Deck 1: A New World

Question 1

MATCHING
Pedro Cabral

A)claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500
B)founded Quebec
C)Italian who sailed for Spain in 1492
D)Dominican priest who preached
E)British economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations
F)Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
G)sailed around southern Africa and into the Indian Ocean
H)America was named for him
I)first European to discover Newfoundland in 1497
J)explored Florida
K)led seven large naval expeditions in early 1400s
L)developed movable-type printing press

Answer 1

claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500

Question 2

MATCHING
Hernán Cortés

A)claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500
B)founded Quebec
C)Italian who sailed for Spain in 1492
D)Dominican priest who preached
E)British economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations
F)Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
G)sailed around southern Africa and into the Indian Ocean
H)America was named for him
I)first European to discover Newfoundland in 1497
J)explored Florida
K)led seven large naval expeditions in early 1400s
L)developed movable-type printing press

Answer 2

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs

Question 3

MATCHING
criollos

A)society centered on the mother's family
B)Spanish brutality
C)uprising against Spanish colonists in New Spain
D)Dutch landowners of large estates
E)large-scale farm owned by a Spanish landlord
F)persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin
G)Spanish reform measures toward Indians
H)a married woman surrendering her legal identity
I)transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between New and Old Worlds
J)Confederation of five Iroquois tribes
K)Person born in the Spanish colonies of European ancestry
L)ancient residents of the Mississippi Valley region

Answer 3

Person born in the Spanish colonies of European ancestry

Question 4

MATCHING
Johannes Gutenberg

A)claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500
B)founded Quebec
C)Italian who sailed for Spain in 1492
D)Dominican priest who preached
E)British economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations
F)Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
G)sailed around southern Africa and into the Indian Ocean
H)America was named for him
I)first European to discover Newfoundland in 1497
J)explored Florida
K)led seven large naval expeditions in early 1400s
L)developed movable-type printing press

Question 5

MATCHING
Christopher Columbus

A)claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500
B)founded Quebec
C)Italian who sailed for Spain in 1492
D)Dominican priest who preached
E)British economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations
F)Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
G)sailed around southern Africa and into the Indian Ocean
H)America was named for him
I)first European to discover Newfoundland in 1497
J)explored Florida
K)led seven large naval expeditions in early 1400s
L)developed movable-type printing press

Question 6

MATCHING
Adam Smith

A)claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500
B)founded Quebec
C)Italian who sailed for Spain in 1492
D)Dominican priest who preached
E)British economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations
F)Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
G)sailed around southern Africa and into the Indian Ocean
H)America was named for him
I)first European to discover Newfoundland in 1497
J)explored Florida
K)led seven large naval expeditions in early 1400s
L)developed movable-type printing press

Question 7

MATCHING
Vasco de Gama

A)claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500
B)founded Quebec
C)Italian who sailed for Spain in 1492
D)Dominican priest who preached
E)British economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations
F)Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
G)sailed around southern Africa and into the Indian Ocean
H)America was named for him
I)first European to discover Newfoundland in 1497
J)explored Florida
K)led seven large naval expeditions in early 1400s
L)developed movable-type printing press

Question 8

MATCHING
mestizos

A)society centered on the mother's family
B)Spanish brutality
C)uprising against Spanish colonists in New Spain
D)Dutch landowners of large estates
E)large-scale farm owned by a Spanish landlord
F)persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin
G)Spanish reform measures toward Indians
H)a married woman surrendering her legal identity
I)transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between New and Old Worlds
J)Confederation of five Iroquois tribes
K)Person born in the Spanish colonies of European ancestry
L)ancient residents of the Mississippi Valley region

Question 9

MATCHING
Bartolomé de Las Casas

A)claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500
B)founded Quebec
C)Italian who sailed for Spain in 1492
D)Dominican priest who preached
E)British economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations
F)Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
G)sailed around southern Africa and into the Indian Ocean
H)America was named for him
I)first European to discover Newfoundland in 1497
J)explored Florida
K)led seven large naval expeditions in early 1400s
L)developed movable-type printing press

