Deck 5: Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Related Disorders

Question 1

Compare the psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral perspectives regarding the causes of obsessive-compulsive disorders.

Answer 1

not answered

Question 2

Describe how a cognitive-behaviorist would explain the development of a dog phobia, using modeling. Include an example.

Answer 2

not answered

Question 3

Describe in detail the exposure therapies of systematic desensitization, flooding, and modeling in the treatment of specific phobias.

Answer 3

not answered

Question 4

It is possible that many common phobic reactions can be explained by humans having a predisposition to develop certain fears. This idea is referred to as _____.

Question 5

Therapists who use the technique of _____ believe that people with phobic disorders must be forced to confront what they fear in its full intensity so they will see that no real danger exists.

Question 6

Following the example of the case vignettes in the textbook, write a description of someone experiencing an obsessive-compulsive disorder. Include the MOST common themes in obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors.

Question 7

A therapist treating a person for generalized anxiety disorder works with the client to help the person understand his or her irrational assumptions and suggests alternative assumptions. This is an example of Ellis's technique, called _____ therapy.

Question 8

Performance anxiety is a symptom of _____.

Question 9

A short-term anxiety reaction that accelerates into a smothering, horrifying ordeal in which one loses control, is practically unaware of what one is doing, and feels a sense of approaching doom is called a(n) _____.

Question 10

Identify and provide examples for basic irrational assumptions, meta-worries, and intolerance of uncertainty theory from the cognitive-behavioral perspective's explanation of anxiety.

Question 11

Since the 1960s, the drugs MOST likely to be used against panic disorder have been _____.

Question 12

After relaxation training, a therapist and client create a fear hierarchy of situations that would provoke anxiety in the client. The next step in therapy is pairing of these situations with relaxation, either real-life exposure or imagined. This technique is best described as _____.

Question 13

DSM-5 has created a new category called obsessive-compulsive-related disorders. List and describe the four patterns in that group. What is the underlying commonality in all of these disorders?

Question 14

What criteria are used to distinguish between clinically significant fear and anxiety and everyday fear and anxiety? Give examples of each.

Question 15

Carl Rogers argued that anxiety disorders arise from the failure to receive unconditional positive regard during childhood. The person develops harsh self-standards, called _____, which he or she tries to meet by repeatedly distorting and denying his or her true experiences.

Question 16

Explain in detail, from a biological perspective, how GABA is related to the experience of anxiety. What are some limitations of this explanation?

Question 17

The physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger is usually termed _____.

Question 18

Briefly compare and contrast the sociocultural, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive-behavioral, and biological perspectives regarding the development of generalized anxiety disorders.

Question 19

The DSM-5 diagnosis for an uncontrollable and irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation is _____.

Question 20

Imagine that a person has a diagnosed panic disorder. Based on the latest research, which treatment options are most appropriate for this person?

Question 21

The MOST common mental disorders in the United States are:

A) mood disorders.
B) anxiety disorders.
C) personality disorders.
D) sexual disorders.

Question 22

Compared with men, women are _____ to develop generalized anxiety disorder.

A) equally likely
B) about half as likely
C) twice as likely
D) not at all likely

Question 23

Nadia is generally not very anxious. She also does not react as much to bodily sensations that others find anxiety provoking. According to the cognitive-behavioral explanation for panic attack, she probably has a low degree of _____.

Question 24

A client has been experiencing uncontrolled anxiety. His symptoms include edginess, sleep changes, fatigue, and significant distress. To meet the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, these symptoms must be present for _____ months or longer.

A) 1
B) 3
C) 6
D) 12

Question 25

The theoretical position that explains the origin of anxiety disorders as the overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety is the _____ approach.

A) cognitive-behavioral
B) humanistic
C) sociocultural
D) psychodynamic

Question 26

One limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding generalized anxiety disorders is that it cannot explain:

A) the paradox that as poverty gets worse, generalized anxiety declines.
B) the relationships among race, poverty, and job opportunity.
C) why everyone who experiences danger doesn't experience generalized anxiety.
D) the differences in generalized anxiety in countries around the world.

