Deck 9: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Janelle knows that motivational states are directive, meaning that they

A) call attention to important goals.
B) activate us to do something.
C) help guide behaviors that satisfy our needs.
D) determine a pattern of physiological activation.

Answer 1

help guide behaviors that satisfy our needs.

Question 2

Cyril is writing an essay on Maslow's need hierarchy. Which of the following should he include as a critique of the theory?

A) Self-actualization may not be necessary for happiness.
B) It is limited to Western cultures.
C) It defines the nature of a need too broadly.
D) It underestimates the role of physiological factors.

Answer 2

Self-actualization may not be necessary for happiness.

Question 3

Gertrude is close to finishing her degree in biology and was offered several good jobs in her field. However, Gertrude decides that her real dream is to become a carpenter. She quits
School and becomes a very happy and successful carpenter. According to Maslow, Gertrude

A) does not have a need for achievement.
B) is self-actualized.
C) has high self-esteem.
D) is behaving according to her set point.

Answer 3

is self-actualized.

Question 4

Ming is hiking around a lake to photograph it from a variety of angles, but she forgot to bring water with her. Soon, she cannot concentrate and goes back to her car to satisfy her thirst.
Which of the following factors is most likely influencing Ming's behavior in this situation?

A) drive reduction
B) incentive
C) optimal arousal
D) the pleasure principle

Question 5

Raymond is studying for finals and has not slept for almost two days. He finally realizes he is exhausted and goes home from the library to sleep. Raymond's desire to go home and get
Some rest so that he no longer feels tired is a(n)

A) goal.
B) incentive.
C) drive.
D) need.

Question 6

Mauricio's habit of eating chalk to replenish the calcium his body needs is an example of a behavior intended to maintain

A) self-determination.
B) an optimal level of arousal.
C) an incentive.
D) homeostasis.

Question 7

Thatcher thinks that anxiety can impair test performance, so he does relaxation exercises before his exam. He is extremely relaxed during the exam and does poorly. Thatcher did not
Take into account the complete relationship between physiological activation and performance,
As described by

A) the self-determination theory.
B) Cannon's theory of homeostasis.
C) the Yerkes-Dodson law.
D) Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Question 8

Hugh is sad that his best friend is studying abroad for the entire academic year. His brother tries to get him to go to some social events, but Hugh does not want to do anything. Hugh's
Behavior is not energized, directed, or sustained, and he is lacking

A) motivation.
B) emotion.
C) self-actualization.
D) homeostasis.

Question 9

Robert becomes anxious during exams. He has found that chewing on the eraser on his pencil while he thinks helps him to calm down. Over time, Robert's pencil chewing is likely
To become a(n)

A) incentive.
B) habit.
C) drive.
D) need.

Question 10

When he misses lunch, Augustus knows he is experiencing a state of deficiency. Pretty soon, he starts to feel hungry and he goes to a deli to eat. Augustus was motivated to eat because
He experienced the psychological state called a(n) ________, which will reduce his state
Of deficiency.

A) goal
B) incentive
C) need
D) drive

Question 11

Jenna plans to be an engineer. She also loves taking dance classes and makes time for them even if it means that she must skip a meal or not get much sleep. Jenna's behavior is best
Explained by

A) a satisfaction of needs.
B) drive reduction.
C) incentives.
D) the pleasure principle.

Question 12

During recess, children are trying to balance a seesaw. If one side is too heavy, a child will get off the heavy side; if one side is too light, a child will get on the light side. The children's
Behavior is similar to our biological states as they try to create

A) drive satisfaction.
B) equilibrium.
C) arousal.
D) a habit.

Question 13

Ruth has weighed 130 pounds all her adult life. During her pregnancy, she gained 25 pounds. After having her baby, Ruth's weight returned naturally to 130 pounds. For Ruth, 130 pounds
Is a(n) ________, and her body went back to it through the process of ________.

A) optimal weight; equilibrium
B) set point; equilibrium
C) set point; homeostasis
D) optimal weight; homeostasis

Question 14

Luke needs about seven hours of sleep a night. During his spring break, however, he sleeps 10 hours just because he enjoys it so much. Luke's behavior is difficult to explain with
Which of the following motivation theories?

