Deck 3: Consciousness

Question 1

When a person experiences changes in memory, perception, or voluntary action as a result of suggestions made by another person, he or she is most likely experiencing

A) hypnosis.
B) meditation.
C) REM sleep.
D) REM behavioral disorder.

Answer 1

hypnosis.

Question 2

During his disappearing coin trick, Harry distracts the audience with dramatic gestures. Which psychological principle is Harry using to keep the audience from watching him move the coin?

A) automatic processing, because it requires less attention from the audience and is associated with the audience's decreased awareness of external stimuli
B) controlled processing, because it requires more attention from the audience and is associated with the audience's increased awareness of external stimuli
C) change blindness, because the audience's attention is limited and directed at the distractions on stage
D) divided attention, because the audience's attention is focused on both the coin trick and the distractions on stage

Answer 2

change blindness, because the audience's attention is limited and directed at the distractions on stage

Question 3

According to the global workspace model, consciousness is a function of

A) the degree of damage to certain brain regions.
B) only stimulation of visual processing areas.
C) activity in specific brain regions.
D) the average level of arousal across all brain regions.

Answer 3

activity in specific brain regions.

Question 4

The idea that the activity of neurons in the brain produces consciousness is called

A) dualism.
B) materialism.
C) consolidation theory.
D) dissociation theory.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT an example of consciousness?

A) moment-by-moment subjective experiences
B) paying attention to one's surroundings
C) reflecting on one's thoughts
D) being in a persistent vegetative state

Question 6

While Stephanie is sleeping, she gradually becomes more disconnected from her surrounding environment. In other words, Stephanie is experiencing a(n) ________ state of consciousness.

A) altered
B) normal waking
C) self-induced
D) objective

Question 7

Emily has been in a coma for longer than three months. Emily's doctors are most likely to diagnose her as

A) having unresponsive wakefulness syndrome.
B) being in a minimally conscious state.
C) experiencing change blindness.
D) having split brain.

Question 8

Pierre believes that no single area of the brain is responsible for consciousness, and that instead specific areas process certain types of information. Pierre most likely believes in the ________ model of consciousness.

A) dissociation
B) materialism
C) dualism
D) global workspace

Question 9

In a research study, participants were shown images with houses superimposed on faces and asked whether they saw a house or a face. When researchers looked at the participants' brain responses during this task, they found that

A) brain activity changed depending on whether participants said they saw a house or a face.
B) brain activity was the same, regardless of whether participants said they saw a house or a face.
C) participants' brains emitted large, slow-wave activity equally for both images.
D) participants' brains had activity in two regions, indicating that they saw both the house and the face.

Question 10

You want to convince your friend that the relationship between the conscious mind and the physical brain is best explained by the materialism view. To do this, you should provide evidence that

A) brain processes create the experiences of the mind.
B) the mind and the brain are separate but interconnected.
C) conscious processing in the brain creates the unconscious mind.
D) the brain, not the mind, determines our psychological experiences.

Question 11

Hypnosis, meditation, and drug use all allow people to

A) change the states of their consciousness.
B) achieve a sense of flow.
C) consciously change their behaviors.
D) spend longer time in REM sleep.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT associated with an altered state of consciousness?

A) intensely concentrating during an enjoyable activity
B) receiving a posthypnotic suggestion that affects behavior
C) talking on the phone while taking a walk
D) practicing mindfulness meditation

Question 13

What do meditation and hypnosis have in common?

A) They both promote physical health.
B) They both occur in social contexts.
C) They both involve altered states of consciousness.
D) They both enhance short-term memory.

Question 14

Raya has been knitting for many years and can knit without much attention or effort. Jade just started learning how to knit yesterday and it takes a lot of attention and effort for her to not make a mistake. For Raya, knitting is most likely a(n) ________ process, and for Jade, knitting is most likely a(n) ________ process.

A) automatic; controlled
B) controlled; automatic
C) conscious; unconscious
D) unconscious; conscious

Question 15

Which of the following accurately reflects the global workspace model?