Question 10

MATCHING
Great League of Peace

A)society centered on the mother's family
B)Spanish brutality
C)uprising against Spanish colonists in New Spain
D)Dutch landowners of large estates
E)large-scale farm owned by a Spanish landlord
F)persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin
G)Spanish reform measures toward Indians
H)a married woman surrendering her legal identity
I)transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between New and Old Worlds
J)Confederation of five Iroquois tribes
K)Person born in the Spanish colonies of European ancestry
L)ancient residents of the Mississippi Valley region

Question 11

MATCHING
Black Legend

A)society centered on the mother's family
B)Spanish brutality
C)uprising against Spanish colonists in New Spain
D)Dutch landowners of large estates
E)large-scale farm owned by a Spanish landlord
F)persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin
G)Spanish reform measures toward Indians
H)a married woman surrendering her legal identity
I)transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between New and Old Worlds
J)Confederation of five Iroquois tribes
K)Person born in the Spanish colonies of European ancestry
L)ancient residents of the Mississippi Valley region

Question 12

MATCHING
Amerigo Vespucci

A)claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500
B)founded Quebec
C)Italian who sailed for Spain in 1492
D)Dominican priest who preached
E)British economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations
F)Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
G)sailed around southern Africa and into the Indian Ocean
H)America was named for him
I)first European to discover Newfoundland in 1497
J)explored Florida
K)led seven large naval expeditions in early 1400s
L)developed movable-type printing press

Question 13

MATCHING
New Laws

A)society centered on the mother's family
B)Spanish brutality
C)uprising against Spanish colonists in New Spain
D)Dutch landowners of large estates
E)large-scale farm owned by a Spanish landlord
F)persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin
G)Spanish reform measures toward Indians
H)a married woman surrendering her legal identity
I)transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between New and Old Worlds
J)Confederation of five Iroquois tribes
K)Person born in the Spanish colonies of European ancestry
L)ancient residents of the Mississippi Valley region

Question 14

MATCHING
"coverture"

A)society centered on the mother's family
B)Spanish brutality
C)uprising against Spanish colonists in New Spain
D)Dutch landowners of large estates
E)large-scale farm owned by a Spanish landlord
F)persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin
G)Spanish reform measures toward Indians
H)a married woman surrendering her legal identity
I)transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between New and Old Worlds
J)Confederation of five Iroquois tribes
K)Person born in the Spanish colonies of European ancestry
L)ancient residents of the Mississippi Valley region

Question 15

MATCHING
Samuel de Champlain

A)claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500
B)founded Quebec
C)Italian who sailed for Spain in 1492
D)Dominican priest who preached
E)British economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations
F)Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
G)sailed around southern Africa and into the Indian Ocean
H)America was named for him
I)first European to discover Newfoundland in 1497
J)explored Florida
K)led seven large naval expeditions in early 1400s
L)developed movable-type printing press

Question 16

MATCHING
Columbian Exchange

A)society centered on the mother's family
B)Spanish brutality
C)uprising against Spanish colonists in New Spain
D)Dutch landowners of large estates
E)large-scale farm owned by a Spanish landlord
F)persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin
G)Spanish reform measures toward Indians
H)a married woman surrendering her legal identity
I)transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between New and Old Worlds
J)Confederation of five Iroquois tribes
K)Person born in the Spanish colonies of European ancestry
L)ancient residents of the Mississippi Valley region

Question 17

MATCHING
John Cabot against Spanish abuses of Indians

A)claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500
B)founded Quebec
C)Italian who sailed for Spain in 1492
D)Dominican priest who preached
E)British economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations
F)Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
G)sailed around southern Africa and into the Indian Ocean
H)America was named for him
I)first European to discover Newfoundland in 1497
J)explored Florida
K)led seven large naval expeditions in early 1400s
L)developed movable-type printing press

Question 18

MATCHING
Zheng He

A)claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500
B)founded Quebec
C)Italian who sailed for Spain in 1492
D)Dominican priest who preached
E)British economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations
F)Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
G)sailed around southern Africa and into the Indian Ocean
H)America was named for him
I)first European to discover Newfoundland in 1497
J)explored Florida
K)led seven large naval expeditions in early 1400s
L)developed movable-type printing press

Question 19

MATCHING
Juan Ponce de Léon

A)claimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500
B)founded Quebec
C)Italian who sailed for Spain in 1492
D)Dominican priest who preached
E)British economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations
F)Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs
G)sailed around southern Africa and into the Indian Ocean
H)America was named for him
I)first European to discover Newfoundland in 1497
J)explored Florida
K)led seven large naval expeditions in early 1400s
L)developed movable-type printing press

