Deck 13: Leadership Essentials

Question 1

Trait perspectives assume that traits play a central role in differentiating between leaders and non-leaders or in predicting leader or organizational outcomes.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A key way of differentiating between management and leadership is to argue that the role of management is to promote adaptive or useful change while the role of leadership is to promote stability or to enable the organization to run smoothly.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Leaders must have enough emotional maturity to recognize their own strengths and weaknesses,and have to be oriented toward self-improvement.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Leaders do not need to be brilliant and they usually do not have to possess extensive specific knowledge concerning their industry,firm,and job.

Question 5

The "great person-trait approach" is a new approach to studying leadership that focuses on the relationship between empowerment and leadership.

Question 6

Trait theories reveal that leaders who tend to be energetic,operate on an even keel,are ambitious,and have a high need for achievement.

Question 7

Prosocial power motivation refers to a high need for achievement.

Question 8

The behavioral perspective of leadership assumes that leadership is central to performance and other outcomes.

Question 9

Two basic forms of leader behavior,called employee-centered and production-centered,were identified as a result of leadership studies conducted at the University of Michigan.

Question 10

Formal leadership is exerted by persons who are appointed or elected to positions of formal authority in organizations.

Question 11

Both management and leadership are needed in an organization,and if managers do not assume responsibility for both,then they should ensure that someone else handles the neglected activity

Question 12

According to the Michigan leadership studies,employee-centered supervisors are those who place strong emphasis on their subordinates' welfare.

Question 13

Leadership appears in two forms: implicit leadership and explicit leadership.

Question 14

Trait perspectives indicate that leaders crave power not as a means to achieving a vision or desired goals but as an end in itself.

Question 15

Leadership studies conducted at the University of Michigan derived two basic forms of leader behavior called consideration and initiating structure.

Question 16

Leadership is the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it,and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives.

Question 17

Two basic forms of leader behavior derived by leadership studies at Ohio State University include employee-centered and production-centered behaviors.

Question 18

The results of the Michigan leadership studies indicate that production-centered supervisors tend to have more productive work groups than employee-centered supervisors.

Question 19

Informal leadership is exerted by persons who become influential because they have special skills that meet the resource needs of others.

Question 20

Sometimes the more general terms of human relations oriented leadership and task oriented leadership are used to refer,respectively,to employee-centered supervisors and production-centered supervisors.

Question 21

Consideration is analogous to socioemotional leadership and initiating structure is analogous to task leadership.

Question 22

Initial results of the Ohio State leadership studies were deceptive in indicating that effective leaders were high on both consideration and initiating structure.

Question 23

Fiedler's leadership contingency view holds that group effectiveness depends on an appropriate match between a leader's style and the demands of the situation.

Question 24

According to the leadership grid,a leader with a 9/1 style has high concern for people and high concern for production.

Question 25

A leader high in initiating structure is concerned with defining task requirements and other aspects of the work agenda.

Question 26

Despite earlier beliefs,the Ohio State leadership studies concluded that leaders should be moderate on: consideration behaviors and initiating structure behaviors.

Question 27

Successful leaders adjust their influence attempts to the situation.

Question 28

According to Fiedler's contingency theory,the relationship-motivated leader has greater group effectiveness under high or low situational control.

Question 29

Robert Blake and Jane Mouton's leadership grid results are plotted on a fifteen-position grid.

Question 30

Robert Blake and Jane Mouton developed the "leadership grid" approach,which emphasizes combinations of concern for production and concern for people.

Question 31

Leader traits and behaviors can act in conjunction with situational contingencies to predict leader or organizational outcomes.

Question 32

According to situational leadership theories,prosocial power motivation is likely to be most important in complex organizations where decision implementation requires lots of persuasion and social influence.

Question 33

The least-preferred co-worker scale is a measure of a person's leadership style based on a description of the person with whom respondents have been able to work least well.

Question 34

According to the leadership grid,a leader with a 9/9 style is high on both concern for people and concern for production,and has the ideal leadership style.

Question 35

Some research carried out in the United States,Britain,Hong Kong and Japan,on cross cultural implications shows that leadership behaviors should be carried out in the same ways in alternative cultures.

Question 36

According to situational leadership models,leader traits and behaviors will have less impact in a strong situation than in a weak unstructured situation.

Question 37

Fielder argues that low LPC leaders have a relationship-motivated leadership style,whereas high LPC leaders have a task-motivated leadership style.

Question 38

According to situational leadership theories,leader flexibility should be the most predictive in stable environments or when leaders lead the same people over time.

Question 39

A highly considerate leader is sensitive to people's feelings and,much like the employee-centered leader,tries to make things pleasant for his or her followers.

Question 40

According to the leadership grid,leaders with a 1/1 style are termed "impoverished," while a 5/5 style is labeled "middle of the road."

Question 41

In House's leadership theory,the term path-goal emphasizes how a leader influences subordinates' perceptions of both work goals and personal goals and the links found between these two sets of goals.

Question 42

In Fiedler's LPC instrument,the biggest controversy concerns exactly what Fiedler's LPC instrument measures.

Question 43

Substitutes for leadership can prevent a leader from behaving in a certain way or nullify the effects of a leader's actions.

Question 44

Current assessments of path-goal theory by well-known scholars have pointed out that most aspects have been thoroughly validated.

Question 45

According to Fiedler's cognitive resource theory,group member ability becomes most important when the leader is directive and receives strong support from group members.

Question 46

In Fiedler's contingency theory,situational control is a function of leader-member relations,task structure,and position power.

Question 47

Supportive leadership will increase the satisfaction of subordinates who work on highly repetitive tasks or on tasks considered to be unpleasant,stressful,or frustrating.