A) drive reduction
B) incentives
C) optimal arousal
D) the pleasure principle

Question 15

Antoinette is a real risk taker. She loves to skydive, and she can party all night. Benita dislikes risk taking and prefers quieter activities, such as reading and yoga. These contrasting
Preferences in the rate of physiological activation they experience suggest that Antoinette and
Benita differ in their

A) extrinsic motivations.
B) optimal levels of arousal.
C) intrinsic motivations.
D) self-actualization.

Question 16

When explaining the purpose of homeostasis, Dr. Murphy would most likely suggest that it

A) generates a drive to satisfy a need.
B) stabilizes conditions in the body.
C) creates a state of arousal.
D) uses incentives to reduce drives.

Question 17

From an evolutionary perspective, pleasure ________ the likelihood of survival and reproduction because it ________.

A) increases; promotes adaptive behaviors
B) decreases; interferes with adaptive learning
C) decreases; promotes negative behaviors
D) increases; interferes with responses to pain

Question 18

Vincent is a brilliant artist and is very satisfied with his achievements. However, he has little to eat, lives in poverty, and spends most of his time alone working on his art. Why
Would Vincent's life be problematic according to Maslow's need hierarchy?

A) Satisfaction is an emotion, not a need.
B) Lower needs must be met before higher needs.
C) Satisfying the need for esteem requires financial success.
D) Lower and higher needs cannot be met simultaneously.

Question 19

Jerome's boat sank in cold water and his body temperature is dangerously low, so he starts swimming to raise his body temperature. According to motivational theory, Jerome's low
Temperature created a deficient state called a(n) ________, which in turn created a
Motivating state called a(n) ________ to increase his temperature.

A) habit; incentive
B) incentive; habit
C) need; drive
D) drive; need

Question 20

Terry's home was destroyed in a hurricane. It is hard to find food, so he is constantly hungry. However, he feels lucky because his family survived and he is together with his loved ones. According to Maslow's theory, Terry's ________ needs are not met, but his ________
Needs are being met.

A) safety; esteem
B) physiological; belonging
C) physiological; esteem
D) safety; belonging

Question 21

Sarah wants to do well in class because she is earning credit toward graduation. Joe wants to do well in class because he gets pleasure from learning new material. Sarah is influenced
By ________ motivation. Joe is influenced by ________ motivation.

A) intrinsic; extrinsic
B) extrinsic; intrinsic
C) intrinsic; intrinsic
D) extrinsic; extrinsic

Question 22

Marty just lost 15 pounds. Even though she has better eating habits, she has a strong urge to eat more frequently than she did before she lost the weight. The most likely reason for
Marty's problem is

A) an increase in ghrelin.
B) a decrease in glucose.
C) a decrease in leptin.
D) equal levels of leptin and ghrelin.

Question 23

Parvati is a competitive gymnast at the Olympic trials. She is highly motivated to perform her absolute best, which results in a highly aroused state. Given your knowledge of the
Effects of arousal on performance, the best advice you can give Parvati is that she should
Calm down because

A) very high arousal can hurt her performance.
B) very low arousal can help her performance.
C) extrinsic motivation will reduce her ability to focus.
D) self-efficacy will increase her ability to focus.

Question 24

Troy finds it very hard to lose weight. No matter how often he exercises, he keeps gaining weight instead of losing it. He thinks that he has a genetic predisposition to be overweight,
Which has most likely made him sensitive to the hunger-promoting effects of

A) ghrelin.
B) leptin.
C) the hypothalamus.
D) the gustatory cortex.

Question 25

When you are hungry, the level of glucose in your bloodstream is ________. After you finish a big meal, the level of glucose in your bloodstream is ________.

A) low; high
B) high; low
C) low; low
D) high; high

Question 26

Roland tells himself that he must love soccer because he works so hard at it. Then, Roland's coach tells him he can get a full soccer scholarship to college. Now Roland tells himself that
He is working so hard because he needs to earn a scholarship, and he enjoys soccer less.
Self-perception theory would explain Roland's behavior by saying that

A) he no longer feels that he is choosing to practice and play.
B) he is afraid he will start losing games.
C) winning the scholarship has become the reason for playing soccer.
D) playing has become too much hard work.

