Deck 3: Models of Abnormality

Question 1

Explain the biopsychosocial approach to understanding the causes of abnormality. Provide an example of how this approach might be applied to the causes of depression.

Answer 1

not answered

Question 2

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using drugs in psychotherapy.

Answer 2

not answered

Question 3

You are a therapist treating a person for depression. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive therapy to treat depression. Which of these options would you recommend?

Answer 3

not answered

Question 4

Many clinicians view their approach as "eclectic." What is an eclectic approach to abnormality? Describe at least one example of an eclectic approach to abnormality.

Question 5

According to psychoanalytic theory, the basic part of the personality focused on instinctual needs is the _____.

Question 6

A child learns how to use a straw by watching another child use one. This is an example of _____.

Question 7

One unique part of the sociocultural model is the community treatment aspect, a key component of which is prevention. Discuss the three types of prevention and give examples of each.

Question 8

_____-focused theorists emphasize the processes and content of thinking.

Question 9

A person interviews for a job but doesn't get a job offer. The person thinks, "I'm never going to get a job." This type of thinking is known as _____.

Question 10

According to the _____ model, physical processes are the cause of all human behavior.

Question 11

Discuss the behavioral and cognitive dimensions of the cognitive-behavioral model of abnormality, and explain how the two are used in combination to treat abnormal behavior.

Question 12

Describe group therapy, family therapy, and couple therapy. Discuss what each entails and the goals of therapy. Then provide a detailed example of each. Identify what the setting is, who participates, what the issue is, and what role the therapist plays.

Question 13

The superego can also be called the _____.

Question 14

"All people have the freedom and ability to change their behavior-and they are internally driven to fulfill their potential." This statement reflects the beliefs of a _____ theorist.

Question 15

Compare and contrast the origins of abnormality according to the sociocultural, psychodynamic, and humanistic-existential models.

Question 16

Discuss the reasons why culture-sensitive therapy arose and the challenges it seeks to address.

Question 17

According to Rogers humanistic approach, _____ early in life is related to unconditional self-regard later in life.

Question 18

Compare and contrast how the humanistic-existential model and the biological model differ in their understanding of causes of abnormality.

Question 19

If a patient changes the subject during psychodynamic therapy, the therapist might interpret that behavior as _____.

Question 20

The underlying symbolic meaning of a dream is its _____ content.

Question 21

The model of abnormality that cites physical processes as being the key to behavior is the _____ model.

A) biological
B) sociocultural
C) psychodynamic
D) humanistic-existential

Question 22

The outer layer of the brain is the:

A) cortex.
B) corpus callosum.
C) basal ganglia.
D) amygdala.

Question 23

Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?

A) None of the models is complete in itself.
B) All of the models include an element of the biological model.
C) The underlying assumptions of each model are the same.
D) Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior.

Question 24

The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the _____ model.

A) cognitive-behavioral
B) sociocultural
C) psychodynamic
D) humanistic-existential

Question 25

The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called:

A) glia.
B) dendrites.
C) axons.
D) synapses.

Question 26

Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Which would be a part of your paradigm?

A) The humanistic-existential model
B) The family-social perspective
C) The cognitive model
D) The psychodynamic model

Question 27

A therapist works with a client who is a member of a minority group to understand how prejudices and stereotypes have affected his or her behavior. This reflects the focus of _____ theorists.

Question 28

A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm?

A) Sociocultural
B) Biocultural
C) Psychocultural
D) Cognitive-cultural

Question 29

In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as:

A) facts.
B) theories.
C) paradigms.
D) hypotheses.

Question 30

The model of abnormality that focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior is the _____ model.

A) cognitive-behavioral
B) sociocultural
C) psychodynamic
D) humanistic-existential

Question 31

Huntington's disease has psychological and physical aspects. This results in part from loss of cells in the cortex and the:

A) corpus callosum.
B) basal ganglia.
C) hippocampus.
D) amygdala.

Question 32

The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model.

A) sociocultural
B) biological
C) cognitive
D) demonological

Question 33

Twelve individuals who struggle with gambling addiction gather weekly with a mental health clinician to discuss their struggles, share advice, and provide emotional support. This is an example of _____ therapy.

Question 34

Theorists who focus on family relationships, social interactions, and community events are called _____ theorists.

Question 35

"Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality." Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent?

A) Cognitive-behavioral
B) Psychodynamic
C) Sociocultural
D) Humanistic-existential

Question 36

The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model.

A) behavioral
B) sociocultural
C) psychodynamic
D) humanistic-existential

Question 37

_____ prevention consists of identifying and treating psychological disorders in the early stages, before they become serious.

Question 38

The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model.

A) cognitive-behavioral
B) humanistic-existential
C) sociocultural
D) psychodynamic

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT influenced by the paradigm to which an investigator subscribes?

A) The questions that are asked
B) The interpretation of the findings
C) The definition of abnormal behavior
D) The scientist's basic assumptions

Question 40

A therapist who actively and directly challenges clients' assertions and beliefs is practicing _____ therapy.

Question 41

What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neuron's ending?

A) Neurotransmitters are released.
B) Release of neurotransmitters is stopped.
C) The receiving neurons fire.
D) The receiving neurons stop all firing.

Question 42

Shemar has obsessive-compulsive disorder and repeatedly checks to ensure the doors are locked. According to determinists, which is the MOST likely reason for this behavior?

A) Shemar sustained a traumatic injury to the hippocampus.
B) When Shemar was around age 10, Shemar's next-door neighbor was attacked in her home.
C) As an adult, Shemar forgot to lock his back door when he left for a weeklong vacation.
D) During his childhood, Shemar's parents told him to always keep the doors locked.

