Deck 7: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

Question 1

Define premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Why has this diagnosis been controversial?

Answer 1

not answered

Question 2

Using DSM-5, compare and contrast the similarities and differences between bipolar I and bipolar II disorder.

Answer 2

not answered

Question 3

What evidence exists to support the biological view of unipolar depression? Which conclusions can be drawn from this evidence? Discuss at least two biological factors implicated in this model.

Answer 3

not answered

Question 4

Distinguish between bipolar disorder, unipolar depression, and cyclothymic disorder using DSM-5 criteria.

Question 5

Describe the three forms of Aaron Beck's cognitive triad. How would each form influence the thinking of a depressed person?

Question 6

A state in which a person feels low and life seems bleak with overwhelming challenges is called _____.

Question 7

Depressed people are usually less active and less productive; this state is considered a(n) _____ symptom.

Question 8

The state of frenzied energy in which people have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking is called _____.

Question 9

When a stressful event appears to be responsible for the onset of a major depressive episode, clinicians refer to it as a(n) _____ or exogenous depression.

Question 10

A mood of euphoric joy and well-being characterizes _____, a clinical symptom of bipolar disorder.

Question 11

The theorist responsible for focusing attention on the negative aspects of thinking as an explanation of depression is _____ (last name only).

Question 12

Peter Lewinsohn has developed a theory that depression results from a progressive decrease in the number of social _____ that a person receives over a long period of time.

Question 13

"I have no control over good things in my life." The _____ theory of depression BEST explains this statement.

Question 14

Discuss the relationship between gender and depression. How does research support the theories that explain gender differences?

Question 15

The cognitive triad refers to individuals repeatedly interpreting (1) their _____, (2) themselves, and (3) their futures in negative ways that lead to feeling depressed.

Question 16

Describe the psychodynamic explanation for the development of unipolar depression. Which research findings call this perspective into question?

Question 17

One theory to explain the possible gender differences in unipolar depression is that women tend to think about events long after they happened. This is called the _____ theory.

Question 18

Negative thinking lies at the center of unipolar depression. Referring to this theory, discuss four areas that may contribute to negative thinking, which in turn may cause depression.

Question 19

Someone you know has just had a minor fender-bender, caused by backing his car into a light pole. Using the concepts of the attribution-helplessness theory, provide examples of what an individual at risk for depression would say regarding what just happened to him. Be sure to include all three attributional dimensions.

Question 20

Compare and contrast depression and mania, and explain how these are related to unipolar depression and bipolar disorders.

Question 21

Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder share all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

A) problematic emotional extremes.
B) periods of severely or mildly depressive episodes.
C) significant distress or impairment.
D) inappropriate rises in mood.

Question 22

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power, is characteristic of:

A) mania.
B) dysthymia.
C) depression.
D) cyclothymia.

Question 23

Sophie stated that she is deeply saddened by the recent death of her grandmother. José thinks that Sophie is suffering from unipolar depression because of this event. Which statement MOST strongly refutes José's assumption?

A) Unipolar depression is rarely triggered by uncontrollable losses.
B) Unipolar depression is often accompanied by periods of mania after someone loses a loved one.
C) Unipolar depression is often diagnosed shortly after a person experiences the loss of a loved one.
D) Unipolar depression differs from the relatively short-lived sadness we fell from the loss of a loved one.

Question 24

The experience of constant weeping would be considered a(n) _____ symptom of depression.

A) cognitive
B) emotional
C) behavioral
D) motivational

Question 25

Based on demographic data alone, which person is MOST likely to develop severe unipolar depression?

A) A teenage boy who lives with his wealthy parents
B) A woman who lives in poverty
C) An elderly man who lives in a low-income area
D) A man who lives alone in his upper-middle-income home

Question 26

Mania is to _____ as depression is to _____.

A) males; females
B) excessive energy; lack of energy
C) extreme emotions; lack of emotion
D) accurate self-perceptions; distorted self-perceptions

Question 27

Which statement BEST reflects the gender differences seen in unipolar depression?

A) Men and boys are almost twice as likely as women and girls to have unipolar depression.
B) Men are at least twice as likely as women to have unipolar depression, but girls are twice as likely as boys to develop unipolar depression.
C) Women are at least twice as likely as men to have unipolar depression, but boys are twice as likely as girls to develop unipolar depression.
D) Women are at least twice as likely as men to have unipolar depression, but prevalence among boys and girls is similar.

Question 28

Which statement about unipolar depression is TRUE?

