Deck 11: Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research

Question 1

Compared to Freud, ego psychologists pay a good deal of attention to

A) conscious thought.
B) unconscious thought.
C) relationships with fathers.
D) the Big Five traits.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to Adler, social interest is

A) the tendency to observe other people in their natural environments.
B) his personal measure of sociability.
C) an interest in dominance.
D) the desire to relate productively to others.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Javier commonly asserts his dominance to his peers by picking fights or showing off how much weight he can lift at the gym. What kind of overcompensating behavior is Javier displaying?

A) organ inferiority
B) masculine protest
C) inferiority complex
D) basic mistrust

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Though traditional psychoanalysis might focus on childhood conflicts, neo-Freudians expanded their focus to include

A) the eternal struggle between the id and superego.
B) how those childhood conflicts play out in current interpersonal relationships.
C) connecting the childhood conflicts to unconscious processes.
D) how those childhood conflicts stem from the psychosexual stages.

Question 5

What is the animus?

A) a man's idealized conception of women
B) a woman's idealized conception of men
C) the idealized conception of a nonhuman animal
D) the idealized conception of humankind

Question 6

Most neo-Freudians differ from Freud in three major respects. Which of the following is NOT one of these differences?

A) They emphasize a more scientific approach than Freud did.
B) Sexuality is less emphasized by neo-Freudians.
C) Conscious processes are emphasized more by neo-Freudians.
D) They describe interpersonal relationships as the source of psychological health.

Question 7

One difference between the neo-Freudians and Freud is that nearly all neo-Freudians

A) place more emphasis on early childhood development.
B) put more emphasis on interpersonal relationships.
C) adhere to evolutionary theory and emphasize the importance of sex as a motivator.
D) emphasize the importance of unconscious processes in the determination of behavior.

Question 8

In general, neo-Freudians

A) are strict followers of Freudian ideas.
B) represent the majority of psychologists working in universities today.
C) use the same research methods Freud advocated.
D) rarely practice psychoanalysis.

Question 9

Modern psychoanalytic theory deviates from Freudian theory because it focuses less on ________ and more on ________.

A) sex; ego
B) adults; children
C) attachment; development
D) mothers; fathers

Question 10

Jane feels inferior to the people around her, but she tries to act like she is powerful and in control. Adler would say that Jane is

A) experiencing the masculine protest.
B) expressing her animus.
C) developing a persona.
D) reacting to her social interest.

Question 11

Jared always felt that no one ever took him seriously because he was much shorter than everyone else growing up. Now, as an adult, he tries to dominate all situations and assert his opinion whenever he can. According to Adler, what would describe Jared's behavior?

A) organ inferiority
B) parapraxes
C) neurotic need
D) basic mistrust

Question 12

Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with Adler?

A) feminine protest
B) inferiority complex
C) masculine protest
D) organ inferiority

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a reason why different people easily interpret many of Freud's theories in different ways?

A) Freud often changed his mind.
B) Freud's extensive writing allows for individuals to pick and choose different aspects on which to focus.
C) Neo-Freudians used the scientific method to test their interpretations.
D) Many of Freud's theories are vague enough that they can be reinterpreted.

Question 14

In order for a person to develop an inferiority complex, he or she must

A) actually have some disability that makes him or her inferior to others.
B) have developed narcissistic tendencies as a child.
C) have feelings of inferiority as a child.
D) have a particularly strong superego.

Question 15

Most neo-Freudians rely on information from ________ to test or verify their ideas.

A) controlled experiments
B) archival and field studies
C) Freud's original case descriptions
D) patient histories and introspection

Question 16

According to the text, what is unique about the criticism Freud's theories have faced, compared to other psychological theories that have also received criticism?

A) Criticism of Freud's theories tends to be mixed with personal criticisms toward Freud as a person.
B) Critics of Freud's theories often point out the lack of scientific evidence supporting them.
C) Freud's theories often contradict many modern-day psychological theories.
D) Criticism of Freud's theories is also directed toward neo-Freudians.

Question 17

Adler felt that ________ was an important motivator of human thought and behavior.

A) the collective unconscious
B) animus
C) social interest
D) anxiety

Question 18

Tom was a sickly child and always felt helpless. According to Adler, as an adult Tom will probably

A) be a complete invalid.
B) lose all interest in his social environment.
C) attempt to overcompensate.
D) become obsessed with his persona.

Question 19

Why were many of the arguments between Freud and neo-Freudian Karl Jung never resolved?