Question 20

MATCHING
patroons

A)society centered on the mother's family
B)Spanish brutality
C)uprising against Spanish colonists in New Spain
D)Dutch landowners of large estates
E)large-scale farm owned by a Spanish landlord
F)persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin
G)Spanish reform measures toward Indians
H)a married woman surrendering her legal identity
I)transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between New and Old Worlds
J)Confederation of five Iroquois tribes
K)Person born in the Spanish colonies of European ancestry
L)ancient residents of the Mississippi Valley region

Question 21

Pueblo Indians lived in what is now:

A) the eastern United States.
B) the southwestern United States.
C) Mexico.
D) the northeastern United States.
E) Central America.

Question 22

When Europeans arrived, many Native Americans:

A) tried to use them to enhance their standing with other Native Americans.
B) immediately opened treaty negotiations.
C) learned their languages.
D) hid in nearby cave dwellings.
E) simply attacked them.

Question 23

Both the Aztec and Inca empires were:

A) rural and poor.
B) small in population, but sophisticated in infrastructure.
C) large, wealthy, and sophisticated.
D) large in geographic size, but sparsely populated.
E) rural, with few impressive buildings.

Question 24

Which one of the following statements is true of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlán?

A) It had a complex system of canals, bridges, and dams, with the Great Temple at the center.
B) It was located in the dense jungle of the Yucatan Peninsula.
C) Its defeat was due to its leader surrendering too soon to Hernán Cortés, who was in fact outnumbered and outgunned.
D) Technologically and architecturally, it was so far behind European capitals that its defeat was certain.
E) It had the New World's first mass transit system.

Question 25

MATCHING
Pueblo Revolt

A)society centered on the mother's family
B)Spanish brutality
C)uprising against Spanish colonists in New Spain
D)Dutch landowners of large estates
E)large-scale farm owned by a Spanish landlord
F)persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin
G)Spanish reform measures toward Indians
H)a married woman surrendering her legal identity
I)transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between New and Old Worlds
J)Confederation of five Iroquois tribes
K)Person born in the Spanish colonies of European ancestry
L)ancient residents of the Mississippi Valley region

Question 26

Far more important to most Indian societies than freedom as personal independence were all of the following except:

A) kinship ties.
B) secure rights to owning land.
C) the ability to follow one's spiritual values.
D) the well-being of one's community.
E) the security of one's community.

Question 27

The city situated along the Mississippi River with between 10,000 and 30,000 residents in the year 1200 is today known as:

A) Poverty Point.
B) Cahokia.
C) Pueblo Bonita.
D) Iroquois.
E) Tenochtitlan.

Question 28

Which one of the following is true about Native Americans and material wealth?

A) Chiefs were expected to share some of their goods rather than hoard them.
B) Eastern Native Americans were more materialistic than those who lived west of the Mississippi.
C) Wealth mattered less to them than to Europeans, but inherited social status was equally important to both peoples.
D) Native Americans actually suffered more social inequality than Europeans did.
E) Native Americans had no material wealth.

Question 29

Which one of the following was NOT true of women in Native American societies?

A) In contrast to their European counterparts, it was considered more acceptable for them to engage in premarital sexual relations.
B) Children usually became members of the mother's family, not the father's.
C) Women often participated in the administration of village affairs and in agriculture.
D) Women dressed scantily by European standards.
E) Women made all decisions about trade relations with other tribes.

Question 30

How did Native Americans conceive of property?

A) Native Americans believed that land should never be claimed.
B) Families might use a specific plot of land for a season.
C) Individuals could own land outright and pass it on to family members.
D) A family could claim land forever, but an individual could not.
E) Native Americans and Europeans conceived of property in the same way, though Europeans claimed otherwise as an excuse to take Indian land.