A) Most individuals with unipolar depression require more than one year of treatment before seeing improvement.
B) The vast majority of individuals with unipolar depression recover within 6 months, sometimes without treatment.
C) About half of the individuals who receive treatment for unipolar depression improve within the first 6 months; all individuals experience full recovery within one year, even without treatment.
D) Treatment for unipolar depression is always required and is effective almost immediately in approximately two-thirds of all individuals.

Question 29

Unipolar depression is depression that:

A) occurs without periods of mania.
B) stems from a single event in one's life.
C) includes only extreme sadness as a symptom.
D) occurs only in polar regions due to the lengthy absence of sunlight during winter.

Question 30

An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is the:

A) particular medication used to treat the problem.
B) cause of the problem.
C) severity and duration of the problem.
D) demographic characteristics of the person.

Question 31

The disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms is called _____ disorder.

Question 32

An example of an emotional symptom of depression is:

A) not wanting to eat.
B) having a negative view of oneself.
C) feeling sad and angry.
D) staying in bed for hours during the day.

Question 33

Most individuals feel "depressed" at some point in time. Which statement BEST describes the difference between this depression and a depressive disorder?

A) General "depression" is the first stage of a depressive disorder, termed a preclinical disorder.
B) "Depression" in the general sense refers to pain brought about due to a biological cause, whereas depressive disorders have many causes.
C) General "depression" refers strictly to clinical unipolar depressive disorder, whereas depressive disorder is a broader category of depression.
D) Periods of general "depression" are shorter lived, whereas those with depressive disorders experience severe and long-lasting psychological pain.

Question 34

During a manic episode, Eleanor feels wide awake and energetic even though she hasn't sleep for two days. This represents a(n) _____ symptom of mania.

Question 35

Whereas neurotransmitters play a significant role in the communication between neurons, _____ seem to play a critical role in relaying messages within a neuron.

Question 36

Severe unipolar depression is less common in adults older than age 65. According to the text, one possible reason for this is that:

A) older adults are less likely to seek medical help and, therefore, remain undiagnosed.
B) depression in older adults is commonly misdiagnosed as an anxiety disorder.
C) severe depression is associated with health problems that could prevent affected adults from living to an old age.
D) the DSM-5 criteria to diagnose severe unipolar depression require that the condition present in childhood.

Question 37

What percentage of all adults experience an episode of severe depression at some point in their lives?

A) 5 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 20 percent
D) 40 percent

Question 38

A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include depressive and manic episodes has been identified as _____ disorder.

Question 39

A person who alternates between periods of depression and mild mania has _____ disorder.

Question 40

The average age of onset of unipolar depression is _____ years of age.

A) 8
B) 19
C) 28
D) 45

Question 41

A friend who has unipolar depression says, "I can't do anything right. Nobody will ever love me again." This statement reflects a(n):

A) cognitive symptom.
B) behavioral symptom.
C) emotional symptom.
D) motivational symptom.

Question 42

To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, catatonic, an individual must display:

A) repeated episodes.
B) fluctuation in mood during the year.
C) motor immobility or excessive activity.
D) onset within 4 weeks of giving birth.

Question 43

Which is NOT a type of major depressive disorder?

A) Catatonic
B) Seasonal
C) Melancholic
D) Posttraumatic

Question 44

Brody no longer enjoys his usual hobbies, talking to his friends, or even playing with his dog. In fact, Brody didn't even care when he learned that he was up for a promotion at work. This BEST describes someone with:

A) fatalism.
B) anhedonia.
C) automatic thinking.
D) dysregulation.

Question 45

An example of a cognitive symptom of unipolar depression is:

A) overeating.
B) viewing the self as inadequate.
C) feeling dizzy.
D) avoiding interactions with friends.

Question 46

A man diagnosed with unipolar depression exhibited his first diagnosable symptoms when he was about 40 years old. Among those experiencing unipolar depression, his case is:

A) common; the average age of diagnosis is middle age and depression is more common in men.
B) uncommon; the average age of diagnosis is middle age but depression is more common in women.
C) uncommon; although more common in men, the average age of diagnosis is early adulthood.
D) uncommon; the average age of diagnosis is early adulthood and depression is more common in women.

Question 47

To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, melancholic, an individual must display:

A) repeated depressive episodes.
B) fluctuations in mood during the year.
C) motor immobility or excessive activity.
D) almost no emotional response to pleasurable events.