A) The attacks between them became too personal.
B) There was conflicting scientific evidence between their theories.
C) Many of their theories were actually very similar to each other.
D) Evidence came from their personal experiences, which was impossible to prove.

Question 20

According to Adler, adult behavior that stems from perceived childhood inferiorities is referred to as

A) personality.
B) style of life.
C) way of living.
D) developing a persona.

Question 21

Jung's distinction between people who are outwardly oriented toward the world and those who are turned in on themselves corresponds to

A) Erikson's stage of intimacy versus isolation.
B) Freud's ideas of the oral and anal character types.
C) Jung's own concept of animus and anima.
D) the extraversion-introversion dimension of the Big Five.

Question 22

Horney's major deviation from traditional Freudian ideas was her

A) emphasis on anxiety.
B) view of penis envy.
C) ideas about the development of neurotic needs.
D) link between adult functioning and childhood struggles.

Question 23

Adult behavior, according to Horney, is based on efforts to

A) overcome the fear of being alone in a hostile world.
B) deal with recurring Oedipal crises.
C) resolve interpersonal conflicts with significant others.
D) repress the collective unconscious.

Question 24

Erikson's view is distinct from Freudian theory in that he believed psychological development

A) occurs primarily in early childhood.
B) continues to change throughout the life span.
C) depends on the resolution of the Oedipal complex.
D) involves the investment of the libido at each stage.

Question 25

Jung's biggest divergence from Freud stemmed from his

A) spiritualistic theories.
B) feminist theories.
C) focus on interpersonal relationships.
D) development of personality in adulthood.

Question 26

Throughout his childhood, George developed the basic anxiety of being alone and helpless. According to Horney's theory, as an adult, George has most likely developed a neurotic need for all of the following EXCEPT

A) finding a partner who will solve all of his problems.
B) being loved by everybody.
C) feeling accepted and secure with one's self.
D) being independent of everybody.

Question 27

Jung believed that we all share inborn, species-specific ideas and memories. This is Jung's idea of

A) social interests.
B) collective unconscious.
C) anima.
D) animus.

Question 28

Mike's ideal mate is sensitive and intelligent. Mike's idealized image of a woman is his

A) unconscious compensation.
B) animus.
C) anima.
D) feminine persona.

Question 29

Katie begins online dating hoping she will meet her future husband and avoid becoming an old maid. Her attempt to avoid being alone is an example of a(n)

A) neurotic need.
B) defense mechanism.
C) depressive position.
D) attachment style.

Question 30

All of the following describe neurotic needs, according to Horney, EXCEPT neurotic needs

A) involve a natural stage of adult development everyone must go through.
B) stem from childhood anxieties.
C) are often contradictory.
D) involve a desire for something unrealistic.

Question 31

Freud's oral stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of

A) generativity versus stagnation.
B) basic trust versus mistrust.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Question 32

Horney felt that when women experience penis envy, it symbolizes their

A) desire to actually possess a penis.
B) lack of power or personal freedom in society.
C) rejection of motherhood.
D) dissatisfaction with their own bodies.

Question 33

What is the anima?

A) a man's idealized conception of women
B) a woman's idealized conception of men
C) the idealized conception of a nonhuman animal
D) the idealized conception of humankind

Question 34

Paul is always concerned about how he appears to others and thus wears a carefully chosen public "face" in every situation. According to Jung, Paul has

A) effectively mediated the tension between the animus and anima.
B) become obsessed with his persona.
C) created a false archetype.
D) overcompensated for his sense of inferiority.

Question 35

The idea that men and women each have a masculine and a feminine side is linked to Jung's ideas about

A) intimacy and isolation.
B) inferiority and compensation.
C) the collective unconscious.
D) animus and anima.

Question 36

Freud's phallic stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of

A) industry versus inferiority.
B) basic trust versus mistrust.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Question 37

From a Jungian perspective, a reoccurring image of a snake as the villain in myths and literature is an example of a(n)

A) anima.
B) social interest.
C) persona.
D) archetype.

Question 38

Freud's latency period corresponds to Erikson's stage of

A) generativity versus stagnation.
B) identity versus identity confusion.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) industry versus inferiority.

Question 39

Freud's anal stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of

A) generativity versus stagnation.
B) basic trust versus mistrust.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Question 40

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator measures

A) the Jungian classification of the four basic ways of thinking.
B) prototypical images of women and men.
C) the Big Five traits.
D) aspects of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development.

