Deck 15 (MR): The Respiratory System

Question 1

Which of the following statements are true of external respiration and internal respiration (Select all that apply)?

A)The "P" in PO2 means "presence" of oxygen.
B)In the alveoli,PCO2 is low and PO2 is high.
C)In the tissues,PO2 is high and PCO2 is low.
D)Internal respiration takes place in the pulmonary capillaries.
E)External respiration takes place in the nasal cavities as the air is warmed.f.The pressure gradient of a gas is much the same as a concentration gradient.

Answer 1

B,F

Question 2

Which of the following statements are true of O₂ and CO₂ transport in the blood (Select all that apply)?

A)Most CO₂ is carried in the blood as bicarbonate ions.
B)Most oxygen is carried by the iron in blood plasma.
C)As the pH of tissues decreases,more oxygen is released from hemoglobin.
D)Increased CO₂ in the blood makes the blood pH more alkaline.
E)As the temperature of tissues increases,less oxygen is released from hemoglobin.
F)Too much CO₂ in the blood results in hypoxia.

Answer 2

Most CO₂ is carried in the blood as bicarbonate ions.
As the pH of tissues decreases,more oxygen is released from hemoglobin.

Question 3

Which of the following statements are true of the pleural membranes (Select all that apply)?

A)These are serous membranes made of strong fibrous connective tissue.
B)The visceral pleura lines the lungs.
C)Serous fluid prevents friction during breathing.
D)The parietal pleura lines the chest wall.

Answer 3

C,D

Question 4

Which of the following statements are true of the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries (Select all that apply)?

A)Blood coming into the pulmonary capillaries is low in O2 and high in CO2.
B)The alveolar walls are one cell in thickness.
C)The total alveoli provide a large surface area for gas exchange.
D)The pulmonary capillaries are made of simple squamous epithelium.
E)Type II alveolar cells secrete pulmonary surfactant to increase the osmosis of gases.f.Blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries will return to the left atrium of the heart.

Question 5

Which of the following statements are true of the upper respiratory tract (Select all that apply)?

A)The stratified squamous epithelium of the nasal mucosa is a good barrier to pathogens.
B)The nasopharynx and oropharynx are air passages only.
C)The tonsils are the lymphatic tissue of the pharynx.
D)The nasal mucosa warms and moistens inhaled air.
E)The conchae increase the surface area of the nasopharynx.f.The laryngopharynx opens into the larynx and the esophagus.

Question 6

Which of the following statements are true of respiratory acidosis and alkalosis (Select all that apply)?

A)A severe case of pneumonia may cause respiratory alkalosis.
B)Hyperventilation increases the amount of CO₂ exhaled and lowers the pH of body fluids.
C)Holding your breath will increase the pH of body fluids.
D)To compensate for metabolic alkalosis,respiration will increase in rate and depth.
E)To compensate for metabolic acidosis,the respiratory rate will decrease.
F)Chronic emphysema may result in respiratory acidosis.

Question 7

Which of the following statements are true of the larynx and trachea (Select all that apply)?

A)The thyroid cartilage can be felt on the front of the neck.
B)The trachea is lined with ciliated epithelium; the cilia sweep upward.
C)The vocal cords usually vibrate during exhalation.
D)The epiglottis is the most inferior cartilage of the larynx,to prevent swallowed food from entering the trachea.
E)A series of D-shaped cartilages keeps the trachea open.f.Irritation of the mucosa of the larynx stimulates a cough reflex.

Question 8

Which of the following statements are true of the nervous regulation of respiration (Select all that apply)?

A)The inspiration and expiration centers are in the medulla.
B)The normal breathing rhythm is regulated by the medulla and midbrain.
C)The smooth muscle of the diaphragm does not require nerve impulses to contract.
D)The inflation reflex increases tidal volume when necessary.
E)The pneumotaxic center in the pons prolongs inhalation.f.Impulses from the cerebrum,for singing,can override the medulla,but not indefinitely.

Question 9

Which of the following statements are true of the respiratory muscles and pressure changes during breathing (Select all that apply)?

A)Atmospheric pressure is a constant that depends on a person's elevation above sea level.
B)Contraction of the diaphragm increases the size of the chest cavity from top to bottom.
C)The external intercostal muscles are used only for a forced inhalation.
D)The normal elasticity of the lungs is important for normal exhalation.
E)The diaphragm is smooth muscle that contracts only as part of the breathing reflex.f.A normal inhalation is active,but a normal exhalation is passive.

Question 10

Which of the following statements are true of the chemical regulation of respiration (Select all that apply)?

A)The strongest stimulus to increase breathing is a decrease in CO2 in the body fluids.
B)The carotid bodies and jugular body contain receptors that detect decreased oxygen.
C)Central chemoreceptors that are very sensitive to decreased CO2 are located in the cerebrum.
D)Severe hypoxia will stimulate an increase in breathing rate and depth.