Question 48

Regarding the symptoms of depression, a motivational symptom like the lack of desire to get out of bed is different from its companion behavioral symptom, such as:

A) waking up with a headache and nausea.
B) thinking that nothing good will happen if one gets out of bed.
C) staying in bed all day.
D) waking up feeling sad and miserable.

Question 49

A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth is showing all of the following symptoms EXCEPT:

A) emotional symptoms.
B) motivational symptoms.
C) behavioral symptoms.
D) cognitive symptoms.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a physical symptom of depression?

A) Sleeping poorly
B) Eating less frequently
C) Experiencing frequent headaches
D) Feeling sad and dejected

Question 51

To be classified as a major depressive episode, depression must last for at least:

A) two weeks.
B) two months.
C) one year.
D) two years.

Question 52

Since immediately after the birth of her son, Aubree has experienced a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to take care of him. She has never felt this way before, and this sadness has been going on for several weeks. With which type of major depression would Aubree MOST likely be diagnosed?

A) Seasonal
B) Catatonic
C) Peripartum
D) Melancholic

Question 53

What would be the most appropriate diagnosis for a person who experienced a major depressive episode, does not have any history of mania, and is either immobile or excessively active?

A) Recurrent depression
B) Seasonal depression
C) Catatonic depression
D) Melancholic depression

Question 54

Which disorder may be categorized as seasonal if it changes with the seasons?

A) Persistent depressive disorder
B) Major depressive disorder
C) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
D) Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Question 55

Frequent headaches, indigestion, and sleep disturbances are _____ symptoms of depression.

A) physical
B) emotional
C) behavioral
D) motivational

Question 56

The BEST example of a motivational symptom of unipolar depression is a:

A) man who feels no pleasure from the things he used to enjoy.
B) woman who thinks that her sadness will never go away.
C) man who stops cleaning his apartment and even stops showering.
D) woman who loses all interest in running, something she used to do daily.

Question 57

To receive a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder with dysthymic syndrome, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least:

A) two weeks.
B) two months.
C) one year.
D) two years.

Question 58

Juan is currently experiencing a period of sadness that has resulted in almost total immobility. He sits in a chair all day and almost never moves. His wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night. Which type of major depression would he MOST likely be diagnosed with?

A) Seasonal
B) Catatonic
C) Recurrent
D) Melancholic

Question 59

An example of a behavioral symptom of depression is:

A) not wanting to eat.
B) having a negative view of oneself.
C) feeling sad and angry.
D) staying in bed for hours during the day.

Question 60

A defining characteristic of melancholic depression is:

A) catatonia.
B) anhedonia.
C) mania.
D) dysphoria.

Question 61

The neurotransmitters associated with unipolar depression are:

A) dopamine and acetylcholine.
B) dopamine and glutamine.
C) serotonin and GABA.
D) serotonin and norepinephrine.

Question 62

How are the features of the "baby blues" different from the symptoms of peripartum depression?

A) Both the "baby blues" and peripartum depression have the same symptoms.
B) The symptoms of the two differ depending on the age of the mother and the number of children she has had.
C) The symptoms of the "baby blues" are like those of peripartum depression, but are less severe and persistent.
D) Unlike in peripartum depression, the symptoms of the "baby blues" persist for several months following the delivery of a baby.

Question 63

Which statement BEST describes what is known about the relationship between neurotransmitters and unipolar depression?

A) Serotonin and norepinephrine work independently of each other.
B) Serotonin has greater influence than norepinephrine in unipolar depression, but not in other disorders.
C) The interaction between serotonin and norepinephrine is more influential than the activity of each of these neurotransmitters by itself.
D) Studies have shown weak linkages between serotonin and norepinephrine activity regarding unipolar depression.

Question 64

Factors stemming from stressful life events are to reactive depression as factors stemming from no known stressful life events are to:

A) catatonic depression.
B) melancholic depression.
C) endogenous depression.
D) persistent depressive disorder with dysthymic syndrome.

Question 65

Easton saw his best friend shot and killed by a gunman who was driving through his neighborhood. A month later, Easton is in a psychologist's office complaining that he cannot work; everything seems hopeless. He has several other symptoms consistent with these complaints. Based on these data, the diagnosis would MOST likely be:

A) recurrent depression.
B) reactive depression.
C) endogenous depression.
D) melancholic depression.