A) The thalamus, the relay station in our brain, is responsible for integrating all external stimuli to provide a general awareness.
B) Conscious awareness of different aspects of the world is associated with processing in different parts of the brain.
C) We respond to our environment by combining sensory information that we register consciously and unconsciously.
D) We respond to our environment mainly by relying on sensory information of which we are consciously aware, and our unconscious cannot affect our behaviors.

Question 16

Isaiah has been playing football for years, and he has sustained several severe concussions that have led to traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI could cause all of the following for Isaiah EXCEPT

A) negative effects on his memory system.
B) increased risk of unresponsive wakefulness syndrome.
C) personality changes.
D) increased risk of depression.

Question 17

Which of the following is a potential drawback of using automatic processing?

A) It can only be used to learn complex tasks.
B) It requires a lot of attention and effort.
C) We are not able to focus attention on other things.
D) We are less likely to remember relevant details.

Question 18

Consciousness is best defined as

A) one's subjective experiences of the external world and one's mental activity.
B) one's ability to objectively pay attention to important information.
C) moving from a state of sleep to a state of wakefulness.
D) processing of sensory information without full awareness.

Question 19

Jimmy is exploring a new town by using a navigation app with sound assistance. According to the global workspace model, the part of his brain that organizes spatial relationships is his ________ and the part that receives sound is his ________.

A) parietal lobe; prefrontal cortex
B) occipital lobe; prefrontal cortex
C) parietal lobe; temporal lobe
D) prefrontal cortex; temporal lobe

Question 20

Altered consciousness can be achieved through all of the following EXCEPT

A) hypnosis.
B) psychoactive drug use.
C) meditation.
D) subliminal perception.

Question 21

The part of the brain that functions as the interpreter is in the ________ hemisphere where it process information to ________.

A) left; construct a world that makes sense
B) right; construct a world that makes sense
C) left; organize spatial relationships
D) right; organize spatial relationships

Question 22

May has undergone a split-brain procedure. When a picture of a chair is processed by May's right hemisphere and she is asked about what she sees, May will most likely

A) say that she sees "a chair."
B) not be able to verbally describe what she sees.
C) be able to manually draw what she sees with her right hand.
D) not be able to manually draw what she sees with her left hand.

Question 23

Sienna is giving an oral presentation in her political science class where she must talk to her classmates. When she is speaking during her presentation it is most likely that her ________ lobe in her ________ hemisphere is very active.

A) temporal; right
B) temporal; left
C) parietal; right
D) parietal; left

Question 24

In a person with a normally functioning brain, the part of the brain that typically controls speech is the

A) left hemisphere.
B) right hemisphere.
C) occipital lobe.
D) parietal lobe.

Question 25

Since getting a concussion, Kate started experiencing difficulty rearranging furniture and drawing a picture. Most likely, her ________ hemisphere, which processes ________, is damaged.

A) left; spatial organization
B) right; spatial organization
C) left; eye-hand coordination
D) right; eye-hand coordination

Question 26

After split-brain surgery, a picture of a cup is shown to the patient's left hemisphere. When given a pencil to draw what she sees, using his right hand, the patient will most likely draw

A) a complete chair.
B) only the left side of the chair.
C) only the right side of the chair.
D) nothing.

Question 27

A split-brain client is shown a frog in her right visual field. The information is processed by the ________ side of her ________ lobe.

A) left; occipital
B) right; occipital
C) left; temporal
D) right; temporal

Question 28

You are examining your patient, Michael, who has no corpus callosum. Michael will probably have difficulty if he has to ________ an object processed by the ________ hemisphere.

A) use his left hand to draw; right
B) use his right hand to draw; left
C) name; right
D) name; left

Question 29

The brain area that releases melatonin is the

A) pineal gland.
B) hippocampus.
C) superchiasmatic nucleus.
D) substantia nigra.

Question 30

The part of the brain that is NOT involved in maintaining sleep/wake cycles is the

A) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
B) pineal gland.
C) hypothalamus.
D) hippocampus.

Question 31

In an experiment, researchers found that when given the word pair ocean-moon, followed by the word detergent, participants typically said the word tide. Participants were then asked why they said tide. Which of the following explanations was a participant LEAST likely to give?