Question 31

MATCHING
matrilineal

A)society centered on the mother's family
B)Spanish brutality
C)uprising against Spanish colonists in New Spain
D)Dutch landowners of large estates
E)large-scale farm owned by a Spanish landlord
F)persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin
G)Spanish reform measures toward Indians
H)a married woman surrendering her legal identity
I)transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between New and Old Worlds
J)Confederation of five Iroquois tribes
K)Person born in the Spanish colonies of European ancestry
L)ancient residents of the Mississippi Valley region

Question 32

MATCHING
haciendas

A)society centered on the mother's family
B)Spanish brutality
C)uprising against Spanish colonists in New Spain
D)Dutch landowners of large estates
E)large-scale farm owned by a Spanish landlord
F)persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin
G)Spanish reform measures toward Indians
H)a married woman surrendering her legal identity
I)transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between New and Old Worlds
J)Confederation of five Iroquois tribes
K)Person born in the Spanish colonies of European ancestry
L)ancient residents of the Mississippi Valley region

Question 33

MATCHING
mound builders

A)society centered on the mother's family
B)Spanish brutality
C)uprising against Spanish colonists in New Spain
D)Dutch landowners of large estates
E)large-scale farm owned by a Spanish landlord
F)persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin
G)Spanish reform measures toward Indians
H)a married woman surrendering her legal identity
I)transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between New and Old Worlds
J)Confederation of five Iroquois tribes
K)Person born in the Spanish colonies of European ancestry
L)ancient residents of the Mississippi Valley region

Question 34

Which statement about gender relations is FALSE for most Native American societies?

A) Men and women engaged in premarital sex.
B) It was acceptable for a woman to seek a divorce.
C) Tribal leaders were almost always women.
D) Women owned dwellings and tools.
E) Societies were matrilineal.

Question 35

Europeans tended to think which one of the following about Native Americans and their cultures?

A) All Native Americans were gentle and friendly.
B) Native Americans worshiped the same God that Europeans did, although they called him by different names.
C) Native Americans failed to make use of the land, so it was acceptable for Europeans to take it and use it.
D) Because Native American men engaged in masculine pursuits such as hunting and fishing, Indian gender divisions were acceptable.
E) Native American cultures were actually superior to those of Europeans.

Question 36

Native American religious ceremonies:

A) had nothing to do with farming or hunting.
B) were related to the Native American belief that sacred spirits could be found in living and inanimate things.
C) were designed to show that supernatural forces must control man.
D) were the same in every community.
E) did not exist until arriving Europeans insisted on knowing about Native American customs.

Question 37

The Pueblo Indians encountered by the Spanish in the sixteenth century:

A) had engaged in settled village life only briefly before the Spanish arrived.
B) had been almost completely isolated from any other people before the Spanish arrived.
C) used irrigation systems to aid their agricultural production.
D) were called mound builders for the burial mounds they created.
E) created a vast empire that included control of the Incas.

Question 38

Before the arrival of Columbus, Native North Americans:

A) had elaborate trade networks.
B) were entirely agricultural and rural.
C) from all regions of the continent were very similar in their political and religious beliefs.
D) always lived in small family units.
E) lived only in coastal areas.

Question 39

Adam Smith recorded in 1776 that the "two greatest and most important" events in the history of mankind were the:

A) discovery of America and the Portuguese sea route around Africa to Asia.
B) discovery of America and the beginning of the slave trade.
C) birth of mercantilism and the Portuguese sea route around Africa to Asia.
D) beginning of the slave trade and the Portuguese sea route around Africa to Asia.
E) discovery of America and the birth of mercantilism.

Question 40

Which statement about the Indians of North America is FALSE?

A) Indians were very diverse.
B) The idea of private property was foreign to Indians.
C) Many Indian societies were matrilineal.
D) Indians did not covet wealth and material goods as the Europeans did.
E) Indians lacked genuine religion.

Question 41

Portuguese trading posts along the western coast of Africa were called factories because:

A) the merchants were known as factors.
B) the trading posts made the goods there in Africa in makeshift factories.
C) the African slaves built factories along the coast to manufacture guns.
D) the slave traders called their system a labor factory.
E) that is how the Africans translated "trading post."

Question 42

Slavery in Africa:

A) resulted from the arrival of Europeans.
B) included no form of rights for the slaves.
C) was the only kind of labor on that continent.
D) involved the enslavement of criminals, debtors, and war captives.
E) accelerated with the arrival of the French in the 1520s.

Question 43

Why did European exploration of the New World proceed so rapidly after Columbus's discoveries?

