Deck 11: Statistically Based Quality Improvement for Variables

Question 1

________ is based on the concept that all work occurs in a system of interconnected processes.

A) Statistical thinking
B) Qualitative modeling
C) Process benchmarking
D) Rational subgrouping
E) Data interlinking

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Variation within the data in a ________ subgroup can provide a yardstick for computing limits on the standard variation between subgroups.

A) process
B) variable
C) primary
D) stable
E) rational

Answer 2

E

Question 3

A ________ is used when data are geometrically distributed.

A) p chart
B) u chart
C) c chart
D) h chart
E) g chart

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of the following provides a documented, proactive approach to defining how to respond when process control charts show a process is out of control?

A) response charts
B) control plans
C) control charts
D) response plans
E) process plans

Question 5

________ is the probability that a good product will be rejected.

A) Retailer's risk
B) Consumer's risk
C) Manufacturer's risk
D) Management's risk
E) Producer's risk

Question 6

World-class levels of process capability are measured by ________ defect levels.

A) parts per million
B) parts per hundred thousand
C) parts per ten thousand
D) parts per thousand
E) parts per hundred

Question 7

Producer's risk is also called a ________ error.

A) type I
B) non-response
C) type II
D) processing
E) response

Question 8

The diameter of a mason jar is 3 inches but can be as large as 3.03 inches and as small as 2.97 inches. Twenty-five samples of mason jars are taken and it is discovered that these components have a grand mean of 3.01 inches and a standard deviation of 0.02 inches. What is the probability of producing a bad product?

A) 0.60
B) 0.18
C) 0.33
D) 0.45
E) 0.84

Question 9

Consumer's risk is also called a ________ error.

A) processing
B) non-response
C) type II
D) response
E) type I

Question 10

The ________ is the difference between the largest measurement and the smallest measurement in a particular sample.

A) range
B) median
C) mode
D) standard deviation
E) mean

Question 11

________ is the probability that a nonconforming product will be available for sale.

A) Producer's risk
B) Consumer's risk
C) Retailer's risk
D) Management's risk
E) Manufacturer's risk

Question 12

Samples can be ________ according to time or according to sequence.

A) random
B) uncontrollable
C) indefinite
D) systematic
E) stochastic

Question 13

To ensure that processes are stable, data are gathered in ________.

A) batches
B) networks
C) samples
D) lots
E) sets

Question 14

________ happens when statistical quality analysis fails to result in the scrapping or reworking of a defective product.

A) Management's risk
B) Producer's risk
C) Manufacturer's risk
D) Retailer's risk
E) Consumer's risk

Question 15

A ________ subgroup is a group of data that is logically homogeneous.

A) primary
B) rational
C) process
D) variable
E) stable

Question 16

________ is a decision-making skill demonstrated by the ability to draw conclusions based on data.

A) Data interlinking
B) Process benchmarking
C) Rational subgrouping
D) Statistical thinking
E) Qualitative modeling

Question 17

Which of the following is not one of the alternative names for one hundred percent samples?

A) screening samples
B) sorting samples
C) rectifying samples
D) detailing samples
E) stabilizing samples

Question 18

________ is useful because it ensures independence among observations.

A) Process capability
B) Optimization
C) Population distribution
D) Process stability
E) Randomization

Question 19

To ________ means to sample in such a way that every piece of product has an equal chance of being selected for inspection.

A) randomize
B) optimize
C) stabilize
D) rectify
E) modify

Question 20

________ refers to the ability of a process to produce a product that meets specifications.

A) Process stability
B) Process attribute
C) Process variability
D) Process capability
E) Process conformance

Question 21

Process charts are graphs designed to signal process workers when nonrandom variation is occurring in a process.

Question 22

The diameter of a mason jar is 3 inches but can be as large as 3.03 inches and as small as 2.97 inches. Twenty five samples of mason jars are taken and it is discovered that these components have a grand mean of 3.01 inches and a standard deviation of 0.02 inches. What is the capability of this process?

A) 0.08
B) 0.16
C) 0.33
D) 0.49
E) 0.66

Question 23

One hundred percent samples are also known as screening samples.

Question 24

Statistical tools focus on causes rather than effects.

Question 25

Statistical thinking is based on the concept that understanding variation and increasing variation are important keys to success.

Question 26

Statistical thinking is a decision-making skill demonstrated by the ability to draw conclusions based on data.

Question 27

One of the reasons that statistical tools are deemed to fail is because people have a poor understanding of the scientific method.

Question 28

Consumer's risk happens when statistical quality analysis fails to result in the scrapping or reworking of a defective product.

Question 29

Process stability refers to the ability of a process to produce a product that meets specification.

Question 30

Producer's risk is the probability that a nonconforming product will be available for sale.

Question 31

The cusum chart is used for monitoring variables and measurement on a continuous scale.

Question 32

If a sample is systematic according to time, the product is inspected at regular intervals of time.

Question 33

The upper and lower specifications for metal head plates are 5 ±0.1 cm. A sample of the metal head plates in 25 undergraduates yields a mean of 5.05. What is the population standard deviation if the population capability index is 1.666?

A) 0.01
B) 0.02
C) 0.03
D) 0.04
E) 0.05

Question 34

The upper and lower specifications for metal head plates are 5 ±0.1 cm. A sample of the metal head plates in 25 undergraduates yields a mean of 5.05. We know that the population standard deviation is 0.04. What is the population capability index?

A) 2.15
B) 2.51
C) 1.25
D) 1.52
E) 0.42

Question 35

The moving average chart uses past information to predict what the next process outcome will be.

Question 36

World-class levels of process capability are measured by parts per million defect levels.