A) "My mom used Tide when I was growing up."
B) "I see Tide commercials on television all the time."
C) "The ocean-moon word pair reminded me of the tide."
D) "I love the way Tide cleans my bright colors."

Question 32

In severe cases, which disorder may require the corpus callosum to be surgically severed?

A) dementia
B) epilepsy
C) Alzheimer's disease
D) Parkinson's disease

Question 33

Which of the following best describes subliminal perception?

A) processing of sensory information with conscious awareness
B) processing of sensory information without conscious awareness
C) an unconscious thought that is expressed at an inappropriate time
D) an unconscious thought that soon becomes conscious

Question 34

In an experiment, researchers found that when given the word pair ocean-moon, followed by the word detergent, participants typically said the word tide. When asked to explain their word choice, participants were unaware that the word pair had influenced their responses. This supports the concept of

A) subjective perception.
B) controlled processing.
C) conscious processing.
D) subliminal perception.

Question 35

The fact that the brain acts as an interpreter refers to the ability of the ________ hemisphere to ________.

A) right; construct a world that makes sense
B) left; construct a world that makes sense
C) right; organize spatial relationships
D) left; organize spatial relationships

Question 36

Which of the following is most likely an example of an automatic process?

A) walking down the sidewalk
B) learning how to drive in snowy weather
C) taking a difficult test
D) threading a tiny needle for the first time

Question 37

Kate's brain has suffered damage to its right hemisphere. Which of the following tasks is LEAST likely to be affected?

A) rearranging furniture
B) balancing her checkbook
C) stacking blocks
D) drawing a picture

Question 38

Angie had brain surgery. Although she can function quite normally, she is unable to verbally report the name of an object that is shown to her left visual field. However, when the same object is shown to her right visual field, she can verbally name the object. Based on this information, Angie's brain surgery likely involved severing the

A) corpus callosum.
B) temporal lobe.
C) frontal lobe.
D) left hemisphere.

Question 39

To treat his epilepsy, doctors sever Liam's corpus callosum. As a result, Liam will

A) experience a loss of consciousness.
B) be unable to walk.
C) have a split brain.
D) be unable to form new memories.

Question 40

Which of the following is most likely an example of a controlled process?

A) blinking one's eyes
B) walking around the block
C) chewing a bite of food
D) roller-skating for the first time

Question 41

Elizabeth is awake and alert while playing a video game. Her brain activity will most likely be characterized by ________ waves.

A) alpha
B) beta
C) theta
D) delta

Question 42

After Mark has gone through one full sleep cycle, his heart beats faster, his breathing becomes fast and irregular, and his closed eyes begin to move back and forth. Mark is most likely experiencing

A) REM behavior disorder.
B) REM sleep.
C) stage 1 sleep.
D) slow-wave sleep.

Question 43

Which of the following actions does NOT typically happen during sleep?

A) analyzing danger
B) controlling body movements
C) finding comfortable body positions
D) experiencing conscious awareness

Question 44

Circadian rhythms can best be described as

A) heartbeats that trigger a change in blood circulation.
B) the changes that occur in wakefulness after jet lag and shift work.
C) the regulation of biological cycles into regular, daily patterns.
D) the time between sunrise and sunset, which determines sleep patterns.

Question 45

After Mark has gone through one full sleep cycle, his heart beats faster, his breathing becomes fast and irregular, and his closed eyes begin to move back and forth. A researcher who is monitoring Mark's EEG activity will most likely see ________ waves.

A) theta
B) delta
C) alpha
D) beta

Question 46

You tell your friend Betty about a dream in which you were a giant cupcake. Betty tells you the dream was meaningless and was only caused by random neural firings during sleep. Based on this you know that Betty most likely believes in the ________ theory of dreaming.

A) restorative
B) activation-synthesis
C) dissociation
D) sociocognitive

Question 47

Sleeping people who show theta waves on their EEGs are most likely in ________ sleep.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) slow-wave
D) REM

Question 48

If you want to increase the production of melatonin, you should

A) sit under a bright light.
B) go outside during the day.
C) sit in a completely dark room.
D) go for a walk at sunset.

Question 49

Jane frequently sleepwalks and talks in her sleep. During which part of a night's sleep would Jane most likely show these behaviors?

