Deck 3: Control Philosophy and Criminal Justice Policy

Question 1

The category "sexual violations against children" accounted for what percentage of sexual offences reported to the police in Canada in 2016?

A)5
B)15
C)25
D)35

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which crime control philosophy was developed at the beginning of the 1980s?

A)selective incapacitation
B)deterrence
C)justice model
D)rehabilitation

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which type of offender did Kong et al. find appeared in criminal court with a higher percentage of multiple charges per case, "indicating a higher tendency toward repeat offending prior to being reported to the police"?

A)child sexual offenders
B)sex trafficking offenders
C)adult sexual offenders
D)drug trafficking offenders

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Most sexual offences reported to the police are against which of the following age groups?

A)babies and children
B)children and youths
C)youths and young adults
D)young adults and under-30-year-olds

Question 5

For much of the 20th century, which philosophy dominated the Canadian criminal justice system?

A)selective incapacitation
B)restorative justice
C)justice model
D)rehabilitation

Question 6

While the various philosophies differ in important ways, where do they collectively overlap?

A)principles of fundamental justice
B)rehabilitation
C)selective incapacitation
D)Deterrence

Question 7

A sexual assault has occurred in Durham Region. The media are warning people, especially women, to be cautious and wary. The perception is that these types of criminals are not controlled in our justice system. What is the term for this type of situation?

A)media panic
B)moral panic
C)social panic
D)economic panic

Question 8

Which crime control philosophy is considered to be the dominant criminal justice policy today?

A)selective incapacitation
B)deterrence
C)justice model
D)rehabilitation

Question 9

There are many major philosophies which provide differing justifications about how a criminal justice system should operate. Which philosophy emphasizes that all sentences for convicted offenders (except those convicted of first-degree murder) should be short?

A)selective incapacitation
B)restorative justice
C)justice model
D)rehabilitation

Question 10

In 2016 sexual offences accounted for what percentage of all incidents reported to the police in the category "Violent Crime"?

A)under 1.5 percent
B)under 3.5 percent
C)under 5.5 percent
D)under 7.5 percent

Question 11

What percentage of all incidents reported to the police in 2016 involved sexual offences?

A)1.5 percent of total Criminal Code incidents
B)5.5 percent of total Criminal Code incidents
C)10.5 percent of total Criminal Code incidents
D)15 percent of total Criminal Code incidents

Question 12

Which type of offender is often charged with committing more criminal offences than are other types of offenders?

A)young offenders
B)sex traffickers
C)domestic violence offenders
D)sexual offenders

Question 13

The category sexual assault (Levels 2 and 3) accounted for what percentage of sexual offences reported to the police in Canada in 2016?

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8

Question 14

In 2014, what percentage of spousal violence victims said the police learned of the incident?

A)9
B)19
C)29
D)39

Question 15

Highlighting the importance of using informal sanctions, victim-offender mediation occurs when victims and offenders meet face-to-face in the presence of a trained facilitator. Which model of criminal justice system does victim-offender mediation illustrate?

A)selective incapacitation
B)restorative justice
C)justice model
D)rehabilitation

Question 16

What was the most common sexual offence reported to the police in Canada in 2016?

A)sexual violations against children
B)sexual assault (Level 1)
C)sexual assault (Level 2)
D)domestic assault

Question 17

Which type of crime did criminal justice administrators begin to focus on at the beginning of the 1980s?

A)corporate
B)chronic
C)sex
D)organized

Question 18

Which term refers to the emphasis by the deterrence and selective incapacitation philosophies on punishment?

A)new punitiveness
B)discipline and punishment model
C)power/correction
D)contemporary crime model

Question 19

Which philosophy that provides justification about how a criminal justice system should operate highlights the importance of using informal sanctions?

A)selective incapacitation
B)restorative justice
C)justice model
D)rehabilitation

Question 20

In their analysis of convictions for sexual assaults in Canada since 1983, what significant decrease in rates of conviction did Daly and Bouhours find?

A)16.5 percent to 4 percent
B)20.5 percent to 10 percent
C)26.5 percent to 14 percent
D)30.5 percent to 17 percent

Question 21

What type of sentence are individuals found guilty of a sexual offence in adult court likely to incur?

A)custodial sentence
B)rehabilitation
C)community sentence
D)selective incapacitation

Question 22

Which type of offence is less likely to be cleared by the police than other types of offences?

A)domestic violence
B)aggravated burglary
C)indecent assault
D)sexual offences

Question 23

Four main philosophies guide the Canadian criminal justice system but none exclusively. Which term refers to combining two or more philosophies as the standard?