Question 37

A 50-volt battery must be between 55 and 45 volts when it leaves the factory. Two hundred samples of batteries have yielded the following data: average charge of 49 volts with a standard deviation of 2.5 volts. What is the probability of producing an out-of-spec battery?

A) 0.06
B) 0.80
C) 0.53
D) 0.12
E) 0.32

Question 38

A 50-volt battery must be between 55 and 45 volts when it leaves the factory. Two hundred samples of batteries have yielded the following data: average charge of 49 volts with a standard deviation of 2.5 volts. What is the process capability?

A) 0.06
B) 0.80
C) 0.53
D) 0.12
E) 0.38

Question 39

In the study of quality, Type I error is called consumer's risk.

Question 40

Control chart limits should be updated only when there is a change to the process.

Question 41

What is the difference between a variable and an attribute?

Question 42

Interlinking is useful in helping to identify causal relationships between variables.

Question 43

What is the difference between random and nonrandom variation?

Question 44

Process stability means that the variation we observe in the process is ________ variation.

A) abnormal
B) specific
C) random
D) systematic
E) nonrandom

Question 45

Which of the following is true of random variation?

A) It has a cause that can be identified.
B) It can be easily controlled.
C) It occurs with a somewhat consistent amount of dispersion.
D) It results in a process that is not repeatable.
E) It results from a shift in a process mean or some unexpected occurrence.

Question 46

Nonrandom variation results in a process that is not repeatable.

Question 47

A process is capable if only common variation is present in the process.

Question 48

Processes that achieve capability indexes of 1.25 are world-class capable.

Question 49

The ________ is a process chart used to monitor the average of the characteristic being measured.

A) X chart
B) R chart
C) c chart
D) p chart
E) MR chart

Question 50

Process ________ means that the variation we observe in the process is random variation and not nonrandom variation.

A) optimization
B) capability
C) control
D) variability
E) stability

Question 51

Process control requires that data be gathered in samples. Discuss random sampling and systematic sampling and provide examples of each sampling method.

Question 52

________ variation results from some event, such as shift in a process mean or some unexpected occurrence.

A) Uncontrollable
B) Nonrandom
C) Stochastic
D) Random
E) Indefinite

Question 53

Quality practitioners should not compare process chart limits with product specifications.

Question 54

Nonrandom variation is centered on a mean and occurs with a consistent amount of dispersion.

Question 55

Random variation is also referred to as uncontrollable variation.

Question 56

Process stability means that the variation observed in the process is nonrandom variation and not random variation.

Question 57

________ variation is centered on a mean and occurs with a somewhat consistent amount of dispersion.

A) Nonrandom
B) Specific
C) Systematic
D) Abnormal
E) Random

Question 58

Which of the following is true of nonrandom variation?

A) It is uncontrollable.
B) It is centered on a mean.
C) It occurs with a somewhat consistent amount of dispersion.
D) It results from a shift in a process mean or some unexpected occurrence.
E) It results in a process that is repeatable.

Question 59

Random variation results from an event such as a shift in a process mean or some unexpected occurrence.

Question 60

Explain why random samples are difficult to achieve in a production environment.

Question 61

X chart limits are control limits and not natural limits.

Question 62

A(n) ________ is an either-or-situation resulting from a binomial process.

A) variable
B) paradigm
C) criterion
D) attribute
E) element

Question 63

________ are often used in monitoring the production of silicon chips for computers.

A) X charts
B) c charts
C) np charts
D) R charts
E) s charts

Question 64

If it is too time consuming or inconvenient to compute subgroup averages, a median chart should be used.

Question 65

________ are tools for monitoring process variation.

A) Pareto charts
B) Control charts
C) Histograms
D) Scatter diagrams
E) Cause-and-effect diagrams

Question 66

The ________ chart is used in monitoring process dispersion.

A) X chart
B) c chart
C) p chart
D) R chart
E) X chart

Question 67

A(n) ________ is used when data are hypergeometrically distributed.

A) p chart
B) u chart
C) c chart
D) h chart
E) g chart

Question 68

Which of the following is an example of a variables chart?

A) u chart
B) c chart
C) np chart
D) p chart
E) X chart

Question 69

Process population average, mean, range, moving range, and standard deviation are examples of ________.

A) attributes
B) variables
C) elements
D) criteria
E) paradigms

Question 70

What is the lower limit of R for sample sizes less than or equal to six?

A) -1
B) 6
C) 0
D) -6
E) 1

Question 71

Which of the following is an example of an attributes chart?

A) s chart
B) R chart
C) p chart
D) MR chart
E) X chart

Question 72

The ________ reflects a population distribution.

A) p chart
B) s chart
C) u chart
D) X chart
E) R chart

Question 73

A g chart is useful when data are hypergeometrically distributed.

Question 74

Describe the purpose of an s chart.

Question 75

A(n) ________ is a continuous measurement such as weight, height, or volume.

A) variable
B) attribute
C) paradigm
D) criterion
E) element

Question 76

Proportion defective, number defective, number nonconforming in a consistent sample space, and number defects per unit are examples of ________.

A) criteria
B) paradigms
C) elements
D) variables
E) attributes

Question 77

What is the first step in developing process control charts?

A) Identify critical product characteristics.
B) Select the appropriate process control chart.
C) Determine whether the critical product characteristic is a variable or an attribute.
D) Identify critical operations in the process.
E) Establish the control limits.

Question 78

The ________ is often used where variation in a process is small.

A) s chart
B) X chart
C) np chart
D) u chart
E) c chart

Question 79

The s chart is often used where variation in a process is large.

Question 80

Describe x charts and R charts. List and describe the basic components of each.