Deck 1: An Overview of the Criminal Justice System in Canada

Question 1

Which jurisdictions in Canada do NOT have municipal police services?

A)Newfoundland and Labrador, Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut
B)Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick
C)Manitoba, Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut
D)Quebec and Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In 2017, what percentage of all sworn police personnel were employed by municipal police services?

A)34 percent
B)42 percent
C)56 percent
D)80 percent

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Besides the RCMP, what are the three provincial police services?

A)Alberta Sheriff's Branch, British Columbia Sheriff Service, and Manitoba Sheriff Service
B)Tsuu T'ina Nation Police Service, Blood Tribe Police Service, and Stl'atl'imx Tribal Police Service
C)Nova Scotia Sheriff Services, Prince Edward Island Sheriff Services, and Saskatchewan Deputy Sheriffs
D)Ontario Provincial Police, the Sûreté du Québec, and the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What does the statement "Courts are involved in adjudication" mean?

A)The courts determine whether any person charged is guilty of a crime as well as setting the type and amount of punishment for the guilty.
B)The courts may exercise only judicial powers and perform only judicial functions.
C)The courts hear cases involving the constitutionality of a law and cases involving the laws and treaties of Canadian ambassadors and public ministers.
D)The courts hear cases involving disputes between two or more provinces, maritime law, and bankruptcy cases.

Question 5

Which of the following is responsible for making sure that justice is achieved and maintained?

A)federal and provincial governments
B)federal and municipal governments
C)federal government
D)provincial governments

Question 6

Canadian laws, legislation, and practices do which of the following?

A)uphold civil law, common law, and religious law
B)bring about genuine democracy and liberty
C)achieve justice, ensure legal rights are upheld, and implement both fairness and equality
D)govern social relations

Question 7

When asked to give examples of crimes, most people think about what types of crimes?

A)corporate crimes
B)street crimes
C)hate crimes
D)terrorism

Question 8

Which of the following best defines "crime"?

A)a fixed, objective entity
B)the result of laws created by changing the view of what is acceptable behaviour
C)sudden and unpredictable and generally calculated to create a climate of fear among the public
D)disruptive acts characterized by covert and overt hostility and intentional aggression toward others

Question 9

What is the main role of the police?

A)to investigate crimes, arrest suspects, and collect evidence
B)to adjudicate
C)to determine whether or not any person is guilty of a crime
D)to apply and interpret the laws and to resolve disputes that arise under them

Question 10

According to Hudson, what are the stages in criminal justice that are delivered to an accused?

A)charge, prosecution, trial, sentence, appeal, punishment
B)charge, trial, sentence, punishment
C)charge, prosecution, trial, plea, appeal, punishment
D)charge, trial, sentence, appeal, punishment

Question 11

In 2017, how many stand-alone police services were there at the municipal level?

A)14
B)41
C)141
D)241

Question 12

The RCMP is organized under the authority of what Act?

A)Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act
B)Dominion Act
C)Safe Streets and Communities Act
D)Constitution Act

Question 13

In 2017, what percentage of all sworn police personnel were employed by First Nations self-administered police services?

A)34 percent
B)42 percent
C)56 percent
D)80 percent

Question 14

Which statement best describes the police, the courts, and the correctional system?

A)They have parallel organizational structures and goals.
B)They are concerned with who deserves justice, how people should receive justice, and how justice is to be delivered.
C)They have analogous logistic arrangements and objectives.
D)They are concerned with retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation.

Question 15

Which term commonly refers to how a society organizes its reaction to problematic behaviour?

A)social control
B)civil law
C)criminal behaviour
D)criminal law

Question 16

What are the most important forms of our criminal justice system?

A)utilitarianism, procedures, purposes, and crime approaches
B)basic decrees, customs and traditions, meanings, and retribution
C)effective crime control, procedures, duties, and justice
D)substantive law, form and process, functions, and modes of punishment

Question 17

In 2017, how many First Nations self-administered police services were there at the municipal level?

A)16
B)36
C)56
D)76

Question 18

Which approach to criminal justice has the Canadian government taken in recent years?

A)law and order
B)back to basics
C)peace, order, and good government
D)penal populism

Question 19

Kim was travelling down the 401 at a speed of 130 km per hour. When she passed Cobourg, she was pulled over by the police and issued a ticket. Which branch of police issued Kim her ticket?

A)municipal
B)provincial
C)federal
D)provincial and federal combined

Question 20

What population is needed for a city to form and maintain its own municipal police force?