Question 48

Passive followership beliefs are beliefs that followers should express opinions,take initiative,and constructively question and challenge leaders.

Question 49

According to Hersey and Blanchard,a "telling" leadership style is best for low follower readiness.

Question 50

Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership theory focuses on the situational contingency of maturity,or "readiness," of followers.

Question 51

Conger and Kanungo developed a five-stage charismatic leadership model.

Question 52

In leader match training,leaders are trained to diagnose the situation to match their high or low LPC scores with situational control.

Question 53

Directive leadership is predicted to have a positive impact on subordinates when the task is ambiguous; it is predicted to have just the opposite effect for clear tasks.

Question 54

According to Fiedler's cognitive resource perspective,a leader should use directive or nondirective behavior depending on the following situational contingencies: the leader's or subordinate group members' ability or competency,stress,experience,and group support of the leader.

Question 55

Hersey and Blanchard argue that situational leadership requires adjusting the leader's emphasis on task behaviors and relationship behaviors according to the readiness of followers to perform their tasks.

Question 56

House's path-goal theory of leadership assumes that a leader's key function is to adjust his or her behaviors to complement situational contingencies that influence the accomplishment of personal goals and organizational goals.

Question 57

Robert House's path-goal leadership theory has its roots in the expectancy model of motivation.

Question 58

Because unanswered questions concerning Fiedler's contingency theory remain,the perspective and the leader match program have relatively little support.

Question 59

Cognitive resource theory views nondirective leader behavior as most helpful for performance when the leader is competent,relaxed,and supported.

Question 60

Transactional leaders are those leaders who are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on followers.

Question 61

__________ is the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it,and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives.

A)Supervision
B)Directing
C)Management
D)Administration
E)Leadership

Question 62

The role of __________ is to promote adaptive or useful change.

A)directing
B)management
C)leadership
D)administration
E)supervision

Question 63

Leadership appears in two forms,which are __________.

A)formal leadership and informal leadership
B)explicit leadership and implicit leadership
C)administrative leadership and supervisory leadership
D)behavioral leadership and mechanistic leadership
E)organic leadership and mechanistic leadership

Question 64

Dark-side charismatic can have negative effects on followers.

Question 65

According to the Michigan leadership studies,__________ supervisors are those who place strong emphasis on their subordinates' welfare.

A)production-centered
B)administration-centered
C)employee-centered
D)task-centered
E)process-centered

Question 66

Despite earlier beliefs,the Ohio State leadership studies concluded that leaders should be __________ on consideration and __________ on initiating structure.

A)low; low
B)low; high
C)moderate; moderate
D)high; low
E)high; high

Question 67

According to the Ohio State leadership studies,a leader high in __________ is sensitive to people's feelings and tries to make things pleasant for the followers.

A)initiating structure
B)attention to detail
C)task orientation
D)consideration
E)human relations orientation

Question 68

Leadership studies conducted at Ohio State University derived which two basic forms of leader behavior?

A)Consideration and initiating structure
B)Implicit and explicit
C)Proactive and reactive
D)Employee centered and production centered
E)In-groups and out-groups

Question 69

When using the leadership grid,results are plotted on a nine-position grid that places concern for __________ on the vertical axis and concern for __________ on the horizontal axis.

A)structure; performance
B)people; production
C)task orientation;human relations
D)initiating structure; consideration
E)financial performance; people

Question 70

The __________ to studying leadership sought to identify important differences between leaders and non-leaders.

A)behavioral approach
B)methodical approach
C)contingency approach
D)scientific approach
E)great person-trait approach

Question 71

According to the Michigan leadership studies,__________ supervisors are primarily concerned with getting the work done.

A)process-centered
B)production-centered
C)employee-centered
D)administration-centered
E)task-centered.

Question 72

Leadership studies at the University of Michigan developed which two basic forms of leader behavior?

A)Consideration and initiating structure
B)Implicit and explicit
C)Proactive and reactive
D)Employee centered and production centered
E)In-groups and out-groups

Question 73

Transformational leadership involves leader-follower exchanges necessary for achieving routine performance agreed upon between leaders and followers.

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT a trait with positive implications for successful leadership?

A)Prosocial power motivation
B)Emotional maturity
C)Perseverance
D)Flexibility
E)All of the above

Question 75

Which of the following does NOT provide an accurate description of leadership styles in the Blake and Mouton leadership grid?

A)A 1/1 manager is termed team management.
B)A 1/9 manager has minimum concern for production and maximum concern for people.
C)A 5/5 manager is a middle of the road manager.
D)A 9/1 manager has maximum concern for production and minimum concern for people.
E)A 9/9 manager has a maximum concern for both people and production.

Question 76

The __________ assumes that leadership is central to performance and other outcomes.

A)behavioral perspective
B)trait perspective
C)contingency perspective
D)contemporary perspective
E)psychological perspective

Question 77

Consideration is sometimes called __________ leadership and initiating structure is sometimes called __________ leadership.

A)socioemotional; task
B)task; socioemotional
C)socioemotional; 9/9
D)production-centered; task-oriented
E)human relations oriented; employee-centered

Question 78

__________ is exerted by persons appointed to or elected to positions of formal authority in organizations.

A)Informal leadership
B)Administrative leadership
C)Bureaucratic leadership
D)Formal leadership
E)Authoritative leadership

Question 79

According to the Ohio State leadership studies,a leader high in __________ is concerned with spelling out the task requirements and clarifying other aspects of the work agenda.

A)consideration
B)initiating structure
C)attention to detail
D)production orientation
E)employee orientation

Question 80

Transactional leadership includes the four dimensions of charisma,inspiration,intellectual stimulation,and individualized consideration.