Deck 18: Energy and Metabolism

Question 1

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

A) in the mitochondria
B) in endoplasmic reticulum
C) in the golgi complex
D) in the cytosol
E) in the vacuoles

Answer 1

in the cytosol

Question 2

Which choice correctly labels each type of bond in the following molecule of ATP?

A) All are phosphate ester bonds.
B) All are phosphoanhydride bonds.
C) Both a and b are phosphoanhydride bonds, and c is a phosphate ester bond.
D) Both a and b are phosphate ester bonds, and c is a phosphoanhydride bond.
E) Both a and c are phosphate ester bonds, and b is a phosphoanhydride bond.

Answer 2

Both a and b are phosphoanhydride bonds, and c is a phosphate ester bond.

Question 3

When acetyl coenzyme A is hydrolyzed during the citric acid cycle, which bond in the molecule is broken?

A) bond a
B) bond b
C) bond c
D) bond d
E) bond e

Answer 3

bond a

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of the glycolysis pathway?

A) It is a way to extract energy from glucose without the use of oxygen.
B) It is a way to extract and store energy as ATP.
C) It is a way to form pyruvate.
D) It is a way to make NADH.
E) It is a way to make FAD⁺.

Question 5

What are the products of ATP hydrolysis?

A) ADP and P_i
B) AMP and P_i
C) ADP and water
D) AMP and water
E) ADP, AMP, P_i, and water

Question 6

What is the product of hydrolysis of a triglyceride in the first step of catabolism?

A) one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules
B) one molecule of glycerol and one fatty acid
C) three glucose molecules
D) glucose, fatty acids, and glycerol
E) Triglycerides do not undergo hydrolysis during catabolism.

Question 7

Where does ATP synthase get the energy required to drive phosphorylation of ADP?

A) from the flow of protons from the intermembrane space to the matrix through the inner membrane
B) from the flow of protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space through the inner membrane
C) from the flow of protons from the intermembrane space to the matrix through the enzyme
D) from the flow of protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space through the enzyme
E) from ATP

Question 8

Under what circumstances are amino acids metabolized?

A) They are metabolized during starvation.
B) All dietary amino acids are metabolized.
C) Essential amino acids are always metabolized.
D) Proteins are not hydrolyzed into proteins under any circumstance.
E) They are metabolized under anaerobic conditions.

Question 9

Which choice BEST describes the purpose of the following step of glycolysis?

A) In this step, the molecule is phosphorylated to keep it in the cell.
B) In this step, the molecule is split into two, both of which will become pyruvate.
C) In this step, energy is stored as ATP.
D) In this step, pyruvate is made.
E) In this step, both pyruvate and ATP are made.

Question 10

What is the first step of the metabolism of carbohydrates?

A) In the mouth, amylase hydrolyses starch into glucose, maltose, and dextrins.
B) In the stomach, amylase hydrolyses starch into glucose, maltose, and dextrins.
C) Glucose enters cells.
D) A phosphoryl group is transferred.
E) A glucose molecule is split into two pyruvates.

Question 11

Which statement BEST describes the purpose of oxygen in the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

A) The oxygen is released during the reaction.
B) The oxygen is required to react with pyruvate.
C) The oxygen makes HS-CoA more reactive.
D) The oxygen is required to oxidize NADH to NAD⁺.
E) The oxygen reacts with H⁺.

Question 12

What is the general order in which electrons pass through the electron transport chain?

A) from lowest electron affinity to highest electron affinity
B) from highest electron affinity to lowest electron affinity
C) from most reactive to least reactive
D) form strongest acid to weakest acid
E) from most mobile to least mobile

Question 13

Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates are all broken down into __________, the central molecule of metabolism.

A) glucose
B) carbon dioxide
C) acetyl-coenzyme A
D) ATP
E) pyruvate

Question 14

What is the fate of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

A) It is oxidized.
B) It becomes carbon dioxide.
C) It is reduced to water.
D) It is added to an alkene.
E) Any of these can occur.

Question 15

Which statement BEST describes how energetically uphill reactions occur in the body?