A)more than 5,000 people
B)more than 10,000 people
C)more than 15,000 people
D)more than 20,000 people

Question 21

Orlee is describing the division of a larger court into a criminal court, a family court, a small claims court, a youth court, and a family violence court. What type of larger court is she referencing?

A)supreme court
B)federal court
C)provincial court
D)Indigenous court

Question 22

Sonja was stopped by the Winnipeg Police for public drunkenness, loitering, and disturbing the peace. Which Canadian court is most likely to hear this case?

A)provincial
B)superior
C)federal
D)court of appeal

Question 23

What are superior courts in Canada usually known as?

A)High Court of Canada or People's High Court
B)the Court of Queen's Bench or Supreme Court
C)Superior Court of Justice or Constitutional Court
D)Her Majesty's Court or Supreme Federal Court

Question 24

Which three major agencies comprise the Canadian criminal justice system?

A)the police, the courts, and corrections
B)the arrest, the charges, and the courts
C)the people, the legislature, and parliament
D)the police, the legislature, and corrections

Question 25

Who first used the social norms definition of crime?

A)Edwin Sutherland
B)Sheldon Glueck
C)Gabriele Tarde
D)Burgess Akers

Question 26

Janet Able, a 15-year-old high school student, robbed a neighbourhood gas station and took off with both money and goods from the store. She was identified and located by police because the gas station had a video of her break-in. Which Canadian court is most likely to hear this case?

A)provincial
B)superior
C)federal
D)court of appeal

Question 27

The Nunavut Court is unique in Canada because consists of how many trial court levels?

A)single-level
B)double-level
C)triple-level
D)quadruple-level

Question 28

The lower courts are called the provincial courts in most jurisdictions, but in Ontario they have a different name. What are they called in Ontario?

A)Her Majesty's Court
B)the Crown Court
C)the Court of Ontario
D)the Court of Justice

Question 29

What is the first court most Canadians encounter when charged with a criminal offence?

A)provincial
B)superior
C)civil
D)family

Question 30

Joanne is convicted of her third break and entering offence in the past two years. At Joanne's sentencing hearing the Crown prosecutor focuses her argument upon what the length of the sentence should be, while the defence attorney looks specifically at Joanne's addiction and poor family environment and requests that his client be given probation so she can attend counselling in the community. What is the Crown prosecutor ignoring in her presentation?

A)the social context of Joanne's behaviour
B)the legal context of Joanne's criminal activities
C)the "black letter" definition of crime
D)the appropriate sentence of incarceration for Joanne

Question 31

Which court has the greatest authority in any criminal matter in Canada?

A)Supreme Court of Canada
B)Superior Court of Justice
C)Appeal Court
D)Court of Queen's Bench

Question 32

The RCMP is NOT responsible for which of the following?

A)forensic facilities in Ottawa
B)educational facility in Ottawa
C)providing security at selected Canadian embassies around the world
D)Canadian Police Information Centre (CPIC)

Question 33

The lower courts are called the provincial courts in most jurisdictions, but in Ontario they have a different name. What are they called in Ontario?

A)Tribunal d'instance
B)the Court of Cassation
C)the Court of Quebec
D)the Court of Justice

Question 34

All provincial/territorial court systems in Canada, with one exception, have three levels. What is the exception?

A)Nunavut
B)Northwest Territories
C)Yukon
D)Newfoundland and Labrador

Question 35

Because of an increase in the number of stabbings, criminal justice personnel decide to charge everyone involved in such crimes, eliminate plea bargains, and hand out lengthier punishments when an individual is convicted of such crimes. This type of approach represents which definition of crime?

A)the "black letter" definition of crime
B)the social definition of crime
C)the normative definition of crime
D)the social constructionist definition of crime

Question 36

Which court hears the majority of criminal cases in Canada?

A)superior
B)supreme
C)federal
D)provincial

Question 37

So'Lanna was stopped by the Winnipeg Police for driving while her license was suspended. Which Canadian court is most likely to hear this case?

A)provincial
B)superior
C)federal
D)court of appeal

Question 38

Xing is sentenced to a three-year period of incarceration for committing a crime. She decides to appeal her case. Where will Xing be placed pending her appeal?

A)a federal correctional facility
B)a community correctional facility
C)a provincial facility
D)at home on a home confinement order

Question 39

What do superior court judges NOT hear?

A)criminal matters
B)family matters
C)civil matters
D)admiralty matters

Question 40

The RCMP is NOT charged with which duties?

A)enforcing federal statutes
B)carrying out executive orders of the federal government
C)providing protective services for visiting dignitaries
D)enforcing general law and order, including the enforcement of the Criminal Code

Question 41

You are listening to a lecture describing an adversarial system of justice. Which of the following is NOT part of the lecture?

