Deck 10: Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language

Question 1

Consider: phoneme detection is harder if the phoneme occurred in an ambiguous word (e.g.,/b/ in BOXER from "Ken liked the boxer").Which concept is MOST related?

A)online comprehension task
B)pragmatic task
C)case grammar
D)transformational grammar

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is metacomprehension?

A)knowing the thought processes that go on during comprehension
B)monitoring how well you understand something
C)being able to draw upon extensive semantic memories during comprehension
D)understanding what other people understand

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The labor in vain effect reflects __________.

A)trying to study without adequate materials
B)continuing to try to recall and remember information that just isn't in memory
C)attempts to study information beyond one's current ability
D)the forgetting of information in permastore

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Conceptual knowledge is important for comprehension because comprehension is about __________.

A)meaning
B)linguistic structure
C)thinking
D)perception

Question 5

In language,a comprehension measure in an experiment that gets at cognitive processes that occurring at that time is said to b __________.:

A)phenomenological
B)experimental
C)online
D)linguistic

Question 6

What is the name for estimates of how well one's self has learned something from what he or she has read?

A)feeling of knowing
B)estimates of knowledge
C)self-reflective assessment
D)judgments of learning

Question 7

In general,how good are people's judgments of learning (JOLs)of what they have read?

A)perfect
B)poor
C)very good
D)completely absent

Question 8

What is the name for information that is just beyond one's current level of knowledge?

A)the unknown
B)zone of understanding
C)just within reach knowledge
D)region of proximal learning

Question 9

What is the labor in vain effect?

A)when people spend time trying to learn information that is beyond their current level of knowledge
B)trying to teach someone who is not motivated to learn
C)working hard to get someone to understand what you are saying only to find out that he or she had the wrong idea all along
D)Teaching someone something,only to have him or her forget it soon after

Question 10

Monitoring how well you understand something is __________.

A)personal insight
B)linguistic apprehension
C)metacomprehension
D)impossible

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT an online measure of language comprehension processes in cognition?

A)fMRI recordings
B)verbal protocols
C)ERP recordings
D)paired associates

Question 12

What are judgments of learning (JOLs)?

A)estimates of how well one's self has learned something from what he or she has read
B)estimates of how well a research participant has learned something from what he or she has read
C)a test of a person's knowledge after reading something
D)knowing what other people will have learned from reading a text

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an online measure of language comprehension processes in cognition?

A)reading time
B)word naming
C)lexical decision
D)recall

Question 14

What is it called when people spend time trying to learn information that is beyond their current level of knowledge?

A)pragmatics
B)labor in vain
C)region of proximal learning
D)misunderstanding

Question 15

One online measure of language comprehension is __________.

A)reading time
B)response time
C)reaction time
D)release time

Question 16

In language comprehension,pragmatics refers to __________.

A)word orderings
B)what is practical to do and what is not
C)extralinguistic factors that guide understanding
D)strictly linguistic factors that guide understanding

Question 17

What is the region of proximal learning?

A)age-appropriate reading materials
B)age-appropriate classroom styles
C)the time of day when a person is most alert (because of circadian rhythms)
D)information that is just beyond one's current level of knowledge

Question 18

The ability to monitor one's own understanding of what is being read is __________.

A)metacomprehension
B)implicature
C)comprehension
D)analysis by synthesis

Question 19

Knowing a person's region of proximal learning helps avoid __________.

A)metacomprehension responsibilities
B)false consensus
C)the labor in vain effect
D)providing judgments of learning

Question 20

Your acceptance of the ideas conveyed to you while you are trying to comprehend language reflects your __________.

A)knowledge
B)experience
C)competence
D)beliefs

Question 21

The process of comprehension in Gernsbacher's theory,of building a mental representation of the meaning of sentences,is __________.

A)the situation model
B)structure building
C)suppression
D)the process model

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT associated with online eye movement research?

