Deck 16 (MR): The Digestive System

Question 1

Which of the following statements are true of the end products of digestion (Select all that apply)?

A)Proteins are digested to amino acids.
B)Starches are digested to glucose and glycerol.
C)Fatty acids are an end product of the digestion of triglycerides.
D)Capillary networks in the villi of the small intestine absorb amino acids,monosaccharides,and water.
E)Lacteals in the villi absorb fat-soluble vitamins; bile salts are necessary.
F)Capillary networks in the villi absorb water-soluble vitamins,and the intrinsic factor is necessary for vitamin B₆.

Answer 1

Proteins are digested to amino acids.
Fatty acids are an end product of the digestion of triglycerides.
Capillary networks in the villi of the small intestine absorb amino acids,monosaccharides,and water.
Lacteals in the villi absorb fat-soluble vitamins; bile salts are necessary.

Question 2

Which of the following statements are true of the large intestine (Select all that apply)?

A)The appendix is a small,dead-end extension of the ascending colon.
B)An important function of the colon is the absorption of water.
C)The splenic flexure is the junction of the transverse colon and the descending colon.
D)The internal anal sphincter is smooth muscle that surrounds the anus.
E)The external anal sphincter is striated muscle that contracts to permit defecation.
F)The normal flora of the colon produce vitamins and inhibit the growth of pathogens.
G)The stimulus for the defecation reflex is contraction of the sigmoid colon.
H)The ileocecal valve prevents backup of feces into the small intestine.

Answer 2

B,C,D,F,H

Question 3

Which of the following statements are true of the digestive processes (Select all that apply)?

A)Chewing and the churning of the stomach are the only forms of mechanical digestion.
B)Chemical digestion requires enzymes,each of which is specific for one type of food.
C)An enzyme that requires a pH of 2 usually will not work at a pH of 8.
D)Mechanical digestion is helpful because it increases the surface area of food for enzymes to function efficiently.

Answer 3

B,C,D

Question 4

Which of the following statements are true of the pharynx and esophagus (Select all that apply)?

A)Peristalsis of the esophagus is part of the swallowing reflex.
B)The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are passageways for both food and air (at different times).
C)The lower esophageal sphincter (LES)is usually contracted,except when something is swallowed.
D)No digestion takes place in the pharynx or esophagus.

Question 5

Which of the following statements are true of the teeth,tongue,and saliva (Select all that apply)?

A)The pulp cavity of a tooth contains blood vessels and ending of the facial nerve.
B)The only voluntary part of swallowing is contraction of the tongue,which pushes the mouth contents backward.
C)Contraction of the tongue involves the glossopharyngeal nerves.
D)The three pairs of salivary glands are innervated by the facial and trigeminal nerves.
E)Saliva contains amylase to digest starch,and lysozyme to inhibit the growth of bacteria.
F)Without saliva,food cannot be tasted.

Question 6

Which of the following statements are true of the locations of the digestive organs (Select all that apply)?

A)The liver is just below the diaphragm,primarily in the upper right quadrant.
B)The parotid salivary glands are below the floor of the mouth.
C)The stomach is posterior to the spleen and inferior to the pancreas.
D)The gallbladder is on the upper surface of the right lobe of the liver.
E)The oropharynx is between the mouth and the esophagus,and is covered by the epiglottis during swallowing.
F)The large intestine turns at the spleen on the right side and at the liver on the left side.g.The pancreas extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the spleen.
H)The ileum is the most superior part of the small intestine,and the duodenum is the most inferior.

Question 7

Which of the following statements are true of the liver,gallbladder,and pancreas (Select all that apply)?

A)Amylase,lipase,and trypsin are all secreted by the pancreas.
B)The gallbladder stores bile and dilutes it to the proper concentration.
C)The liver produces bile to emulsify fats in the duodenum,a form a mechanical digestion.
D)The pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum distal to the common bile duct.
E)The common bile duct is formed by the hepatic duct from the liver and the subhepatic duct from the gallbladder.
F)The hormone cholecystokinin causes contraction of the gallbladder.
G)The bicarbonate juice produced by the pancreas helps lower the pH of the chyme in the duodenum.
H)Secretion of pancreatic enzymes is stimulated by the hormone secretin.

Question 8

Which of the following statements are true of the layers of the alimentary tube (Select all that apply)?

A)The submucosa is made of stratified epithelium and blood vessels.
B)The external muscle layer typically has three layers of smooth muscle.
C)Cells of the mucosa secrete the digestive enzymes of an organ (if any).
D)Lymphatic tissue is found in the mucosa.
E)The serosa below the diaphragm is the visceral peritoneum,and above the diaphragm it is the visceral pleura.
F)Auerbach's (myenteric)plexus is part of the enteric nervous system for the external muscle layer.

Question 9

Which of the following statements are true of the stomach (Select all that apply)?

A)Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and the intrinsic factor.
B)The hormone gastrin decreases gastric motility.
C)Pepsin begins the chemical digestion of proteins.
D)The external muscle layer has only the typical circular and longitudinal layers.
E)The pyloric sphincter prevents backup of stomach contents into the esophagus.
F)Parasympathetic impulses carried by the vagus nerves increase the motility of the stomach.

Question 10

Which of the following statements are true of the functions of the liver (Select all that apply)?

A)Fatty acids are converted to glycerol in the process of beta-oxidation.
B)Albumin is synthesized,and is important to maintain blood volume.
C)Bilirubin from old RBCs is excreted into the blood to be eliminated by the intestines.
D)Enzymes are synthesized to convert potential poisons to less harmful substances.
E)The liver stores the minerals iron and sodium.
F)Glycogen is changed to glucose during hypoglycemia,and the hormone insulin facilitates this process.
G)Transamination is used to synthesize the non-essential amino acids.
H)The clotting factors prothrombin and thrombin are synthesized.

Question 11

Which of the following statements are true of the small intestine (Select all that apply)?

A)The hormones secretin and cholecystokinin are secreted by the duodenum.
B)The stomach empties chyme into the duodenum.
C)The jejunum empties chyme into the large intestine.
D)Sucrase,maltase,and lactase digest polysaccharides to monosaccharides.
E)Peptidases digest polypeptides to short peptides or amino acids.
F)Bile salts are necessary for the absorption of fatty acids and the vitamins B and C.
G)Villi are folds of the mucosa,and contain arteries and veins.
H)Microvilli increase the surface area of the columnar cells of the intestinal mucosa.

Question 12

Which of the following statements are true of the functions of the liver (Select all that apply)?

A)The liver stores vitamins E,K,and B₆.
B)Excess cholesterol is excreted into bile to be eliminated in feces.
C)The liver produces the essential amino acids needed for body proteins.
D)Excess glucose is stored as glycogen,and the hormone glucagon facilitates this process.
E)Kupffer cells phagocytize bacteria that may get to the liver.
F)Deamination produces urea,a nitrogenous waste product that will be excreted by the kidneys.
G)The liver produces the clotting factor fibrinogen.
H)The liver forms lipoproteins to store fat in hepatocytes.