A)the judge plays an active role in investigating the alleged offence and questioning witnesses
B)system of justice premised on each party having an obligation to present evidence and argument to support its position
C)the judge, a neutral figure, remains relatively passive during a trial
D)the judge ensures that the appropriate questions are asked and that the rules of a criminal court case are followed

Question 42

John has committed a criminal offence and has been charged by the police. John is on welfare and cannot afford legal counsel on his own. In Canada, ensuring that everyone can access justice is part of which type of approach to criminal justice?

A)normative approach
B)adversarial approach
C)due process approach
D)poverty approach

Question 43

Which definition of crime is illustrated when a Canadian mayoral candidate equates crime with disorderly conduct (such as panhandling), arguing that such conduct undermines public safety and security?

A)legal
B)social norms
C)social constructionist
D)social mores

Question 44

The basis for the belief that no act can be considered criminal until a duly appointed representative of the criminal court (e.g., a judge or a jury) has established the guilt of an offender is referred to as which of the following?

A)the "black letter" approach
B)the normative decision-making approach
C)the social contract approach
D)the criminal law approach

Question 45

Which province was the first to legalize physician-assisted death in June 2014?

A)Ontario
B)Quebec
C)Alberta
D)British Columbia

Question 46

What is the purpose of the adversarial system?

A)to treat people fairly
B)to convict the guilty
C)to maintain substantive justice
D)to search for the truth-specifically, to determine the guilt or innocence of the accused

Question 47

You are listening to a lecture on corporate crime, in which the speaker argues that crime should NOT be defined on the basis of criminal law, but rather on the basis of two more abstract notions: "social injury" and "social harm." Who is the most likely speaker?

A)Edwin Sutherland
B)Sheldon Glueck
C)Gabriele Tarde
D)Burgess Akers

Question 48

The best-selling text, The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison, contends that the criminal justice system is biased against the poor from start to finish. What definition of crime is the book most likely based on?

A)legal
B)social norm
C)social constructionist
D)social mores

Question 49

When was the constitutionality of the law on assisted suicide first raised by Sue Rodriguez?

A)1963
B)1973
C)1983
D)1993

Question 50

According to the text, how many cases of euthanasia were studied in Canada?

A)30
B)35
C)40
D)45

Question 51

Which Supreme Court of Canada case was instrumental in deciding that adults have the right to end their life with a doctor's assistance?

A)Wilson v. Canada
B)Carter v. Canada
C)Chilton v. Canada
D)White v. Canada

Question 52

When was suicide decriminalized in Canada?

A)1952
B)1962
C)1972
D)1982

Question 53

Which of the following are NOT mala prohibita offenses?

A)abortion
B)gambling
C)homosexuality
D)murder

Question 54

According to what definition of crime are the actions of alleged offenders, and factors that affect the decision to prosecute, important?

A)legal
B)social norm
C)social constructionist
D)social mores

Question 55

According to the text, what percentage of Quebec College of Physicians surveyed favoured euthanasia as long as it occurred within clear legal guidelines?

A)25
B)45
C)55
D)75

Question 56

What did researchers discover when physicians in Quebec were asked about their support of euthanasia?

A)that a minority of physicians favoured euthanasia
B)that approximately 50 percent of physicians favoured euthanasia
C)that approximately 75 percent of physicians favoured euthanasia
D)that almost all physicians favoured euthanasia

Question 57

Your classmate believes that the prevailing moral leaning of society should dictate whether a law is just. What does she consider the most important component of justice?

A)substantive justice
B)procedural justice
C)formal justice
D)informal justice

Question 58

The basis for the belief that disorderly conduct should be a crime is the idea that crime is a violation of which of the following?

A)the "black letter" of the law
B)normative decision making
C)the social contract
D)the criminal law

Question 59

Which of the following are NOT mala in se offenses?

A)murder
B)assault and battery
C)production and distribution of pornography
D)robbery

Question 60

According to the text, what is the objective of social control in a society?

A)to build more correctional facilities
B)to create more laws in our society
C)to control behaviour viewed as criminal in some way
D)to spend more money to increase the size of the criminal justice system

Question 61

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of the rule of law?

A)All trials must be conducted within nine months of charges.
B)Youth and adult trials should take place in separate courts.
C)Trials should be conducted fairly at every stage of the trial process.
D)A person must be seen by the court within at least 48 hours after arrest.

Question 62

A member of parliament discovers that his relative has broken the law. He approaches his longtime friend, Justice Bloom, in the hope he will get his relative's charges dropped. He expresses to the justice that their friendship should help with an exemption from the law for his relative. Justice Bloom explains there are no exemptions from the law regardless of who you are. Which element of the rule of law does this example demonstrate?