Question 27

Repetitive and rigid activities that a person feels forced to perform are called _____.

Question 28

People with an anxiety disorder are MOST likely to experience:

A) a second anxiety disorder.
B) periods of mania.
C) another type of psychiatric disorder.
D) hallucinations.

Question 29

Recurrent and unwanted thoughts or the need to perform repetitive and ritualistic actions is characteristic of _____.

Question 30

According to sociocultural theorists, generalized anxiety disorder is LEAST likely to develop in people who:

A) live near a nuclear power plant.
B) are scared of violence in their neighborhood.
C) have a lot of free time to think and ruminate about their problems.
D) struggle to pay their bills.

Question 31

Kihye always feels threatened and anxious, imagining something awful is about to happen. She is able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. Kihye is probably experiencing:

A) a generalized anxiety disorder.
B) a hormonal imbalance.
C) no specific problem; worrying is a personality trait.
D) a specific fear response.

Question 32

Which is an anxiety disorder?

A) Schizophrenia
B) Bipolar disorder
C) Major depression
D) Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 33

A person with _____ experiences wide-ranging and persistent feelings of worry and anxiety.

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) specific phobia
C) social anxiety disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 34

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is improved by antidepressants that increase _____ activity in the brain.

Question 35

Someone interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably supports the _____ perspective.

A) sociocultural
B) psychodynamic
C) humanistic-existential
D) cognitive-behavioral

Question 36

Repetitive thoughts, ideas, impulses, or mental images that seem to invade a person's consciousness are called _____.

Question 37

The feeling of being on edge for no apparent reason is called:

A) free-floating anxiety.
B) specific anxiety.
C) fearful anxiety.
D) obsession.

Question 38

"Who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have the bomb, overpopulation, AIDS, and violent crime everywhere. It's difficult to get a good job unless you're a computer genius." This complaint is consistent with a _____ explanation of generalized anxiety disorder.

A) behavioral
B) humanistic
C) sociocultural
D) psychodynamic

Question 39

According to Freud, children who are prevented from expressing id impulses (for example, making mud pies, playing war, and exploring their genitals) are at risk for developing:

A) specific phobias.
B) anxiety.
C) fear.
D) an existential crisis.

Question 40

Fear differs from anxiety in that:

A) fear is a response to a specific threat, whereas anxiety is more general.
B) anxiety is more likely to lead to aggression than is fear.
C) fear is a response to an inanimate threat, whereas anxiety is a response to an interpersonal threat.
D) anxiety is an immediate response, whereas fear is more vague.

Question 41

"Your worries are only thoughts. Don't try to stop them! Recognize that they're thoughts, and don't let them upset you so much." This statement MOST likely would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder?

A) Rational-emotive therapy
B) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
C) Intolerance of uncertainty therapy
D) Biofeedback

Question 42

If a therapist gave a client homework that required the client to challenge faulty assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using:

A) cognitive-existential therapy.
B) client-centered therapy.
C) rational-emotive therapy.
D) acceptance and commitment therapy.

Question 43

In terms of cognitive theories explaining generalized anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports:

A) only metacognitive theory.
B) only intolerance of uncertainty theory.
C) neither metacognitive theory nor intolerance of uncertainty theory.
D) both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory.

Question 44

The theory that states people develop generalized anxiety disorders because they failed to receive unconditional positive regard as children and evaluate themselves with conditions of worth is:

A) Pavlov's conditioning theory.
B) Freud's psychoanalytic theory.
C) Rogers's client-centered theory.
D) Ellis's rational-emotive theory.

Question 45

A belief of many early cognitive-behavioral therapists, and one that continues to be influential today, is that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by:

A) maladaptive assumptions.
B) lack of empathy.
C) interpersonal loss.
D) overactive id impulses.

Question 46

"Phobic and generalized anxiety disorders arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly and with acceptance and instead deny and distort their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior." This explanation for anxiety disorders would MOST likely be offered by a:

A) biological theorist.
B) cognitive-behavioral theorist.
C) sociocultural theorist.
D) humanistic theorist.