A) Gutenberg's invention of the printing press enabled the rapid dissemination of information.
B) England, France, and Spain united to fund exploration, eliminating one of the problems that Columbus had faced.
C) Spain was determined to protect the Native Americans against Protestant missionaries from rival European states, inspiring the government to fund numerous expeditions.
D) The amount of gold that Columbus brought back to Spain was so inspiring that other countries inevitably followed suit.
E) The Dutch became involved and had more money than other countries to finance expeditions, so those other countries worked together and raced against the Dutch for control.

Question 44

What role did religion play in the Columbus's explorations?

A) None whatsoever
B) Columbus was determined to convert Native Americans to Christianity.
C) Catholics in Spain and Italy supported his expeditions because they wanted to end Muslim control of the eastern trade.
D) Columbus benefited from Ferdinand and Isabella's efforts to promote tolerance in Spain.
E) Spain wanted Columbus to find a refuge for the Jews the king was driving out of the country.

Question 45

John Cabot sailed to:

A) Newfoundland.
B) New York.
C) Jamestown.
D) Hispaniola.
E) Quebec.

Question 46

Amerigo Vespucci:

A) named the New World after himself.
B) helped to correct Columbus's theory that he had found a route to Asia.
C) agreed with Columbus that Native Americans were East Indians.
D) was funded by the English.
E) actually named the continent Vespucci, but it was changed.

Question 47

What geographic error did Columbus make?

A) He grossly underestimated the size of the Earth.
B) He thought the Earth was not round, but flat.
C) He was certain that India was east of the Americas.
D) He expected the weather in India to be the same as in the North Atlantic.
E) He confused the Atlantic Ocean with the Indian Ocean.

Question 48

Which one of the following statements about African slavery within Africa is FALSE?

A) African slaves tended to be criminals, debtors, or captives in war.
B) Slavery was one of several forms of labor in Africa.
C) Slaves had well-defined rights and could possess property.
D) The slave trade within Africa accelerated between 1450 and 1500.
E) Only men were taken for the slave trade.

Question 49

The reconquista was the reconquest of Spain from the:

A) Jews.
B) British.
C) Protestants.
D) Moors.
E) Aztecs.

Question 50

Europeans generally believed all of the following about Indians EXCEPT that:

A) Indians lacked genuine religion.
B) Indians had enormous potential to assimilate European ways.
C) Indian males were weak and they mistreated women.
D) Indians did not use the land and thus had no claim to it.
E) Indians were not much better than slaves.

Question 51

The first center of the Spanish empire in America:

A) was a prosperous settlement that Columbus created.
B) was the island of Hispaniola
C) fell to Dutch raiders in 1506.
D) resulted from Columbus's last voyage to the New World in 1502.
E) was Cuba.

Question 52

As colonization began, the European idea of freedom:

A) was enjoyed by a large portion of the population.
B) included the idea of abandoning sin to embrace the teachings of Jesus Christ.
C) included a few narrowly defined rights and privileges.
D) would be completely unrecognizable to those alive today.
E) embraced the view that Indians deserved liberty, too.

Question 53

"Coverture" refers to:

A) a woman's responsibility to wear a scarf covering her head when in public.
B) knowing your place in society, especially at church when sitting in the pews.
C) a tax one pays on one's property that is assessed quarterly.
D) a woman surrendering her legal identity when she marries.
E) a binding legal agreement between an indentured servant and his or her master.

Question 54

In England, social inequality:

A) was part of a hierarchical society.
B) did not keep British subjects from enjoying the same degree of individual freedom.
C) did not mean that there was economic inequality.
D) was banned under the doctrine of coverture.
E) prompted Henry VIII's break with the Catholic Church.

Question 55

Which one of the following is true of religion in seventeenth-century Europe?

A) Few nations had established churches.
B) The churches condemned dissenters, but the governments protected them.
C) Wars were fought over the right of an individual to religious freedom.
D) Religious uniformity was thought to be essential to public order.
E) Religious uniformity had nothing to do with ideas about public order.

Question 56

Under English law in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, women:

A) enjoyed far greater rights than they did in Spain and Spanish America.
B) who outlived their husbands were entitled to one-half of the husband's property.
C) surrendered their legal identities when they married.
D) were expected to submit to their husbands in public, but not in private.
E) gained a great deal of personal and political power during the reigns of Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth.