Question 66

_____ follows clear-cut stressful events, whereas _____ seems to be a response to internal factors.

A) Reactive depression; endogenous depression
B) Cyclothymic disorder; reactive depression
C) Postpartum depression; cyclothymic depression
D) Major depressive disorder; persistent depressive disorder

Question 67

Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a predisposition for unipolar depression within families. Which theoretical framework encompasses these studies?

A) Humanist
B) Biological
C) Behavioral
D) Psychodynamic

Question 68

Which statement is TRUE for women experiencing peripartum depression regarding psychotherapy for depression?

A) Most women stop having depressive symptoms within 4 weeks after the birth of their child.
B) A psychodynamic approach works particularly well.
C) Many women with peripartum depression find self-help support groups particularly helpful.
D) Such women should avoid antidepressant medications, because these medications work well for unipolar depression but not for peripartum depression.

Question 69

A woman being treated for peripartum depression after the birth of her first child is most likely to:

A) experience peripartum depression after her first birth but rarely experience it again.
B) experience peripartum depression only after the birth of a first child.
C) have a 25 to 50 percent chance of experiencing peripartum depression with her next child.
D) have a 100 percent chance of experiencing peripartum depression with her next child.

Question 70

Historically, peripartum depression has been labeled:

A) peripheral depression.
B) postpartum depression.
C) posttraumatic stress disorder.
D) premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

Question 71

Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. These studies have found:

A) a lower rate of unipolar depression among children of parents with this disorder.
B) a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients.
C) high rates of unipolar depression among dizygotic twins but not among monozygotic twins.
D) no compelling evidence for depression among relatives of a depressed individual.

Question 72

The accidental discovery of drugs that increased serotonin and norepinephrine activity led to also effective treatments for:

A) unipolar depression.
B) bipolar I disorder.
C) bipolar II disorder.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 73

Considering that numerous chromosomes have genetic markers that are associated with unipolar depression, which inference may we draw about the link between genetic factors and depression?

A) The genetic basis for depression is stronger than other factors that are linked to depression.
B) Genetic screening should be used to identify those individuals who are at risk for developing depression.
C) Genetic factors alone are insufficient to explain why some people become depressed during their lifetime.
D) People with genetic markers for depression are destined to develop depression at some point in their lifetime.

Question 74

One of the main problems in determining whether one's depression is endogenous or reactive is that:

A) most people forget, or repress, the stressful events that may have led to their depression.
B) it is unclear whether exposure to a stressor was a contributing factor or if it was a coincidence.
C) people with depression often underreport being exposed to stressful events.
D) it is virtually impossible to study endogenous factors that are linked to depression.

Question 75

Damian is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun 3 weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be:

A) postpartum depression.
B) reactive depression.
C) exogenous depression.
D) endogenous depression.

Question 76

A woman who has just given birth is anxious, has trouble sleeping, and feels sad. These symptoms diminish over the next couple of weeks. What she has experienced is MOST likely:

A) the "baby blues," something experienced by less than half of new mothers.
B) the "baby blues," something experienced by more than half of new mothers.
C) peripartum depression, something experienced by more than half of new mothers.
D) peripartum depression, something experienced by less than half of new mothers.

Question 77

A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbances. These symptoms began a week after she gave birth and have lasted more than 6 months. This woman is experiencing:

A) the "baby blues."
B) postpartum psychosis.
C) hormone withdrawal syndrome.
D) peripartum depression.

Question 78

If neurotransmitters are linked to depression, which of the following would be LEAST likely to be observed in a study?

A) Lower levels of certain neurotransmitters in people who are depressed compared with those who are not depressed
B) An increase in depressive symptoms after a person take a drug that blocks the effects of certain neurotransmitters
C) A decrease in depressive symptoms once certain neurotransmitter levels in people with depression have been restored
D) A near-zero correlation between certain neurotransmitter levels and the number or severity of depressive symptoms a person reports

Question 79

Researchers have found that when an identical twin has unipolar depression, there is a 38 percent chance that the other twin has already had or will eventually have the same disorder. A fraternal twin is only 20 percent likely to have the same disorder. This finding:

A) proves that unipolar depression does not have a genetic factor.
B) supports the idea that people may inherit a predisposition for developing unipolar depression.
C) shows that spending time with people who have unipolar depression increases an individual's own risk for developing the same disorder.
D) demonstrates that if one sibling has unipolar depression, other siblings of the same sex are likely to develop the same disorder.

Question 80

Which of the following is referred to as the "Dracula hormone"?

A) Cortisol
B) Testosterone
C) Melatonin
D) Estrogen