Question 47

Compare the evidence supporting the usefulness of client-centered therapy for those with generalized anxiety disorder versus those with the same condition who receive placebo therapy.

A) Client-centered therapy is only sometimes superior to placebo therapy.
B) Client-centered therapy is vastly superior to placebo therapy.
C) There is no difference, indicating client-centered therapy is not a useful approach.
D) Surprising research indicates placebo therapy is more effective than client-centered therapy.

Question 48

Which statement is TRUE regarding the use of mindfulness-based therapy?

A) Its use has been resisted in therapy applications.
B) Many cognitive-behavioral therapists support its use in therapy applications, but only to treat generalized anxiety disorder.
C) It has been used to treat a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder.
D) It is so new that no one is sure of its treatment applicability.

Question 49

If a person criticized everything he did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to his personal standards, he would be exhibiting what Rogers called:

A) empathy.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) conditions of worth.
D) moral anxiety.

Question 50

Research on the cognitive explanation for the development of generalized anxiety shows that people with generalized anxiety symptoms:

A) respond more fearfully to predictable events than to unpredictable events.
B) fail to pay attention to threatening cues.
C) are more likely to have fast and strong physical reactions to stress.
D) show little physiological arousal to stress.

Question 51

A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying:

A) meta-worry.
B) irrational assumptions.
C) compulsion.
D) conditions of worth.

Question 52

The therapy for generalized anxiety disorder developed by Albert Ellis is called:

A) behavior modification.
B) rational-emotive therapy.
C) self-instruction training.
D) stress inoculation training.

Question 53

The psychodynamic method that has been shown to significantly reduce the levels of anxiety, worry, and social difficulty of patients with generalized anxiety disorder is:

A) free association.
B) short-term psychodynamic therapy.
C) dream analysis.
D) relational psychoanalytic therapy.

Question 54

An example of a meta-worry is demonstrated by someone who:

A) worries about all possible signs of danger.
B) worries about not worrying enough.
C) thinks about worrying.
D) worries about worrying.

Question 55

The most appropriate motto for someone with generalized anxiety disorder is:

A) "Better safe than sorry."
B) "Life's a gamble; give it your best shot."
C) "When you reach the mountaintop, it's hard to come back down."
D) "Nothing ventured, nothing gained."

Question 56

A person who believes that one should be thoroughly competent and adequate and achieve in all possible aspects is displaying:

A) meta-worry.
B) irrational assumptions.
C) compulsion.
D) conditions of worth.

Question 57

According to intolerance of uncertainty theory, individuals with generalized anxiety disorder are:

A) likely to have difficulty tolerating the knowledge that a negative event may occur.
B) likely to underestimate the chances that any positive event will occur.
C) able to tolerate uncertainty only in mildly threatening events.
D) able to tolerate uncertainty only in severely threatening events.

Question 58

The avoidance theory of generalized anxiety disorder suggests that worrying:

A) serves to reduce bodily arousal.
B) interferes with our ability to cope with life.
C) keeps the focus on emotions, not cognitions.
D) is an uncontrollable part of life.

Question 59

The inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with various psychological problems are called:

A) existential anxiety.
B) irrational assumptions.
C) moral anxiety.
D) conditions of worth.

Question 60

According to Freud, a generalized anxiety disorder is MOST likely to result when:

A) a person does not dream, and thus has no outlet for anxiety.
B) defense mechanisms are too weak to cope with anxiety.
C) a person never has a chance to experience trauma.
D) defense mechanisms are too strong.

Question 61

The biological understanding of generalized anxiety is supported by the finding that:

A) relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than nonrelatives are.
B) distant relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than close relatives are.
C) relatives share not only biological characteristics but also similar environments.
D) identical twins have more similar environments than fraternal twins.

Question 62

GABA acts by:

A) increasing neuronal firing in the brain.
B) doubling of the rate of neuronal firing.
C) intensifying the strength of neuronal firing.
D) inhibiting neuronal firing in the brain.

Question 63

Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning?