Question 57

Before the transatlantic slave trade began, approximately 100,000 African slaves were transported between 1450 and 1500 to:

A) England and Ireland
B) Spain and France
C) Portugal and Spain
D) Portugal and the Netherlands
E) England and the Netherlands

Question 58

What motivated the Portuguese to begin exploration to find a water route to India, China, and the East Indies?

A) To prove that the world was round
B) To spread the Protestant faith
C) To establish land empires in India and China
D) To eliminate the Muslim "middlemen" in the luxury goods trade
E) To find markets for Portugal's surplus manufactured goods

Question 59

In Europe on the eve of colonization, one conception of freedom, called "Christian liberty,":

A) was a set of ideas today known as "religious toleration."
B) mingled ideas of freedom with servitude to Jesus Christ-concepts that were seen as mutually reinforcing, not contradictory.
C) found expression in countries dominated by Catholics but not in primarily Protestant ones.
D) argued that all Christians should have equal political rights.
E) referred to the policy of trying to overthrow any non-Christian regime around the world.

Question 60

Europeans-particularly the English, French, and Dutch-generally claimed North American Indian land as their own based on:

A) the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494.
B) the Biblical story of Noah's division of the world among his sons.
C) financial transactions between Indian peoples and themselves.
D) their view that Indians did not use the land properly.
E) various papal decrees that privileged the claims of European Christians over those of Indian "heathens."

Question 61

In 1492, the Native American population:

A) was at least 100 million.
B) lived exclusively in villages of no more than 1,000 individuals.
C) declined catastrophically due to exposure to the Black Plague.
D) lived mostly in what is today the United States.
E) lived mostly in Central and South America.

Question 62

How did Spain justify enslaving Native Americans?

A) The Spanish believed that enslavement could liberate Native Americans from their backwardness and savagery and introduce them to Christian civilization.
B) Pope Alexander VI had approved Spanish slavery but banned slavery in Portuguese holdings in the New World.
C) The writings of Bartolomé de Las Casas explained that the Bible approved slavery and that therefore it was acceptable.
D) If England and France were to be defeated in the quest for empire, Spain needed to take a step they had avoided, imposing slavery upon the native population.
E) The Spanish actually never enslaved Native Americans; the charge that they did was simply part of the "Black Legend" spread by the English and other enemies.

Question 63

Which one of the following is true of Spanish emigrants to the New World?

A) Many of the early arrivals came to direct Native American labor.
B) From the beginning, they arrived as families.
C) They were all at the bottom of the social hierarchy.
D) They soon outnumbered Native Americans.
E) Only the residents of the Malaga province migrated.

Question 64

The repartimiento system established by the Spanish in the mid-1500s:

A) officially designated Indians in New Spain as slaves of European colonists.
B) recognized Indians as free but required them to perform a fixed amount of labor.
C) gave voting rights in local assemblies to mestizos but not to peninsulares.
D) required all Indians to convert to Catholicism or face execution.
E) set up a system of local courts of law that proved essential to Spanish rule in Peru.

Question 65

The government of the Spanish empire in America:

A) established the principle of the separation of church and state by keeping the Catholic Church out of civic affairs.
B) was dominated by the conquistadores, who had conquered lands and retained control over them.
C) included local officials who held a great deal of control.
D) was troubled due to constant turmoil and local divisions back in Spain.
E) operated out of Monterey, California.

Question 66

The Spanish justified their claim to land in the New World through all of the following EXCEPT:

A) believing that their culture was superior to that of the Indians.
B) violence.
C) a missionary zeal.
D) a decree from the Pope.
E) defeating the English fleet in 1588.

Question 67

The Black Legend described:

A) the Aztecs' view of Cortés.
B) English pirates along the African coast.
C) Spain as a uniquely brutal colonizer.
D) Portugal as a vast trading empire.
E) Indians as savages.

Question 68

Which one of the following statements about Spanish America is true?

A) Over time, Spanish America evolved into a hybrid culture-part Spanish, part Indian, and, in some areas, part African.
B) Mestizos enjoyed much political freedom and held most of the high government positions.
C) Spaniards outnumbered the Indian inhabitants after fifty years of settlement.
D) The Catholic Church played only a minor role in Spanish America.
E) Spanish America was very rural and had few urban centers.

Question 69

In 1519, who became the first European explorer to encounter the Aztec empire?