A) Reactions that are not energetically uphill do not occur in the body.
B) Enzymes make these reactions occur at a reasonable rate.
C) The heat of the body drives these reactions.
D) They are coupled to energetically downhill reactions such as ATP hydrolysis.
E) Uphill reactions occur just like downhill ones do, without any input of energy.

Question 16

What is the role of ATP synthase in the synthesis of ATP?

A) ATP synthase harvests the energy for the synthesis.
B) ATP synthase catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP reaction.
C) ATP synthase captures APD and P_i.
D) ATP synthase allows protons to flow into the matrix through its proton channel.
E) All of the above are roles of ATP synthase.

Question 17

Which process does NOT occur in the mitochondria?

A) β-oxidation
B) citric acid cycle
C) oxidative phosphorylation
D) glycolysis
E) All of these occur in the mitochondria.

Question 18

When ATP synthase catalyzes the synthesis of ATP, protons are shunted through it.Which diagram BEST illustrates this process? Note that the circles represent protons and the arrows through the enzyme represent the direction of proton flow.

A) diagram a
B) diagram b
C) diagram c
D) diagram e
E) Any of these will work.

Question 19

The figure below illustrates protons (the circles)separated by a membrane permeable to the protons and water.What will happen to the protons as time passes and the system equilibrates? ​

A) The protons will be neutralized.
B) All of the protons will move from compartment I to compartment II.
C) All of the protons will move from compartment II to compartment I.
D) The concentration of the protons in compartments I and II will become equal.
E) Nothing will happen.

Question 20

In the electron transport chain, one NADH molecule supplies the energy to phosphorylate ___ ADP molecules, and one FADH₂ supplies the energy to phosphorylate ___ ADP molecules.

A) 1; 1
B) 2; 2
C) 3; 3
D) 2; 3
E) 2.5; 1.5

Question 21

Which term describes the role of ATP in this reaction?

A) The hydrolysis of ATP is inhibiting this reaction.
B) The hydrolysis of ATP is a catalyst for this reaction.
C) The hydrolysis of ATP is regulating this reaction.
D) The hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to this reaction.
E) All of the above describe the role of ATP.

Question 22

Which molecule is an acetyl group?

A) molecule a
B) molecule b
C) molecule c
D) molecule d
E) molecule e

Question 23

Catabolism is often called

A) oxidative phosphorylation.
B) cellular respiration.
C) anabolism.
D) oxidation-reduction.
E) the citric acid cycle.

Question 24

Which of the following choices is NOT a common name for the citric acid cycle?

A) CAC
B) TCA cycle
C) Krebs cycle
D) tricarboxylic acid cycle
E) All of these are common names of the citric acid cycle.

Question 25

What is the role of coenzyme Q and cytochrome c in the electron transport chain?

A) They pump protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
B) They pump protons from the intermembrane space to the matrix.
C) The carry coenzymes from one protein complex to the next protein complex.
D) They carry electrons from one protein complex to the next protein complex.
E) They carry small ions from one protein complex to the next protein complex.

Question 26

The following is step 8 of the citric acid cycle.During this step, NAD⁺ is ________ while L-malate is ________.

A) phosphorylated; isomerized
B) isomerized; dehydrated
C) oxidized; reduced
D) reduced; oxidized
E) hydrated; dehydrated

Question 27

Energy is only released during a reaction when a bond is formed, never when it is broken.Which bond is formed during ATP hydrolysis, releasing energy?

A) a C-H bond
B) a C-P bond
C) a H-O bond
D) a P-O bond
E) a P=O bond

Question 28

How many carbons are removed from a fatty acid each time the fatty acid goes through β-oxidation?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 4

Question 29

The potential energy stored in the unequal distribution of protons is called

A) the proton pump.
B) oxidation-reduction.
C) pH.
D) the electron transport chain.
E) the proton motive force.

Question 30

Which of the following choices illustrates the general pathway by which fats are catabolized?