Question 27

Recently, Miriam's violin instructor tells her that she has to practice three hours a day for a competition. Although Miriam usually practices more than three hours, she suddenly finds
That she enjoys playing a lot less. Self-determination theory suggests that Miriam's sudden
Loss of interest happened because

A) she no longer feels that she is choosing to practice.
B) she is afraid of not doing well at the competition.
C) the competition is now more important than the music.
D) playing has become work, not pleasure.

Question 28

Stewart desperately wants a job in computers. During his interview, he is aggressive about his thoughts and ideas. A motivation theorist who interprets Stewart's behavior in terms
Of extrinsic motivation would say that Stewart's behavior in the interview is most likely
Motivated by

A) the drive to achieve homeostasis.
B) a strong need for esteem.
C) a high optimal level of arousal.
D) the incentive of wanting to earn a high salary.

Question 29

A car hit Pluto the dog while he was chasing a squirrel. Afterward, Pluto starts gaining weight and has a hard time regulating his excessive food intake. Pluto is most likely
Having problems with the part of the brain that processes the hormone ________,
Which should indicate when to stop eating.

A) ghrelin
B) glucose
C) leptin
D) insulin

Question 30

Hernando and Fiona are in an advanced math class, which they love. In order to increase his effort in the class, Hernando's parents give him $5 for every "A" he earns. Fiona's parents do
Not reward her for good grades. Which of the following concepts suggests that Fiona is more
Likely to do well in the class?

A) self-perception theory
B) self-efficacy
C) delayed gratification
D) self-determination theory

Question 31

Cesar has done so well in his economics class that he only needs 43 out of 100 points on the final exam to receive an "A" in the class. Cesar still studies a lot because he wants
To do well on the final. Cesar's behavior is affected by

A) a drive.
B) extrinsic motivation.
C) a habit.
D) intrinsic motivation.

Question 32

Lulu has a hard time sitting still and concentrating when doing her homework. Lulu's father says to her, "If you can sit still and focus for 10 minutes and get these three math problems
Right then we can play soccer together for a while." Lulu's father is trying to motivate a
Change in her behavior by

A) supporting Lulu in reaching self-actualization about math homework.
B) getting Lulu to an optimal level of arousal to do the math homework.
C) offering Lulu an incentive to finish the math homework.
D) helping Lulu to increase her intrinsic motivation to complete the math homework.

Question 33

After you finish a big meal, the level of glucose in your bloodstream increases. What happens next in order for your body to process the glucose?

A) When glucose reaches a certain level, your hypothalamus stops producing it.
B) Your pancreas produces insulin to manage the glucose.
C) Your stomach releases ghrelin to counteract the glucose.
D) Your fat cells release leptin, which tells your hypothalamus to stop producing glucose.

Question 34

Long-term regulation of body fat primarily involves the hormone called

A) glucose.
B) ghrelin.
C) leptin.
D) insulin.

Question 35

Jalila reads the paper every day because she is intrinsically motivated. Jalila most likely reads the paper because

A) she uses it to find grocery coupons to save herself money.
B) she feels curious about what is happening in the world.
C) it keeps her mind occupied during her boring staff meetings.
D) it prevents the person next to her on the train from talking to her.

Question 36

Blythe had a large breakfast in the late morning. Even though she was planning to skip lunch, she follows her usual routine and eats lunch at noon. The fact that Blythe eats at her normal
Lunchtime even though she ate a late breakfast can be best explained by

A) classical conditioning.
B) homeostatic adjustment.
C) poor self-regulation.
D) low self-efficacy.

Question 37

Daria is writing a lecture and wants to explain the difference between being motivated by states of biological deficiency versus being motivated by incentives. Which of the following
Should she include as an example of an incentive that can motivate behavior even though it is
NOT related to a so-called need?

A) water
B) sleep
C) achievement
D) money

Question 38

Sally is having a hard time losing weight and keeping it off because the more weight she loses, the hungrier she feels. This condition is most likely due to the effects of ________, which
Triggers feelings of hunger.

A) insulin
B) leptin
C) glucose
D) ghrelin

Question 39

Shana wants to establish an exercise routine, but she really does not like to work out. If she decides to use incentives to motivate her exercising behavior, which of the following
Is Shana most likely to do?