A)bifurcation
B)branching
C)dissimilitude
D)divarication

Question 24

Which crime control philosophy focuses exclusively on the criminal act for the purpose of preventing future crimes?

A)justice model
B)deterrence and rehabilitation
C)deterrence and restorative justice
D)deterrence and selective incapacitation

Question 25

Which crime control philosophy focuses on the criminal actor, thus emphasizing treating most convicted criminals?

A)justice model
B)rehabilitation
C)restorative justice
D)selective incapacitation

Question 26

In 2003, when the Youth Criminal Justice Act was introduced to replace the Young Offenders Act, what models were combined to form the Act's Declaration of Principles?

A)deterrence, rehabilitation, and justice
B)deterrence, incapacitation, and justice
C)deterrence, retribution, and justice
D)deterrence, restoration, and justice

Question 27

What was the most influential argument for the creation of the justice model-based criminal justice system?

A)creating sentencing guidelines
B)increasing the length of prison sentences for dangerous offenders
C)creating consistency in the decisions made by parole boards
D)building more prisons

Question 28

According to Kong et al., during 2001-2002, what percentage of all individuals appearing in adult criminal courts across Canada charged with a sexual offence as the most serious charge, faced three or more charges?

A)13
B)23
C)33
D)43

Question 29

Which crime control philosophy focuses on the criminal act committed by the alleged perpetrator, with punishment based on the seriousness of the offence?

A)justice model
B)rehabilitation
C)restorative justice
D)selective incapacitation

Question 30

Which committee wrote Struggle for Justice (1971), the first important document to offer support for the justice model?

A)Committee for the Study of Incarceration
B)United Kingdom Policy Board
C)American Friends Service Committee
D)Canadian Sentencing Commission

Question 31

In 2011-2012, what percentage of guilty findings in sexual offence cases against children and youths involved child pornography under the age of 18?

A)57
B)67
C)77
D)87

Question 32

In 2011-2012, approximately what percentage of those found guilty of a sexual offence in the adult criminal courts were sentenced to custody?

A)51
B)61
C)71
D)81

Question 33

In 2011-2012, what percentage of guilty findings in sexual offence cases against children and youths involved the offence of sexual interference of a child under the age of 16?

A)58
B)68
C)78
D)88

Question 34

In 2011-2012, what percentage of all sexual offence cases against children and youths in Canada ended with a determination of guilt?

A)70 percent
B)72 percent
C)74 percent
D)76 percent

Question 35

When the Young Offenders Act was enacted in 1984, it was grounded almost exclusively in what strategies?

A)deterrence and rehabilitation
B)deterrence and justice
C)deterrence and retribution
D)deterrence and restoration

Question 36

Brennan and Taylor-Butts (2008) found criminal charges were laid in what percentage of all sexual offences reported to the police?

A)13
B)23
C)33
D)43

Question 37

In 2011-2012, what percentage of guilty findings in sexual offence cases against children and youths involved luring a child?

A)23
B)43
C)63
D)83

Question 38

A Crown prosecutor decides an offender is dangerous and wants to ensure he receives a longer sentence due to the violent nature of the offender's actions. What model will he be using in order to incarcerate the offender for a longer period of time?

A)justice model
B)restorative justice
C)deterrence
D)selective incapacitation

Question 39

In 2011-2012, what was NOT one of the three highest guilty findings in sexual offence cases against children and youths?

A)luring a child
B)child pornography under the age of 18
C)Internet sexual exploitation
D)sexual interference of a child under the age of 16

Question 40

Which committee concluded that the then-existing criminal justice system was discriminatory due to treating marginalized groups more harshly?

A)Committee for the Study of Incarceration
B)United Kingdom Policy Board
C)American Friends Service Committee
D)Canadian Sentencing Commission

Question 41

Which model guarantees due process rights for all individuals accused of committing a crime?

A)deterrence
B)selective incapacitation
C)rehabilitation
D)the justice model

Question 42

Your friend who lives in Ottawa informs you that her employer determines the proportionality of sentences that link a criminal offence to its punishment. Who is her employer?

A)Corrections Canada
B)provincial government
C)federal government
D)a trial-level court

Question 43

Where was the first criminal justice system based on the justice model?

A)Canada
B)United States
C)Norway
D)Switzerland

Question 44

You are listening to a public lecture in 1975 in which the speaker argues that punishments should fit the crime committed, not the criminals. To which committee does the speaker most likely belong?

A)Committee for the Study of Incarceration
B)United Kingdom Policy Board
C)American Friends Service Committee
D)Canadian Sentencing Commission

Question 45

You are listening to a public lecture in 1987 in which the speaker argues that criminal justice systems should be based on the justice model. To which committee does the speaker most likely belong?