Question 43

"Gambling disorder is a manifestation of the previously desirable behavior of being a risk taker." This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist?

A) Self theorist
B) Biological theorist
C) Existential theorist
D) Evolutionary theorist

Question 44

Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

A) It is the most commonly used biological treatment for mental disorders.
B) It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure.
C) Its use is controversial because it requires surgical implantation of electrodes.
D) It produces a steady stream of low-voltage electricity to the targeted brain areas.

Question 45

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of:

A) schizophrenia.
B) anxiety disorders.
C) depression.
D) bipolar disorder.

Question 46

A weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior is that:

A) most people are reluctant to try biological treatments.
B) this model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior.
C) there is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness.
D) the effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated.

Question 47

According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts?

A) They are always sexual in nature.
B) They are tied to experiences early in life.
C) They are only a problem when they reach consciousness.
D) They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience.

Question 48

Biological theorists today believe that the key to psychological disorders lies in:

A) specific brain structures.
B) genetic mutations.
C) congenital malformations.
D) brain circuits.

Question 49

Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called:

A) dendrites.
B) axons.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) synapses.

Question 50

A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that:

A) genome mapping is a waste of time.
B) the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different.
C) at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive.
D) people can inherit physical but not mental capacities.

Question 51

Determinists assume that abnormal behaviors:

A) are learned.
B) are determined based on past experience.
C) have physiological bases.
D) are due to unconscious conflicts.

Question 52

An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that:

A) some people do not benefit from drug treatments.
B) drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment.
C) drugs are not very effective in the treatment of abnormal behavior.
D) the adverse effects of drugs may result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings.

Question 53

Which is NOT an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective?

A) It is difficult to research this perspective.
B) The perspective is overly precise.
C) It requires leaps of faith to believe in this perspective.
D) The perspective rests on an interaction of genes and environment.

Question 54

The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with:

A) a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide.
B) a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy.
C) moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder.
D) a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment.

Question 55

When a subject is participating in the final testing phase of a drug study, which of the following is taking place?

A) The drug is simultaneously being tested on animals.
B) The researchers are assessing the subject for unexpected long-term effects.
C) The subject is assessing the safety of the drug.
D) The researchers are examining the effects on the subject to determine the drug's efficacy and side effects.

Question 56

The objective of the Human Genome Project was to:

A) clone a mammal.
B) map, or sequence, genes.
C) insert RNA into genes.
D) create an "ideal" set of genes.

Question 57

Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of:

A) hormones.
B) neurotransmitters.
C) neurons.
D) genes.

Question 58

The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called:

A) vagus nerve stimulation (VNS).
B) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
C) deep brain stimulation.
D) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).

Question 59

Depression has been linked to which neurotransmitter abnormality?

A) Low activity of GABA
B) Absence of dopamine
C) Low activity of serotonin
D) Excessive activity of norepinephrine

Question 60

A patient has social anxiety disorder. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition?

A) Having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety
B) Prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine
C) Teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts
D) Encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties

Question 61

According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that is the conscience is the:

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) ego ideal.

Question 62

According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. This is called:

A) fixation.
B) neurosis.
C) repression.
D) displacement.

Question 63

What is libido?

A) The same as the id
B) The source of pleasure
C) The sexual energy of the id
D) The sum of the id's instinctual needs

Question 64

Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were:

A) instincts, the ego, and the self.
B) biological forces, culture, and learning.
C) consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts.
D) instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards.

Question 65

Freud believed that the id is fueled by:

A) self-preservation.
B) the libido.
C) the conscious mind.
D) fear.

Question 66

Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didn't know the answers to many of the questions. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. The force that is in control in this example is the:

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) fixation.

Question 67

You didn't study for a test, and you blame your poor performance on all the other work you had to do. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is:

A) denial.
B) rationalization.
C) intellectualization.
D) displacement.

Question 68

Infants tend to do things that feel good. This is in accord with what Freud called:

A) reflex.
B) the pleasure principle.
C) primary process thought.
D) secondary process thought.

Question 69

Your friend and roommate moves out without giving you any notice. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your friend's departure and ways to save money. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is:

A) denial.
B) rationalization.
C) intellectualization.
D) projection.

Question 70

Carter's mother is taking cookies out of the oven. Which statement would suggest MOST strongly that the id is firmly in control of Carter's behavior?

A) Carter grabs some of the cookies and runs.
B) Carter wants the cookies desperately but asks Mom only for a couple.
C) Carter waits for Mom to leave the room, takes a few cookies, and runs away.
D) Carter asks for some cookies in a whiney voice and, when denied, throws a tantrum.

Question 71

What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the:

A) defense mechanism.
B) superego.
C) ego.
D) reality principle.

Question 72

A general term used for Freud's, Adler's, and Jung's theories is:

A) psychiatric.
B) biological.
C) psychodynamic.
D) psychophysical.

Question 73

Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. The force that is in control in this example is the:

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) fixation.

Question 74

A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is:

A) rationalization.
B) denial.
C) regression.
D) projection.

Question 75

According to Freud, a child's pleasure from defecating is reflected in which part of the personality?

A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Ego ideal

Question 76

The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of:

A) ego theory.
B) self theory.
C) psychoanalytic theory.
D) object relations theory.

Question 77

The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle.

A) id
B) superego
C) self
D) ego

Question 78

According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the:

A) oral stage.
B) anal stage.
C) phallic stage.
D) latency stage.

Question 79

A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is:

A) regression.
B) repression.
C) denial.
D) rationalization.

Question 80

The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the:

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) libido.