
D) only accurate in judging how neurotic someone is.

Question 70

Imagine that you are at a party, and your best friend introduces you to a guy named David. You and your friend talk to David for an hour, and you both notice the hostile comments that he repeatedly makes about his roommate. Later, you and your friend discuss your impressions of David, and you find that you disagree about him. Your friend thinks that David's comments were just good-natured joking and that he is a nice guy and a pretty funny fellow. You think that his comments were mean-spirited and that he is a hostile person. Your disagreement arises because you and your friend differ in the ________ stage of the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) of personality judgment.

A) detection
B) availability
C) utilization
D) judgment

Question 71

What are the steps in the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) of personality judgment?

A) recall/adjustment/manipulation
B) realism/accuracy/manipulation
C) recall/activation/matching/detection
D) relevance/availability/detection/utilization

Question 72

Which of the following would NOT be considered a route toward improving your self-knowledge?

A) using introspection to look inside your mind and understand yourself better
B) asking others for feedback about yourself
C) taking a poll of how others would behave in the situation you are in
D) observing your behaviors and drawing conclusions about who you are

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that accuracy matters?

A) Personality judgments matter for things like promotion at our jobs.
B) Your reputation doesn't matter much for your well-being and happiness.
C) We can't escape personality judgment; friends and others will form impressions of us.
D) When we understand people better, we have better relationships with them.

Question 74

Doug has known Manesh for more than 20 years. Jim has only known Manesh since he joined Jim's department at Acme Advertising Agency two months ago. According to Colvin and Funder's (1991) study of the boundaries on the acquaintanceship effect, if both Doug and Jim are asked to predict how Manesh will behave during a presentation at work next week, whose predictions will be more accurate?

A) Doug's
B) Jim's
C) The two predictions will be about equally accurate.
D) Neither Doug's nor Jim's; such behavior is not predictable.

Question 75

Broadly speaking, improving the accuracy of personality judgments depends notably on how well everyone is able to

A) be himself or herself.
B) talk to one another.
C) behave the same in the same situation.
D) be polite in social situations.

Question 76

According to the text, what is one of the reasons accurate self-knowledge is a hallmark of mental health?

A) Someone with accurate self-knowledge scores higher on IQ tests.
B) Someone with accurate self-knowledge is also in a good position to make good life decisions.
C) Someone with accurate self-knowledge tends to behave in risky behaviors.
D) Accurate self-knowledge is not a hallmark of mental health at all.

Question 77

Imagine that Sally thinks she can judge Charlie's personality better than Lucy's personality. According to a study referenced in the text on the accuracy of personality judgment (Biesanz et al., 2011), which statement is MOST correct?

A) Sally will be more accurate in her judgments of Lucy.
B) Sally will be equally accurate in her judgments of Charlie and Lucy.
C) Sally will be more accurate in her judgments of Charlie.
D) Lucy will report a fairly negative view of Sally, if she is asked.

Question 78

After Lenny Skutnik dove in to a freezing river to save a woman in danger of drowning, he rejected the media's assertion that he was a hero and claimed that anyone would have done the same thing. According to Funder, why was it difficult for Lenny to accept that he had behaved heroically?

A) He had a low IQ score and therefore could not analyze his own behavior.
B) He did appreciate his heroism but was too modest to admit it to the media.
C) He did not behave in a heroic manner.
D) He did not have the perspective to judge his actions against that of others.

Question 79

Maria realizes that it is easy for her to talk to people at parties and that she is therefore high in extraversion. To what component of the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) does this realization speak?

A) relevance
B) detection
C) utilization
D) observation

Question 80

The degree to which an individual expresses sophistication and creativity when telling a story accurately reflects how ________ he or she is.

A) extraverted
B) neurotic
C) conscientious
D) open to experience