A)immediacy assumption
B)eye-mind assumption
C)saccades
D)displacement

Question 23

__________ is a principle measure of online reading comprehension.

A)Think-aloud procedure
B)Gaze duration
C)ERP
D)Accuracy

Question 24

Which is NOT part of Gernsbacher's structure-building framework?

A)shifting
B)laying a foundation
C)mapping information
D)pragmatic assessment

Question 25

The act of using a pronoun or possessive later on is __________.

A)the recency effect
B)an anaphoric reference
C)situational cueing
D)facilitation of structure building

Question 26

A __________ is a memory representation of a possible word situation.For example,a representation of the situation described in a passage of text

A)situational model
B)process model
C)reference model
D)semantic model

Question 27

During reading,the eye remains fixated on a word as long as the word is being actively processed.This reflects __________.

A)eye-mind assumption
B)immediacy assumption
C)direct reference
D)the "assist" function

Question 28

The finding that people read more slowly when they encounter a name anaphor in a text demonstrates __________.

A)anaphoric cuing
B)antecedent processing cost
C)repeated name penalty
D)reduced semantic implicature

Question 29

Situation models do all of the following EXCEPT __________.

A)represent a possible world described in a passage of text
B)represent the propositional coding of the information
C)include inferences drawn while comprehending
D)include spatial and temporal information

Question 30

The assumption that readers try to interpret each content word of a text as that word is encountered in the passage-that is,we do not take in a group of words before starting to process them-is __________.

A)eye-mind assumption
B)immediacy assumption
C)direct reference
D)the "assist" function

Question 31

In an online reading task,poor readers tend to return to previous words that they have already read to a much greater extent than better readers do.Just & Carpenter (1980,1987,1992)refer to this "return" as __________.

A)foveation fixation
B)regressive movements
C)saccadic return
D)functional processing

Question 32

__________ is a means of assessing comprehension online.

A)Eye tracking
B)Recognition memory
C)Concept sorting
D)Discourse analysis

Question 33

"Maria-José was studying hard for her cognition exam."

A)Cognition exam is the agent.
B)Maria-José is the antecedent of her.
C)Studying hard is an anaphoric reference.
D)Studying and exam are concurrent references.

Question 34

A __________ is a representation of the event described in a passage of text.

A)simulation model
B)process model
C)situation model
D)path model

Question 35

__________ is a control structure in Gernsbacher's structure building framework.

A)Suppression
B)Mapping
C)Enhancement
D)Refocusing

Question 36

As new substructures are developed,memory nodes for related concepts increase activation; memory nodes for no longer related information decrease in activation.Gernsbacher defines this as __________.

A)enhancement and suppression
B)facilitation and suppression
C)enhancement and repression
D)facilitation and repression

Question 37

Introduction of a new character in a narrative story is most associated with __________.

A)mapping
B)shifting
C)foundation building
D)suppression

Question 38

Alluding to a concept using another name is __________.

A)deceptive
B)reference
C)authorized inference
D)unauthorized inference

Question 39

An eye tracker can be used in language comprehension research to __________.

A)reduce reading speed
B)give faster memory tests
C)know when a person is done reading
D)monitor understanding

Question 40

The act of using a pronoun or possessive (or synonym)to refer back to a previously mentioned concept is __________.

A)anaphoric reference
B)anomic reference
C)alexic reference
D)aphritic reference

Question 41

Research by Zwaan,Stanfield,and Yaxley (2002)has shown that situation model construction of sentences such as The ranger saw the eagle in the sky involves __________.

A)propositional coding
B)semantic case roles
C)overt cognition
D)embodied semantics

Question 42

__________ is the intended reference,whereas __________ are the connections drawn by the reader.

A)Implication; inferences
B)Inference; implications
C)A target; cues
D)A cue; targets

Question 43

Gernsbacher's "advantage clause recency" produces a significant recency advantage __________.