A)Committee for the Study of Incarceration
B)United Kingdom Policy Board
C)American Friends Service Committee
D)Canadian Sentencing Commission

Question 46

What is the preferred punishment for minor offences according to the justice model?

A)alternative sanctions
B)long periods of incarceration
C)incarceration between 1 and 4 years in length
D)short periods of incarceration (under 1 year in length)

Question 47

You are listening to a public lecture in 1975 in which the speaker proposes shorter punishments for most crimes as well as the expansion of alternative sanctions. To which committee does the speaker most likely belong?

A)Committee for the Study of Incarceration
B)United Kingdom Policy Board
C)American Friends Service Committee
D)Canadian Sentencing Commission

Question 48

Which of the following are deemed inconsistent with fundamental justice?

A)interdicted issues
B)extralegal issues
C)proscribed issues
D)sub rosa issues

Question 49

Which model prefers alternative sanctions for minor offences?

A)deterrence
B)selective incapacitation
C)rehabilitation
D)the justice model

Question 50

What is the essential factor of the justice model?

A)the punishment must be proportionate to the crime
B)an indirect relationship exists between the seriousness of the offence and the severity of the punishment.
C)any personal circumstances of individuals involved in a crime are to be ignored
D)the only information that needs to be known about the offender is their prior record

Question 51

You are listening to a public lecture in 1971 in which the speaker argues that the existing criminal justice system is unable to deliver justice to offenders, particularly in the protection of due process rights of those charged and convicted of crimes. To which committee does the speaker most likely belong?

A)Committee for the Study of Incarceration
B)United Kingdom Policy Board
C)American Friends Service Committee
D)Canadian Sentencing Commission

Question 52

You are listening to a public lecture in 1971 in which the speaker recommends that the current criminal justice system be guided by the ideals of justice, fairness, and the need to protect human rights and dignity. To which committee does the speaker most likely belong?

A)Committee for the Study of Incarceration
B)United Kingdom Policy Board
C)American Friends Service Committee
D)Canadian Sentencing Commission

Question 53

You are listening to a public lecture in 1971 in which the speaker argues that a sentence should fit the offence rather than the offender. To which committee does the speaker most likely belong?

A)Committee for the Study of Incarceration
B)United Kingdom Policy Board
C)American Friends Service Committee
D)Canadian Sentencing Commission

Question 54

You are listening to a public lecture in 1971 in which the speaker recommends the elimination of the current discretionary powers held by prosecutors, the judiciary, and parole boards. To which committee does the speaker most likely belong?

A)Committee for the Study of Incarceration
B)United Kingdom Policy Board
C)American Friends Service Committee
D)Canadian Sentencing Commission

Question 55

Which of the following is the best example of the violation of the principle of proportionality?

A)a five-year prison term for parking violators
B)ineligibility for parole before serving at least 25 years of a sentence for persons (over 18 at the time of the offence) convicted of first-degree murder
C)ineligibility for parole before serving between 10 and 25 years of a sentence for persons (over 18 at the time of the offence) convicted of second-degree murder
D)120 days in jail for a person convicted of a third DUI defence

Question 56

You are listening to a public lecture in 1975 in which the speaker argues that the best way to achieve justice is to punish criminals for the crime committed. There should be no attempt to either reform or deter individuals. To which committee does the speaker most likely belong?

A)Committee for the Study of Incarceration
B)United Kingdom Policy Board
C)American Friends Service Committee
D)Canadian Sentencing Commission

Question 57

Denzil, a 23-year-old male, was apprehended for jaywalking in Toronto. Jaywalking had become a serious problem in Toronto and many pedestrians were experiencing harm; a new mandatory five-year prison term had been implemented for the offence. This is an example of a violation of the principle of proportionality. Which policy has the doctrine of proportionality as an essential factor?

A)deterrence
B)selective incapacitation
C)rehabilitation
D)the justice model

Question 58

What group offered the most influential argument for a justice model-based criminal justice system?

A)Committee for the Study of Incarceration
B)United Kingdom Policy Board
C)American Friends Service Committee
D)Canadian Sentencing Commission

Question 59

Grace, a 33-year-old female, was apprehended for shoplifting in Winnipeg. The judge ignores the fact that Grace stole bread to feed her hungry children, stating "the only information I need to know about the offender is her prior record." Which policy is illustrated here?

A)deterrence
B)selective incapacitation
C)rehabilitation
D)the justice model

Question 60

You are listening to a public lecture in 1975 in which the speaker proposes the creation of sentencing guidelines based on the seriousness of the crime and the prior record of the offender. To which committee does the speaker most likely belong?