Question 41

In psychoanalytic terms, objects are

A) pieces of unconscious material against which the ego defends itself.
B) patients undergoing psychoanalytic therapy.
C) emotionally important people and relationships in one's life.
D) created by emotionally unimportant people in one's life.

Question 42

Dr. Ders is a psychotherapist who emphasizes the importance of relating to others as real people who have mixtures of virtues and vices. Dr. Ders is MOST likely a therapist in the tradition of ________ theory.

A) Freudian
B) neo-Freudian
C) Eriksonian
D) object relations

Question 43

The core idea of object relations theory relates back to Freud's work on how adult behavior toward others stems from childhood relationships. This process is known as

A) the inferiority complex.
B) the psychosocial stages of development.
C) development of the ego.
D) transference.

Question 44

The object relations theorist Melanie Klein suggests that important love relationships are mixed with emotions such as envy, fear, and guilt. People react to these emotions by

A) avoiding close relationships.
B) resorting to idealizations of relationships.
C) regressing to early stages of psychosexual development.
D) adopting a new object.

Question 45

College students often have pictures of their friends and families from back home displayed in their dorm rooms. What do these pictures represent?

A) a transitional object
B) reaching the final stage of psychosocial development
C) a neurotic need for love and acceptance
D) an archetype

Question 46

According to Melanie Klein, the ________ position refers to a child's desire to destroy the bad parts of an object because he or she fears being destroyed by them.

A) depressive
B) destructive
C) psychotic
D) paranoid

Question 47

According to Melanie Klein, a child who idealizes a parent also

A) feels hatred toward that parent.
B) feels unconditional love toward that parent.
C) desires to have all of that parent's traits.
D) feels ambivalent toward that parent.

Question 48

Some psychologists maintain that your relationships with other people are based on the images of them that you hold in your mind. Psychologists who emphasize this idea are known as ________ theorists.

A) object relations
B) Eriksonian
C) Adlerian
D) ego

Question 49

What is the overarching principle of object relations theory?

A) Dream objects have a special significance to the person's waking life.
B) Every object we encounter reflects our unconscious experience.
C) We relate to others through our mental images of them.
D) We project psychological characteristics on physical objects.

Question 50

In Erikson's scheme, we progress from one crisis to another according to

A) processes of physical maturation.
B) developmental tasks at different times of life.
C) the successful repression of inappropriate id impulses.
D) the physical location of libido at each stage.

Question 51

Jamal is entering his freshman year of high school. According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, Jamal is likely to face a(n)

A) inferiority complex.
B) struggle for intimacy.
C) identity crisis.
D) sense of shame and doubt.

Question 52

Martha just turned 55 years old and is about to see her last born off to college. According to Erikson, what psychosocial crisis is Martha likely to experience?

A) generativity versus stagnation
B) intimacy versus isolation
C) integrity versus despair
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 53

According to Melanie Klein, the ________ position refers to a child's desire to worship and protect the good parts of an object because he or she fears losing them.

A) depressive
B) constructive
C) enhancing
D) paranoid

Question 54

According to Winnicott, a niffle is transitional because it

A) helps the child shift from a time when adults constantly took care of him or her.
B) is useful when moving from place to place.
C) is an object that is personified by children.
D) enables a child to put on a false self.

Question 55

Modern developmental psychology has been most influenced by Erikson's idea that psychological development

A) occurs in stages.
B) is influenced by parents.
C) happens across the life span.
D) is dependent on physical maturation.

Question 56

Which sequence represents the correct order for Erikson's first three psychosocial stages?

A) basic trust versus mistrust; initiative versus guilt; autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) basic trust versus mistrust; autonomy versus shame and doubt; initiative versus guilt
C) basic trust versus mistrust; initiative versus guilt; identity versus identity confusion
D) identity versus identity confusion; intimacy versus isolation; basic trust versus mistrust

Question 57

What neo-Freudian concept or theory did Erik Erikson develop?

A) neurotic needs
B) psychosocial stages of development
C) the animus and anima
D) object relations theory

Question 58

Major differences between Erikson's theory of personality development and Freud's theory are Erikson's ideas regarding

A) the existence and functioning of the id.
B) development as occurring in a series of stages.
C) the role and pervasiveness of conscious conflict.
D) the importance of parents to a child's development.

Question 59

Ellen is a 50-year-old woman who is raising her two grandchildren, is active in her community, and is learning how to paint. According to Erikson's theory, Ellen has chosen

A) industry.
B) initiative.
C) integrity.
D) generativity.