A) focus on how much pleasure she feels when she is exercising
B) work out at midnight when she has the most energy
C) buy herself a new pair of shoes after exercising every day for two weeks
D) weigh herself each morning to decide how much she needs to exercise that day

Question 40

Upon visiting his doctor, Ted is surprised to learn he has a brain tumor. This may explain why Ted cannot stop eating and eats as much food as possible. Ted may have a tumor in the
Part of his brain called the

A) amygdala.
B) hypothalamus.
C) frontal lobe.
D) hippocampus.

Question 41

Today is Bridget's first day of college. She is excited to conquer this new challenge. Bridget, along with other students who are high in achievement motivation, is more likely to choose
A seat

A) in the middle of the classroom.
B) near the back of the classroom.
C) near the front of the classroom.
D) next to her friend's seat.

Question 42

Research has shown that social isolation increases the risk of illness by the same amount as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. This finding supports the idea that the need for ________
Is a fundamental adaptive motive.

A) actualization
B) belonging
C) efficacy
D) regulation

Question 43

Marco is a college student who is highly concerned with what other people think about him. He regularly tries to show off his good qualities in hopes that others have a good impression of
Him) Due to his concerns, he is more likely to be depressed or anxious. Marco's concerns are
Consistent with ________ goals.

A) grit
B) ecosystem
C) emotion-focused
D) egosystem

Question 44

John is hanging out with a group of friends. According to the need to belong, which friend will pay the most attention to social information?

A) Nate, who is outgoing and has many friends
B) Suzanne, who is shy but has a close group of friends
C) Akon, who belongs to many social groups
D) Jacob, who is shy and does not know very many people

Question 45

Tara is shooting hockey pucks into a net. If she has a low self-efficacy, she will probably take ________ practice shots.

A) moderately difficult
B) very difficult
C) fewer
D) many

Question 46

Beth's entire family has a high achievement motivation. Which of the following is Beth NOT likely to observe in her family members?

A) unrealistically high career goals
B) attainable personal goals
C) high exam scores
D) high grades in career-related classes

Question 47

The final project for your class is due in a few days. You ask a classmate how his project is going. He tells you that he has not started, because no matter how hard he tries, he can never
Get a good grade. Based on this statement, it is likely that your classmate

A) is low in achievement motivation.
B) is high in achievement motivation.
C) has low self-efficacy.
D) has high self-efficacy.

Question 48

Jenn is daydreaming during class about what she will eat for dessert tonight. She decides she will make chocolate cake, and her mouth begins to water just thinking about how delicious it will taste. Her mouth-watering response is due to

A) satiety cues.
B) classical conditioning.
C) leptin.
D) familiarity.

Question 49

At a potluck, everyone brings his or her favorite dish to share. Gavin decides to avoid the foods he has never heard of before and instead eats only the macaroni and cheese he brought
To the party. In this example, Gavin eating food he prepared himself suggests that he is most
Influenced by

A) satiety cues.
B) conditioning.
C) the limbic system.
D) familiarity.

Question 50

When re-creating Mischel's famous marshmallow delay-of-gratification study, Art finds that children who successfully wait to eat the marshmallow are LEAST likely to

A) focus on a painting on the wall.
B) play with another toy.
C) sing a song.
D) stare at the marshmallow.

Question 51

Evolutionarily, children were more likely to remain with adults who would protect them. In addition, humans were most successful at survival when they shared food and resources.
In order to increase the odds of survival, groups of people cooperated with each other.
A fundamental motive that has evolved from these behaviors is our

A) need to belong.
B) need to achieve long-term goals.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) familiarity principle.

Question 52

Your siblings are arguing about who will be more successful in school. Your brother says that he will, because he has more natural talent and intelligence. Your sister thinks that she
Will, because she has more grit. You decide to settle the argument by telling them the latest
Research finding on whether natural talent or grit is more important in predicting success.
What should you tell them?

A) Intelligence is a better predictor than grit for educational attainment.
B) Grit is only important in achieving short-term, but not long-term, goals.
C) Intelligence is only important in achieving long-term, but not short-term, goals.
D) Grit is a better predictor than intelligence for educational attainment.

Question 53

Emilio has an "A" average, and Claudio has a "C" average. Both men have career aspirations of becoming aeronautical engineers to work for NASA. Claudio likely has ________
Than Emilio.