A)for 50-60 milliseconds
B)for 150 milliseconds
C)for 1-2 seconds
D)regardless of the test interval

Question 44

What is the repeated name penalty?

A)slower reading times for names of characters that repeat (e.g.,Tom Tom)
B)poorer memory for names that are repeated in a text
C)disrupted cognition when a person's name is repeated by a different character
D)slower reading times of a sentence that repeats the name of a character

Question 45

Which of the following represents direct reference?

A)Identity: Michelle bought a computer.It was on sale.
B)Probable parts: Erick bought a used snowboard.The bindings are broken.
C)Optional roles: I taught a class yesterday.The chalk tray was empty.
D)Causes: Gweneth answered a question in class.The professor had called upon her.

Question 46

What is a speech act?

A)any kind of explicit speech
B)pretending to speak,but not really doing it
C)the intended consequence of what is said
D)early language attempts by infants

Question 47

Which provides evidence for structure building?

A)bridging
B)mapping
C)advantage of clause recency
D)suppression

Question 48

An inference that draws a connection between stated concepts in a text is called __________.

A)elaborative
B)maintenance
C)semantic
D)bridging

Question 49

An inference that is intended by a speaker or writer is called __________.

A)authorized
B)explicit
C)necessary
D)bridging

Question 50

An intended reference in a sentence or utterance is __________.

A)inference
B)implication
C)reference
D)simple reference

Question 51

Which provides evidence for structure building?

A)immediacy
B)shifting
C)advantage of first mention
D)suppression

Question 52

Connections between concepts drawn by readers is __________.

A)inference
B)implication
C)reference
D)simple reference

Question 53

"Advantage of first mention" is __________.

A)characters and ideas that were mentioned in the very first sentence,at the beginning of the entire episode; they retain a special significance
B)the process of comprehension in Gernsbacher's theory,of building a mental representation of the meaning of sentences
C)the linguistic process of alluding to a concept by using another name (e.g.,pronouns or synonym); use of this will require the reader/listener to find the connections to the other concepts in the sentence
D)the mental processes of reference,implication,and inference during language comprehension; it is required for the process of constructing a connection between concepts

Question 54

People are more likely to make _____________ inferences than _____________ inferences.

A)explicit; implicit
B)implicit; explicit
C)forward; backward
D)backward; forward

Question 55

Clark's "bridging inference" includes all but __________.

A)reference
B)implication/implicature
C)indirect reference
D)conversational maxims

Question 56

Which of the following represents indirect reference by characterization?

A)Identity: Michelle bought a computer.It was on sale.
B)Probable parts: Erick bought a used snowboard.The bindings are broken.
C)Optional roles: I taught a class yesterday.The chalk tray was empty.
D)Causes: Thuy answered a question in class.The professor had called upon her.

Question 57

If a person signals that he wants you to help him by saying "Boy,these bags are heavy," the intention to get you to help is called a(n)__________.

A)request
B)speech act
C)articulatory action
D)goal

Question 58

Which is NOT true of sentences with definite and indefinite articles?

A)The word "the" is a cue for discourse coherence.
B)The word "the" enables us to perform the mapping process more efficiently and accurately.
C)Sentences with the word "the" show greater evidence of coherent processing than those with indefinite articles.
D)Indefinite articles produce greater brain activation than definite articles.

Question 59

"In the mind of the speaker"

A)enhancement
B)inference
C)processing fluency
D)implication

Question 60

Situation models likely involve __________ qualities.

A)numinous
B)perceptual
C)authoritative
D)dualist

Question 61

Work in cognitive science has shown that research and findings from language comprehension can be extended to understanding how people process __________.

A)word lists
B)snapshots
C)nonsense syllables
D)films

Question 62

Rather than deliberate manipulations based on direct and second-order theories,conversational utterances are largely based on __________.

A)conventional analysis
B)egocentric perspectives
C)availability bias
D)cognitive resource maintenance

Question 63

In conversation,your beliefs about your conversational partners' knowledge and interests reflect __________.