Question 60

A key theme of object relations theory is that

A) every relationship has elements of satisfaction and frustration.
B) every relationship is either pleasurable or frustrating.
C) unconscious processes determine the conflict among one's objects.
D) we are often able to overcome early maladaptive relationships and form mature love relationships.

Question 61

According to the textbook, what question is MOST useful to ask when evaluating the psychoanalytic approach?

A) Is this approach scientific?
B) Is this approach morally wrong?
C) Does this approach raise unanswered questions about human behavior?
D) How would Freud use this approach to evaluate the behavior of his patients?

Question 62

According to the text, a neo-Freudian would most likely believe all the following EXCEPT

A) much of mental life (i.e., thoughts, feelings, motives) is unconscious.
B) childhood experiences shape the personality developed in adulthood.
C) relationships formed with parents repeat later in adulthood.
D) young boys are shaped by the experience of admiration and love for their mother and bitter jealousy for their father.

Question 63

Freud's descriptions of the anal and oral character have found support in what modern area of psychology?

A) cognitive psychology
B) neuroscience
C) personality psychology
D) social psychology

Question 64

Which of the following describes a key methodological difference between psychoanalytic psychologists and personality psychologists?

A) Personality psychologists rely on anecdotes or personal experiences, whereas psychoanalysts rely on the scientific method.
B) Psychoanalysts rely on anecdotes or personal experiences, whereas personality psychologists rely on the scientific method.
C) Personality psychologists rely on introspective methods for data collection, whereas psychoanalysts rely on outward experiences.
D) Psychoanalysts rely on introspective methods for data collection, whereas personality psychologists rely on outward experiences.

Question 65

Which statement is MOST true regarding the influence of Freud?

A) Freud's ideas about the Oedipal crisis have empirical support.
B) Freud's ideas no longer hold any influence in current psychoanalysis.
C) Few people find psychoanalytic theory interesting or insightful.
D) Freudian ideas continue to influence psychology today.

Question 66

According to the text, what is one reason why psychoanalytic theory is NOT advancing in academic departments?

A) Research psychologists are often ignorant of psychoanalytic thinking.
B) No one is interested in psychoanalytic thinking, not even psychoanalysts.
C) Psychoanalytic thinking has been perfected with object relations theory, so there is no room for advancement.
D) Neo-Freudians respect Freud too much to contradict his theory.

Question 67

According to a study referenced in the text, researchers interested in testing Freud's theory of ego suppression exposed participants to emotionally charged words and assessed their sweat-gland activity in order to measure participants'

A) conscious perceptions.
B) perceptual defense.
C) ego.
D) id.

Question 68

From the perspective of object relations theory, what is the purpose of psychotherapy?

A) to enable an individual to come to terms with his or her phobias and irrational fears
B) to help minimize use of defense mechanisms
C) to encourage free expression of hate, anger, love, and fear
D) to help minimize the difference between the true and false selves

Question 69

Which of the following Freudian ideas is NOT supported by modern research?

A) Denial is a defense mechanism that the unconscious mind uses to keep a perception from emerging into consciousness.
B) The Oedipal crisis occurs in the phallic stage.
C) Much of what the mind does is unconscious.
D) There is evidence of conflict between different mental processes.

Question 70

Match each central theoretical viewpoint with its associated neo-Freudian psychologist.

-Karen Horney

A)People are motivated as adults to overcome feelings of inferiority they developed as children.
B)Human beings are a part of the collective unconscious, which includes inborn memories, ideas, and images.
C)Women lack confidence due to the structure of society rather than the biological differences between men and women.
D)Part of normal development is creating socially acceptable false selves to maintain smooth interpersonal relationships.
E)People relate to other people through the images of them we hold in our minds.
F)People develop through their confrontation with various conflicts throughout their life spans.
G)Psychological development is the story of ego development because the function of ego is to make sense of everything a person experiences.
H)Individuals' early experiences with love shape their future outlooks on life and other people.
I)Any psychological research is at least "a little" psychoanalytic.

Question 71

According to Drew Westen, all of the following studies might be described as psychoanalytic research EXCEPT a study

A) about genetic contributions to infant attachment.
B) about the impact of sexual and aggressive wishes on behavior.
C) to determine the impact of early child-rearing practices on adult personality characteristics.
D) about self-deception and self-defensive thought.

Question 72

According to the textbook, why do chapters of Freud and neo-Freudians tend to be referred to as a "tour of the graveyard"?