A)Committee for the Study of Incarceration
B)United Kingdom Policy Board
C)American Friends Service Committee
D)Canadian Sentencing Commission

Question 61

Whose book was the first widely read text to demand that due process rights be placed throughout the criminal justice system, that sentences reflect the harm done to the state and the victim, and that punishments be quick, certain, and contain a degree of deterrence?

A)Cesare Beccaria
B)Jeremy Bentham
C)William Wilberforce
D)Emmeline Pankhurst

Question 62

You are at a public lecture in 1764 in England. The speaker argues that right of governments to punish offenders derives from a contractual obligation among the citizenry not to pursue self-interest at the expense of others. Who is the likely speaker?

A)Jeremy Bentham
B)William Wilberforce
C)Emmeline Pankhurst
D)Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 63

What is the main policy recommendation according to those who support the justice model crime control philosophy?

A)the elimination or control of discretion
B)the enhancement of police powers
C)the harsh punishment of offenders
D)the building of more prisons

Question 64

What is the goal of the deterrence crime control philosophy when an individual has already been caught?

A)general deterrence
B)marginal deterrence
C)perceptual deterrence
D)specific deterrence

Question 65

What is the oldest of the major criminal justice philosophies?

A)deterrence
B)selective incapacitation
C)rehabilitation
D)justice model

Question 66

Which type of guilt must be established in a court of law?

A)factual
B)legal
C)extralegal
D)criminal

Question 67

A 24-year-old black male appears in court before a judge. He has no prior record but receives a sentence that is deemed more than a 24-year-old white male would receive. This is an example of which of the following?

A)discrimination in sentencing
B)determinate sentencing
C)deterrence
D)dissuasion

Question 68

You are at a public lecture in 1700s Italy. The speaker argues that the goal of the criminal justice system should be to prevent future crimes by individuals who have already been caught and by members of the broader society who might contemplate committing a crime. Who is the likely speaker?

A)Cesare Beccaria
B)Giambattista Beccaria
C)Giovanni da Pian del Carpine
D)Leonardo Fibonacci

Question 69

What do supporters of the justice model argue is the main barrier to attaining justice?

A)proportionality
B)discretion
C)discrimination
D)legal rights

Question 70

What is the goal of the deterrence crime control philosophy when an individual might contemplate committing a crime?

A)general deterrence
B)marginal deterrence
C)perceptual deterrence
D)specific deterrence

Question 71

Which case involved a junior hockey coach who was charged and convicted in 1997 of sexually assaulting two of his players?

A)R. v. Borden
B)R. v. Sharpe
C)R. v. James
D)R. v. Spencer

Question 72

Elian is a police officer investigating a crime. When a suspect admits to him that she committed the crime, what type of guilt is she admitting to?

A)extralegal
B)legal
C)factual
D)criminal

Question 73

In which case did the Supreme Court of Canada rule that a blood sample could not be used as evidence since the police did not inform the suspect that the sample and the subsequent DNA analysis could be used against him?

A)R. v. Borden
B)R. v. Spencer
C)R. v. Marshall
D)R. v. Murray

Question 74

What is the main concern of the justice model crime control philosophy about the operation of the criminal justice system?

A)the elimination or control of discretion
B)the proportionality of sentences
C)increasing the certainty of apprehending the offender
D)making sure victims have a predominant role during prosecution

Question 75

You are at a public lecture in 1764 in England. The speaker argues that the goal of the criminal justice system should be to prevent future crimes by individuals who have already been caught and by members of the broader society who might contemplate committing a crime. Who is the likely speaker?

A)Jeremy Bentham
B)William Wilberforce
C)Emmeline Pankhurst
D)Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 76

According to statements made by the judge in R. v. James, what is the purpose of sentencing?

A)vengeance
B)retribution
C)rehabilitation
D)public safety

Question 77

Which case led to the creation of a law whereby bodily substances can legally be taken by the police for DNA analysis?

A)R. v. Borden
B)R. v. Feeney
C)R. v. Spencer
D)R. v. James

Question 78

Whose recommendations became the source of modern criminal justice systems, including those in Canada and the United States?

A)Cesare Beccaria
B)Jeremy Bentham
C)William Wilberforce
D)Emmeline Pankhurst

Question 79

In which case did the Supreme Court of Canada rule that the defendant did not have enough information provided to him by the police to be secure from unreasonable seizure?

A)R. v. Borden
B)R. v. Spencer
C)R. v. Marshall
D)R. v. Murray

Question 80

Which of the following cases involved child pornography and the Internet?

A)R. v. Borden
B)R. v. Sharpe
C)R. v. James
D)R. v. Spencer