A) lower achievement motivation
B) higher achievement motivation
C) better delayed gratification
D) worse delayed gratification

Question 54

Noor and Ahmad, four-year-old twins, are shopping with their mother. She offers to buy them each a small cookie now or a large toy later if they are good during the shopping trip. Noor
Takes the cookie, but Ahmad waits for the toy. Based on this, who will be more successful in
High school?

A) Noor, because he has a higher achievement motivation
B) Noor, because he can delay gratification
C) Ahmad, because he can delay gratification
D) Ahmad, because he has a higher achievement motivation

Question 55

After finishing elementary school, Mia moved to a new school district for middle school. Almost none of her friends from elementary school came with her to the new school.
She feels anxious and quickly joins an after-school club. What motive may be driving
Mia's behavior?

A) egosystem goals
B) need to belong
C) reappraisal
D) familiarity principle

Question 56

If Phong makes his girlfriend, Regina, dinner and his menu selection is influenced by his culture, he would most likely make Regina

A) french fries, because he can make them very well.
B) snake wine, because it is a delicacy in his native Vietnam.
C) spinach salad, which he eats several times a week.
D) chicken pot pie, because it was his favorite food growing up.

Question 57

Juan really wants to become a doctor. He continues working toward his goal, despite the fact that he has trouble with the course work and has difficulty getting admitted to college and
Paying for his education. Juan's willingness to keep working toward his goal, despite the
Challenges, is an indication that Juan has

A) grit.
B) external motivation.
C) internal motivation.
D) natural talent.

Question 58

You are training for a marathon. You spend all your extra time conditioning and practicing, because you believe that the more effort you put in, the more likely you are to succeed.
Based on this, it is likely that you have

A) low intrinsic motivation.
B) high intrinsic motivation.
C) low self-efficacy.
D) high self-efficacy.

Question 59

When Seth becomes interested in a new hobby, he completely invests his time, money, and talents into that hobby. However, Seth always seems to lose his passion for the hobby
In the middle of completing a project. He gets sidetracked and discouraged and chooses
To focus on a new hobby. On which of the four factors related to long-term goal
Achievement is Seth low?

A) setting good goals
B) self-efficacy
C) ability to delay gratification
D) grit

Question 60

Ray tends to eat more at a potluck dinner, where there are many options and different types of food, as compared to when he cooks dinner for himself at home. Given this information,
One reason why Ray might eat more at a potluck is due to

A) cultural influences.
B) classical conditioning.
C) the presence of a variety of flavors.
D) leptin.

Question 61

Delia lives far from her family and rarely visits them. On a recent trip home, Delia realizes that her nephews do not know who she is. This makes Delia feel remorseful. Because
Remorse is a blend of other feelings, Delia is experiencing a(n) ________ emotion.

A) positive
B) objective
C) secondary
D) primary

Question 62

Ekman and colleagues found that several emotions are common to people around the world, including all of the following EXCEPT

A) fear.
B) guilt.
C) sadness.
D) disgust.

Question 63

You are walking through the jungle and you see a huge snake. Which of the following explanations best represents the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

A) You are afraid because you are shaking.
B) You are shaking because you are afraid.
C) You are shaking because you know that a snake is scary.
D) You are shaking and you are afraid simultaneously.

Question 64

Mr. Griffin has a class full of students with high achievement motivation. To help these students do well on his calculus exam, Mr. Griffin should write questions that are

A) very difficult.
B) easy.
C) moderately difficult.
D) variable in their difficulties.

Question 65

Remmy is watching a tragic love story at the movie theater. She notices feelings of sadness come over her, followed by tears filling her eyes. The idea that our minds are quick to process
Emotions but our bodies take a few seconds longer is consistent with the

A) James-Lange theory.
B) Cannon-Bard theory.
C) two-factor theory.
D) reappraisal process.

Question 66

Terri is an experienced matchmaker. She tells her clients who are looking for romantic connections that good first dates should be active experiences that make your heart race,
Resulting in excitement or fear. When her clients follow her advice, they are more likely to feel
A romantic connection with a new partner on the first date. On what psychological concept is
Terri relying when giving this advice?