A) approximately halfway through her sleep
B) during the first half of her sleep
C) during the second half of her sleep
D) at all times during her sleep

Question 50

Last night, Linnea dreamt about daily activities, such as what she was going to wear to school. Based on this, when Linnea was dreaming, her brain was generating ________, and she was in ________ sleep.

A) beta waves; non-REM
B) beta waves; REM
C) K-complexes; non-REM
D) K-complexes; REM

Question 51

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because the

A) person is not really asleep.
B) person's body is asleep, but the person's brain is active.
C) person's brain is asleep, but the person's body is active.
D) person has no awareness of being asleep.

Question 52

As you sleep through the night, REM sleep

A) increases relative to the other stages.
B) decreases relative to the other stages.
C) is more likely to involve dreaming.
D) is less likely to involve dreaming.

Question 53

Aaron is asleep. His breathing has become more regular and he is less sensitive to external stimulation. A researcher can confirm that Aaron is in stage 2 sleep by looking for ________ on Aaron's EEGs.

A) alpha waves
B) K-complexes
C) beta waves
D) delta waves

Question 54

Rhianna had been asleep for 45 minutes when she was awakened by her roommate screaming at her to pick up the phone. Rhianna was extremely confused, so she grabbed her shoe and said "Hello?" Before she was awakened, Rhianna was most likely in ________ sleep.

A) REM
B) stage 1
C) stage 2
D) slow-wave

Question 55

In contrast to dreams occurring during non-REM sleep, dreams that happen during REM sleep are

A) more emotional and more illogical.
B) more emotional and more logical.
C) less emotional but more illogical.
D) less emotional but more logical.

Question 56

You are lying by the pool, relaxing with your eyes closed, and feeling drowsy. In this situation, the type of brain waves that would most likely show up on your EEGs are ________ waves.

A) delta
B) alpha
C) beta
D) theta

Question 57

At what sleep stage does your breathing become more regular and your awareness of external stimulation decrease?

A) REM
B) stage 1
C) stage 2
D) slow-wave

Question 58

Odin is asleep when his neighbor starts banging on his window. Odin barely moves, and when he does finally wake up, he is confused and disoriented. Before he was awakened, Odin was most likely in ________ sleep.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) slow-wave
D) REM

Question 59

REM sleep is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A) increased brain activity.
B) dreaming.
C) body paralysis.
D) K-complexes.

Question 60

As Isaac reads his textbook, he gets more and more drowsy and is just about to fall asleep. His brain activity will most likely be characterized by ________ waves.

A) alpha
B) beta
C) theta
D) delta

Question 61

You tell your friend Betty about a dream in which you were a giant cupcake. Betty says it means that you have a desire to drop out of college and become a baker. Betty's statement is a reflection of the ________ theory of dreaming.

A) dissociation
B) activation-synthesis
C) unconscious wish fulfillment
D) consolidation

Question 62

This past week, Nick has had to wake up early for work and stay at work late, so he has been deprived of a good night's sleep. During the weekend, Nick can finally sleep in late. He will most likely

A) enter REM sleep quickly and have more REM dreams.
B) enter REM sleep slowly and have fewer REM dreams.
C) spend more time in slow-wave sleep and have fewer non-REM dreams.
D) spend less time in slow-wave sleep and have more non-REM dreams.

Question 63

Four people of different ages volunteer to take part in a sleep study that monitors their brain waves. The volunteer who will likely spend the most time in REM sleep is a

A) three-year-old girl.
B) 13-year-old girl.
C) three-month-old boy.
D) 30-year-old man.

Question 64

Meredith has been experiencing bad moods and impaired mental abilities. Her symptoms are most likely related to

A) sleep deprivation.
B) consolidation.
C) restorative sleep.
D) circadian rhythms.

Question 65

Eva is chronically sleep deprived. She will most likely experience all of the following EXCEPT

A) reduced short-term memory.
B) microsleeps during daytime.
C) loss of appetite and weight loss.
D) increased anxiety.