A) Vasco da Gama
B) Ferdinand Magellan
C) John Cabot
D) Hernán Cortés
E) Francisco Pizzaro

Question 70

The Columbian Exchange was:

A) the agreement that documented what Christopher Columbus would give to Spanish leaders in return for their sponsorship of his travel to the New World.
B) the transatlantic flow of plants, animals, and germs that began after Christopher Columbus reached the New World.
C) John Cabot's exploration of the New World, which brought more of the goods that Columbus had found back to the Old World.
D) responsible for introducing corn, tomatoes and potatoes to the Americas.
E) the first store in the New World, named for the man who founded it.

Question 71

Which one of the following lists the events in proper chronological order, from first to last?

A) Pueblo Revolt, the Dutch settle Manhattan, Quebec founded, Spain adopts New Laws
B) Spain adopts New Laws, Pueblo Revolt, Quebec founded, the Dutch settle Manhattan
C) Quebec founded, the Dutch settle Manhattan, Pueblo Revolt, Spain adopts New Laws
D) Dutch settle Manhattan, Spain adopts New Laws, Pueblo Revolt, Quebec founded
E) Spain adopts New Laws, Quebec founded, the Dutch settle Manhattan, Pueblo Revolt

Question 72

The New Laws of 1542:

A) led Protestant Europeans to create the "Black Legend" about Spanish rule in the Americas.
B) introduced the encomienda system.
C) were adopted at the urging of Gonzalo Pizzaro, brother of Peru's conqueror.
D) commanded that Indians no longer be enslaved in Spanish possessions.
E) forbade the enslavement of Africans in New Spain.

Question 73

Alarmed by the destructiveness of the conquistadores, the Spanish crown replaced them with a more stable system of government headed by:

A) lawyers and bureaucrats.
B) bishops of the Catholic Church.
C) landed wealthy elite.
D) elected local officials.
E) entrepreneurs.

Question 74

The Spanish empire in America:

A) included most of the populated part of the New World but few of its natural resources, making the empire rich in people but poor economically.
B) paled in comparison with the ancient Roman Empire.
C) was, unlike the French and English New World empires, a mostly urban civilization.
D) was centered in Lima, Peru.
E) allowed religious freedom and therefore attracted colonists from throughout Europe

Question 75

The transatlantic flow of people and goods such as corn, potatoes, horses, and sugar cane is called:

A) globalization.
B) the Columbian Exchange.
C) the Great Circuit.
D) the Atlantic system.
E) trade.

Question 76

The ritual sacrifices practiced by the Aztecs:

A) occurred one at a time and therefore were minimal.
B) prompted most Aztecs to oppose their leaders, who opposed the sacrifices.
C) disgusted Europeans despite their own practices of publicly executing criminals and burning witches at the stake.
D) were always held at an arena in Tenochtitlán that resembled the Roman Colosseum.
E) cost the Spanish several hundred men before Cortés conquered the Aztecs.

Question 77

Which of the following was NOT a technique that Spanish conquistadores used to conquer Native American empires?

A) Kidnapping a leader and holding him for ransom
B) Dividing and conquering them by taking advantage of old rivalries
C) Relying upon the spread of diseases, even though they may not have been introduced intentionally
D) Negotiating treaties
E) Using their superior military technology

Question 78

Which one of the following is true of agriculture in Spanish America?

A) African-American slaves performed most of the labor.
B) The main crops were vastly different than they had been before Spain's arrival.
C) Spain introduced wheat as a crop.
D) Indian slaves did the work on small-scale farms.
E) Catholic priests were forbidden to be involved in farming.

Question 79

According to Bartolomé de Las Casas:

A) Spain needed to institute a more humane system of Native American slavery in order to avoid offending Pope Paul III.
B) Spain had caused the deaths of millions of innocent people in the New World.
C) despite his opposition to slavery, he needed to keep his slaves so that he would have time to devote to working for abolition and emancipation.
D) slavery needed to be eliminated entirely from the earth.
E) converting Native Americans to anything but Catholicism would lead to their death.

Question 80

In 1517, the German priest _______________ began the Protestant Reformation by posting his Ninety-Five Theses, which accused the Catholic Church of worldliness and corruption.

A) Martin Buber
B) Ulrich Zwingli
C) Martin Luther
D) Reinhold Niebuhr
E) Johannes Gutenberg