A) Most neo-Freudians are dead.
B) The theories of Freud and neo-Freudians are largely regarded as extinct.
C) Most neo-Freudian interpretations are just as negative and dark as Freud's original theories.
D) A review of Freud and neo-Freudians are often excluded from contemporary textbooks.

Question 73

Many current cognitive psychologists have adapted Freud's theory of the unconscious by stating that only a small fraction of psychological activity is conscious. This is known as

A) catharsis.
B) consecutive conscious thought.
C) parallel distributed processing.
D) object relations theory.

Question 74

According to the text, why it is difficult for psychologists to scientifically test for Freud's theory of unconscious suppression?

A) Participants may not be willing to report embarrassing thoughts with researchers.
B) Experiments involving anxiety-inducing thoughts are often prohibited by ethics review boards.
C) Most psychologists do not believe Freud's theory of the unconscious to be correct.
D) There are currently no methods available for testing the unconscious.

Question 75

Classic psychoanalytic theory assumes development ________, whereas contemporary developmental psychology assumes development ________.

A) relies on nature; relies on nurture
B) stops after adolescence; continues throughout adulthood
C) continues throughout adulthood; stops after adolescence
D) relies on nurture; relies on nature

Question 76

Match each central theoretical viewpoint with its associated neo-Freudian psychologist.

-Erik Erikson

A)People are motivated as adults to overcome feelings of inferiority they developed as children.
B)Human beings are a part of the collective unconscious, which includes inborn memories, ideas, and images.
C)Women lack confidence due to the structure of society rather than the biological differences between men and women.
D)Part of normal development is creating socially acceptable false selves to maintain smooth interpersonal relationships.
E)People relate to other people through the images of them we hold in our minds.
F)People develop through their confrontation with various conflicts throughout their life spans.
G)Psychological development is the story of ego development because the function of ego is to make sense of everything a person experiences.
H)Individuals' early experiences with love shape their future outlooks on life and other people.
I)Any psychological research is at least "a little" psychoanalytic.

Question 77

Match each central theoretical viewpoint with its associated neo-Freudian psychologist.

-Alfred Adler

A)People are motivated as adults to overcome feelings of inferiority they developed as children.
B)Human beings are a part of the collective unconscious, which includes inborn memories, ideas, and images.
C)Women lack confidence due to the structure of society rather than the biological differences between men and women.
D)Part of normal development is creating socially acceptable false selves to maintain smooth interpersonal relationships.
E)People relate to other people through the images of them we hold in our minds.
F)People develop through their confrontation with various conflicts throughout their life spans.
G)Psychological development is the story of ego development because the function of ego is to make sense of everything a person experiences.
H)Individuals' early experiences with love shape their future outlooks on life and other people.
I)Any psychological research is at least "a little" psychoanalytic.

Question 78

Anne vents to her friend about her concerns over her boyfriend and their future together. Even though she doesn't resolve her major concerns, she still feels better after talking to her friend. What did Anne experience?

A) ego suppression
B) catharsis
C) intimacy versus isolation
D) a neurotic need

Question 79

Match each central theoretical viewpoint with its associated neo-Freudian psychologist.

-Carl Jung

A)People are motivated as adults to overcome feelings of inferiority they developed as children.
B)Human beings are a part of the collective unconscious, which includes inborn memories, ideas, and images.
C)Women lack confidence due to the structure of society rather than the biological differences between men and women.
D)Part of normal development is creating socially acceptable false selves to maintain smooth interpersonal relationships.
E)People relate to other people through the images of them we hold in our minds.
F)People develop through their confrontation with various conflicts throughout their life spans.
G)Psychological development is the story of ego development because the function of ego is to make sense of everything a person experiences.
H)Individuals' early experiences with love shape their future outlooks on life and other people.
I)Any psychological research is at least "a little" psychoanalytic.

Question 80

Match each central theoretical viewpoint with its associated neo-Freudian psychologist.

-Drew Westen

A)People are motivated as adults to overcome feelings of inferiority they developed as children.
B)Human beings are a part of the collective unconscious, which includes inborn memories, ideas, and images.
C)Women lack confidence due to the structure of society rather than the biological differences between men and women.
D)Part of normal development is creating socially acceptable false selves to maintain smooth interpersonal relationships.
E)People relate to other people through the images of them we hold in our minds.
F)People develop through their confrontation with various conflicts throughout their life spans.
G)Psychological development is the story of ego development because the function of ego is to make sense of everything a person experiences.
H)Individuals' early experiences with love shape their future outlooks on life and other people.
I)Any psychological research is at least "a little" psychoanalytic.