A)foundation of law
B)character of law
C)institution of law
D)scope of law

Question 63

You have taken a summer job at a centre that represents consumers and low-income persons, who are far too often silenced in legal and public policy debates. Where are you most likely to be working?

A)The Community Justice Centre
B)The Public Interest Law Centre
C)The Informal Justice Coalition Centre
D)Mediation and Arbitration Services Centre

Question 64

Which statement is NOT a key concern of the due process model?

A)The suppression of crime should be the main function of criminal justice because order is a prerequisite for a free society.
B)The main function of criminal justice should be fundamental fairness under the law.
C)Police powers should be restricted to thwart official oppression of the individual.
D)Criminal justice officials should be held accountable to ensure fairness and consistency in the justice process.

Question 65

Your friend works in the criminal justice system. She prefers the crime control model of justice. She is most likely which of the following?

A)prosecutor
B)police officer
C)probation officer
D)correctional officer

Question 66

Which statement is NOT a key concern of the crime control model?

A)Criminal justice should focus on defending victims' rights rather than on protecting defendants' rights.
B)Police authority should be increased to make it easier for them to investigate, arrest, search, seize, and convict.
C)The central aim of the criminal justice process should be to discern the truth or to determine the factual guilt of the accused.
D)An accused should be found guilty only if the government follows legal procedures in its fact-finding.

Question 67

Overall, where does Canada rank in terms of the rule of law in the world?

A)tied for fourth
B)tied for ninth
C)tied for eleventh
D)tied for fifteenth

Question 68

What is the primary concern of procedural justice?

A)the truthfulness of the allegation
B)the accuracy of the verdict
C)the fairness of the decision-making procedure
D)the appropriateness of the sentence

Question 69

What type of justice has been violated when an individual is found to have been wrongfully convicted?

A)criminal justice
B)fundamental justice
C)substantive justice
D)procedural justice

Question 70

Larry has been charged and convicted of a drug offence. He has had multiple charges surrounding drug use. Once Larry is convicted, the court system and correctional system assess him and recommend appropriate treatment programs. Which model of criminal justice does this fall under?

A)the due process model
B)the bureaucratic model
C)the non-punitive model
D)the medical model

Question 71

What is the primary concern of substantive justice?

A)the accuracy of the verdict
B)the number of charges laid by the police
C)the fairness of the procedures
D)the role of the victim(s)

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT one of the four elements that Tyler believes are key to understanding why people perceive criminal justice institutions to have legitimacy?

A)Participation: The extent to which individuals believe they have control over the process.
B)Neutrality: When decision makers do not allow the personal characteristics of individuals to influence decisions and treatment during the process.
C)Trustworthiness: The degree to which decision makers can be trusted to behave fairly.
D)Equity: When the laws themselves do not address an issue or are inadequate in some way.

Question 73

A law surrounding texting and driving (distracted driving) was recently created in Ontario. Additionally, changes to the fine and the addition of three demerit points were implemented. Advertising and news stories communicated these changes to the public. Which element of the rule of law does this example demonstrate?

A)foundation of law
B)character of law
C)institution of law
D)scope of law

Question 74

Which of the following terms refers to the truthfulness of the allegation of a case?

A)criminal justice
B)substantive justice
C)absolute justice
D)provincial justice

Question 75

Which one of the following is NOT an element of the rule of law?

A)scope of law
B)character of law
C)institution of law
D)foundation of law

Question 76

Which of the following is an example of the informal justice approach?

A)mediation and arbitration services
B)bail court
C)plea bargaining
D)legal aid services

Question 77

Which of the following is a goal of the crime control model of criminal justice?

A)to ensure that all criminal justice agencies are following the rule of law
B)to ensure that all criminal justice agencies are properly controlled
C)to deter crime
D)to increase the number of police officers

Question 78

What does the crime control model believe is the purpose of the criminal justice system?

A)to reduce the number of criminals on the street
B)the presumption of innocence
C)to treat offenders fairly
D)the presumption of guilt

Question 79

Your classmate argues that one of the most important aspects of the Canadian criminal justice system is that people can interpret the operations of the various elements of the system based on different belief systems. To what is she specifically referring?

A)principles
B)ideology
C)articles of faith
D)philosophy

Question 80

You are listening to a public lecture by a speaker from an independent organization. Her stated mission is to advance the rule of law around the world. Which organization does the speaker likely belong to?

A)Amnesty International
B)Human Rights Watch
C)World Justice Project
D)Penal Reform International