A) reappraisal
B) facial feedback
C) delayed gratification
D) misattribution of arousal

Question 67

Makenna is starting her first job as a teacher. She is considering how to use goals to effectively encourage persistence and concentration, and to increase student motivation.
Makenna should

A) set goals that are easy to meet so she can reward her students often.
B) not set goals for them because they should be intrinsically motivated.
C) set goals that are very difficult so that students will feel great when they succeed.
D) set challenging and specific goals that are not too difficult or too easy.

Question 68

Tia is studying for her introductory psychology exam and is having trouble understanding the James-Lange theory of emotion. Her friend Brian took the course last semester and is
Most likely to explain the relationship between fear and trembling as

A) unrelated.
B) being felt simultaneously.
C) someone trembles because he or she feels afraid.
D) someone feels afraid because he or she is trembling.

Question 69

Maya finds her customer service job to be frustrating and stressful. She tells her friend Jeff about her negative experience at work, and he tells her to force herself to smile while she is at
Work, an idea he learned in his psychology class. When Maya tries smiling at work, she finds
Her job less frustrating and even begins to enjoy it some days. The idea that Jeff shared with
Maya is most likely the

A) facial-feedback hypothesis.
B) misattribution of arousal.
C) reappraisal principle.
D) Cannon-Bard theory.

Question 70

While Brit is standing in line to go bungee jumping with her friends, she is extremely happy and excited, but she also feels her heart beating rapidly in anticipation of the jump.
According to the circumplex model, Brit's emotions could be plotted on the positive end
Of the ________ continuum and on the high end of the ________ continuum.

A) emotion; mood
B) valence; arousal
C) mood; emotion
D) arousal; valence

Question 71

Which of the following can be categorized as a primary emotion?

A) guilt
B) shame
C) remorse
D) disgust

Question 72

Jie recently got out of a bad relationship and she is excited to be single again. Jie's friend, Nico, suggests that he would interpret that excitement negatively, if it were he. Excitement, in
This example, is a(n) ________ because it is subjective and personal relative to the individual
Experiencing it.

A) arousal
B) attitude
C) motivation
D) emotion

Question 73

Which dimension in the circumplex model of describing emotions corresponds with how positive or negative an emotion is?

A) valence
B) arousal
C) physiological activation
D) mood

Question 74

Ross is explaining the different theories of emotion to his younger brother. When describing the two-factor theory, he explains that a situation causes a

A) physiological response that is followed by a cognitive interpretation.
B) cognitive interpretation that is followed by a physiological response.
C) physiological label that is followed by a physiological response.
D) physiological response that is followed by a physiological label.

Question 75

Jason and Cora are riding on a roller coaster, which is producing high levels of arousal. They attribute their aroused state to romantic feelings for each other and feel they are
Falling in love. The effect the roller coaster has on Jason and Cora is associated with
The ________ of emotion.

A) physiological response
B) subjective evaluations
C) cognitive interpretation
D) primary evolutionary adaptations

Question 76

You are walking through the jungle and you see a huge snake. Which of the following explanations best represents the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) You are afraid because you are shaking.
B) You are shaking because you are afraid.
C) You are shaking because you know that a snake is scary.
D) You are shaking and you are afraid simultaneously.

Question 77

Noah is shopping for groceries when he realizes his best friend from childhood, whom he hasn't seen in years, is in the same aisle as him. His heart races, his face flushes, and he
Feels a simultaneous surge of happiness. Noah's response is most consistent with which
Theory of emotion?

A) James-Lange
B) Cannon-Bard
C) two-factor
D) reappraisal

Question 78

Which of the following can be categorized as a secondary emotion?

A) shame
B) sadness
C) surprise
D) disgust

Question 79

For the past several weeks, Hugh has had a vague sense of irritability. He does not know why he is feeling this way, but it seems to be affecting how he thinks about his job and how
He acts at work. Hugh's irritability is best categorized as a

A) primary emotion.
B) secondary emotion.
C) mood.
D) physiological arousal.

Question 80

Jasson's face gets flushed and his heart beats fast every time he walks into his physics class. However, Jasson has never really liked science, so he does not think that his reaction is due
To the class. Instead, he decides that he must be attracted to his lab partner. Jasson's
Misattribution of his arousal in an attempt to explain the excitement he feels is consistent
With which theory of emotion?

A) Cannon-Bard
B) James-Lange
C) Maslow's
D) two-factor