Question 66

Homer is suddenly awakened when his wife, Marge, starts striking him in her sleep. Homer wakes her up, and she explains that she was dreaming about defending herself from an attacker. Homer is not mad, but he is concerned that Marge may be experiencing

A) sleep apnea.
B) narcolepsy.
C) REM behavior disorder.
D) somnambulism.

Question 67

After playing a difficult soccer match that wore out his body, Jon slept for four extra hours. Jon's extra sleep is best explained by ________ theory.

A) circadian rhythm
B) dissociation
C) restorative
D) consolidation

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT a major issue linked to insomnia?

A) having poor sleeping habits
B) experiencing a major depressive disorder
C) having narcolepsy
D) worrying about sleep

Question 69

Insomnia is more frequently observed among ________, whereas sleep apnea is more common among ________.

A) females with anxiety disorders; elderly males with neurological deficits
B) adolescents with anorexia nervosa; elderly males with neurological deficits
C) females with anxiety disorders; middle-aged males with obesity
D) adolescents with anorexia nervosa; females with anxiety disorders

Question 70

Your child wakes up during the first hour or two after going to bed and walks around his room with a glassy-eyed look. Based on this information, your child most likely has a sleep disorder called

A) sleep apnea.
B) somnambulism.
C) REM behavior disorder.
D) narcolepsy.

Question 71

Your roommate says that you seem to wake up dozens of times in the night, gasping for air, but you are totally unaware of it. Based on this information, you may be experiencing

A) narcolepsy.
B) somnambulism.
C) REM behavior disorder.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 72

Occasionally, Jessie will fall asleep at inappropriate times, for example, in the middle of talking to a customer at work. Based on this information, Jessie might be experiencing

A) narcolepsy.
B) somnambulism.
C) REM behavior disorder.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 73

Esther dreams that she is swimming. Following Freud's perspective, Esther's therapist suggests that her dream represents a hidden unconscious desire for sexual intimacy. Accordingly, the therapist would most likely conclude that

A) in the dream the images of swimming were the manifest content.
B) in the dream the images of swimming were the latent content.
C) random neural activity resulted in the unconscious sexual desire.
D) random neural activity caused the images about swimming.

Question 74

Becky, a 35-year-old mother, sleeps whenever her six-month-old baby does. Even though Becky and her infant get the same amount of sleep, according to consolidation theory, Becky will spend ________ time in ________ sleep compared with her baby.

A) more; REM
B) less; REM
C) more; slow-wave
D) less; slow-wave

Question 75

Which of the following theories best explains why individuals need more sleep after experiencing a traumatic brain injury?

A) restorative theory
B) consolidation theory
C) dissociation theory
D) circadian rhythm theory

Question 76

Which of the following statements does NOT describe an adaptive and beneficial function of sleep?

A) Sleep lets the brain to restore itself.
B) Our physical activity is limited during sleep, keeping us safe from harm.
C) Sleep strengthens neural connections that increase learning.
D) Sleep allows the brain to shut off, thus preserving remaining energy.

Question 77

According to the consolidation theory that explains the benefits of sleep, researchers have found that

A) infants tend to spend less time in REM sleep because they don't spend a lot of time awake, during which they would receive visual stimulation.
B) adolescents tend to spend more time in non-REM sleep because that is when growth hormones are released.
C) older adults tend to spend more time in non-REM sleep because they process information more slowly than young adults.
D) students tend to spend more time in REM sleep during exam periods because they are processing a lot of information.

Question 78

While dreaming that she is riding a bicycle, Millie actually moves around in bed making arm and leg motions similar to those of a cyclist. Millie is most likely experiencing

A) narcolepsy.
B) sleep apnea.
C) REM behavior disorder.
D) somnambulism.

Question 79

Which of the following statements about hypnosis is true?

A) When hypnotized, a person experiences consciousness that is the same as sleeping.
B) When hypnotized, a person is under the complete control of someone else.
C) Hypnosis does not result in an altered state of consciousness.
D) Hypnosis can change a person's pattern of brain activity.

Question 80

For the past three days, Mandy has not been able to get enough hours of sleep. Today, Mandy will most likely have trouble

A) performing well in her athletic training session.
B) experiencing fewer microsleeps.
C) maintaining her physical strength throughout the day.
D) paying attention in class and remembering the information.