A) Biological
B) Sociocultural
C) Behavioral
D) Psychodynamic

Question 64

Until recently, the evidence that generalized anxiety disorder is related to biological factors came largely from:

A) drug studies.
B) clinical interviews.
C) family pedigree studies.
D) neurological studies.

Question 65

A major limitation of treating generalized anxiety disorder with antipsychotic medication is that these medications:

A) do not alter the activity of dopamine.
B) simply are not effective.
C) increase panic attacks.
D) can produce serious side effects.

Question 66

Drugs that calm people at lower doses and help them to fall asleep at higher doses are called:

A) sedative-hypnotic drugs.
B) antidepressants.
C) antipsychotics.
D) sleeping pills.

Question 67

Avery, a 28-year-old woman, tells her therapist that she has an intense fear of snakes. She says she has been afraid of snakes since she was a child. Which additional criterion would suggest that Avery meets the diagnostic criteria for a specific phobia?

A) Feelings of anxiousness when looking at images of snakes
B) Occasional dreams that involve snakes
C) Refusal to go to certain places where she believes snakes could be present, such as the lake
D) Feelings that the world would be better off without snakes

Question 68

A major similarity between the work of Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck is the:

A) notion that anxiety is caused by self-doubt.
B) idea that anxiety is heightened when a person does not receive empathy.
C) belief that maladaptive thoughts cause anxiety.
D) focus on the genetic component of anxiety.

Question 69

Which medications work primarily by enhancing the effectiveness of GABA?

A) Antidepressants
B) Antipsychotics
C) Immunosuppressants
D) Benzodiazepines

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT true regarding specific phobias?

A) Many people have more than one phobia at a time.
B) Repeated exposure to the object causes a gradual fear response.
C) Women are more likely to have a specific phobia compared to men.
D) People make elaborate efforts to avoid specific phobias.

Question 71

Benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of _____ at certain receptor sites in the brain.

A) GABA
B) dopamine
C) acetylcholine
D) serotonin

Question 72

What are brain circuits?

A) GABA receptors
B) Networks of brain structures that work together
C) Neurotransmitters at work
D) Brain formations in the prefrontal cortex

Question 73

How do phobias and common fear differ?

A) Fear more dramatically interferes with a person's life.
B) Fear relates to intangible objects, whereas a phobia is specific to tangible things.
C) A phobia causes physiological changes, whereas fear causes cognitive changes.
D) A phobia leads to a greater desire to avoid the thing that causes fear.

Question 74

Which is NOT a disadvantage of taking benzodiazepines?

A) Lack of sleep, increased anxiety, and passivity
B) Return of anxiety symptoms when the medication is withdrawn
C) Impairment in cognitive and psychomotor functioning
D) Physical dependence on the drug

Question 75

An intense, persistent, and irrational fear that is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid the object of the fear to the point of interfering with the life of the person is called:

A) panic disorder.
B) phobic disorder.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 76

GABA has been implicated in the etiology of:

A) schizophrenia.
B) panic disorder.
C) conversion disorder.
D) generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 77

Which statement is MOST accurate?

A) Anxiety is caused by deficient levels of GABA throughout the brain.
B) Long-term anxiety contributes to poor GABA reception.
C) High GABA reception causes long-term anxiety.
D) Low GABA levels can increase activity in the fear circuit, leading to increased anxiety.

Question 78

A woman constantly avoids crowded streets and buildings, and she is very reluctant to leave home, even with a friend. Recently, she has started experiencing extreme, sudden fear every time she enters a crowded street. MOST likely, this woman would be diagnosed with:

A) panic disorder and specific phobia.
B) panic disorder.
C) agoraphobia and panic disorder.
D) agoraphobia.

Question 79

Dr. Lopez wants to improve the effectiveness of GABA in a client. She should choose:

A) a drug that increases neuronal firing speed.
B) a benzodiazepine.
C) any of the antidepressants.
D) a drug that works on the endocrine level rather than the neuron level.

Question 80

Agoraphobia is the fear of:

A) flying.
B) speaking.
C) public places.
D) spiders.