A)primary theory
B)direct theory
C)derivative theory
D)second-order theory

Question 64

The following interaction most likely reflects which conversational problem? BOB: "I bought a new laptop yesterday."
JOHN: "I bought a new shirt yesterday."

A)violation of topic maintenance
B)violation of quality
C)violation of quantity
D)failure to express a rule violation

Question 65

In the work by Morrow,Greenspan,and Bower (1987)people first memorized a map of a building.Then,when they read stories,they were probed for objects in that building.What they found was that the further a story protagonist was from other objects,__________.

A)the faster the response times
B)the slower the response times
C)the more accurate the responses
D)the less accurate the responses

Question 66

What is it called when a person alters his or her situation model to account for new information?

A)updating
B)modification
C)inferencing
D)accommodating

Question 67

If,prior to a guest speaker coming in,your boss noted "the water glasses are empty," which would be true?

A)The statement would be processed more slowly than it would had it been made by a coworker.
B)The statement would be processed more quickly than it would had it been made by a coworker.
C)The statement would be processed at the same rate than it would had it been made by a coworker.
D)The statement would violate the quantity and clarity metric.

Question 68

Work in cognitive science has shown that research and findings from language comprehension can be extended to understanding how people process __________.

A)word lists
B)snapshots
C)nonsense syllables
D)virtual environments

Question 69

The broad term for the rules that govern our conversational interactions is __________.

A)conversational laws
B)conversational principles
C)conversational expectations
D)conversational maxims

Question 70

In conversation,your beliefs about what your conversational partner knows about you and your interests-what they think you are like-reflect __________.

A)primary theory
B)direct theory
C)derivative theory
D)second-order theory

Question 71

One factor that can influence language comprehension ability of a person is __________.

A)utterance speed
B)regional accent
C)genetics
D)working memory capacity

Question 72

"Turn yielding" cues include all but __________.

A)a long pause at the end of a statement
B)directed communication to another participant
C)a drop in pitch or loudness
D)breaking eye contact

Question 73

The idea that each person in a conversation implicitly assumes that all speakers are following the rules and that each contribution to the conversation is a sincere,appropriate contribution-the most basic conversational postulate,stating that participants cooperate by sharing information in an honest fashion-is __________.

A)the "Cooperative" principle
B)the "Quality" principle
C)the "Belief" principle
D)the "Manner" principle

Question 74

Which is NOT one of the four conversational maxims identified by Grice (1975)?

A)quantity
B)quality
C)manner and tone
D)recipient awareness

Question 75

Which one of the following does the following exchange illustrate? Question: "Do you accept credit cards?"

A)indirect request
Bunauthorized implication
C)manner and tone violation
D)second-order theory

Question 76

If people memorize a map,and then traverse in a virtual environment,rather than read a text,the availability of knowledge about objects in the environment __________.

A)is the same as it would be for people who read
B)is worse than for people who read
C)shows a different pattern compared to people who read
D)is better than it would be for people read

Question 77

Neurologically,the right hemisphere is more involved in _____________,whereas the left hemisphere is more involved in _____________.

A)generating remote associations; deriving specific word meanings
B)deriving specific word meanings; generating remote associations
C)implication; inference making
D)inference making; implication

Question 78

In Keysar's investigations of conversations,__________.

A)kids,but not adults,show egocentric utterances (expecting others to know what we know and failing to take the others' knowledge into perspective)
B)adults initially planned utterances are egocentric (ambiguous or difficult for the listener to comprehend)
C)adults effectively "repair" almost all egocentricities in their initial utterance
D)our speech is almost entirely driven by our direct and second-order theories

Question 79

Which is NOT related to the structure of conversations?

A)turn taking
B)social roles
C)availability
D)setting

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT an event dimension in Zwaan's event indexing model?

A)serial position
B)causality
C)space
D)intentionality