A) reduction to acetyl-CoA → citric acid cycle
B) oxidation to acetyl-CoA → citric acid cycle
C) hydrolysis → reduction to acetyl-CoA → citric acid cycle
D) hydrolysis → oxidation to acetyl-CoA → citric acid cycle
E) hydrolysis → citric acid cycle

Question 31

What is the primary purpose of the flow of electrons through the protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A) to reduce oxygen
B) to oxidize NADH and FADH₂
C) to supply energy for the proton pump
D) to reduce enzymes involved in catabolism
E) to phosphorylate ADP

Question 32

Which bond is broken when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP?

A) bond a
B) bond b
C) bond c
D) bond d
E) bond e

Question 33

The following reaction is a key step in the metabolism of glucose.Which of the following molecules is formed as a result of this reaction?

A) ADP
B) H⁺
C) ATP
D) H₂O
E) P_i

Question 34

Which bond in ATP is referred to as a high-energy bond?

A) a C-H bond
B) a C-P bond
C) a C-O bond
D) a P-O bond
E) a P=O bond

Question 35

Which choice BEST describes the purpose of the following step of glycolysis?

A) In this step, the molecule is phosphorylated to keep it in the cell.
B) In this step, the molecule is split into two, both of which will become pyruvate.
C) In this step, NADH is made.
D) In this step, energy is stored as ATP.
E) In this step, pyruvate is made.

Question 36

What is the identity of I in the following diagram of the citric acid cycle?

A) acetate
B) GTP
C) NADH
D) FADH₂
E) carbon dioxide

Question 37

Which statement does NOT describe the safest and healthiest way for a person to lose weight?

A) A person should drastically reduce their caloric intake.
B) A person should eat a moderate intake of calories.
C) A person should include exercise in their daily routine.
D) A person should eat nutritious foods.
E) A person should maintain steady blood glucose levels.

Question 38

Which of the following choices is the key outcome of the citric acid cycle?

A) Oxygen is consumed.
B) Carbon dioxide is released.
C) Biomolecules are catabolized.
D) FAD and NAD⁺ are reduced.
E) ADP is phosphorylated.

Question 39

Which statement about the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain is FALSE?

A) Oxygen is the ultimate receptor of electrons.
B) Oxygen is reduced to water during oxidative phosphorylation.
C) We inhale oxygen so that it can be used to accept electrons.
D) Catabolism is called cellular respiration because it uses oxygen.
E) Oxygen is released as carbon dioxide through exhalation.

Question 40

The citric acid cycle is a unique metabolic pathway because it is cyclic.Which statement BEST describes how it is cyclic?

A) It is cyclic because oxaloacetate is regenerated.
B) It is cyclic because FAD and NAD⁺ are reduced.
C) It is cyclic because CO₂ is regenerated.
D) It is cyclic because it is linked with oxidative phosphorylation.
E) All of the above are reasons that the citric acid cycle is cyclic.

Question 41

What is the name of the force that drives the phosphorylation of ADP?

A) gravity
B) osmotic pressure
C) weak
D) electric
E) proton motive

Question 42

A high-energy bond is a bond that

A) releases energy when it is broken.
B) is very strong.
C) is very stable.
D) is weak.
E) requires energy to form.

Question 43

Generally, how do compounds such as rotenone and cyanide inhibit the electron transport chain?

A) They block electron transfer downstream from the inhibitor-bound enzyme.
B) They absorb electrons.
C) They are acidic.
D) They inhibit the production of proteins involved in the electron transfer chain.
E) They increase the rate of electron transfer.

Question 44

Which choice describes the purpose of the following step of glycolysis?

A) In this step, the molecule is phosphorylated to keep it in the cell.
B) In this step, the molecule is split into two, both of which will become pyruvate.
C) In this step, NADH is made.
D) In this step, energy is stored as ATP.
E) In this step, pyruvate is made.

Question 45

The following is step 3 of the citric acid cycle.What is the identity of the molecule represented by I?

A) acetate
B) GTP
C) NADH
D) FADH₂
E) carbon dioxide

Question 46

Most enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle are found in the ________ of the mitochondria.

A) inner membrane
B) outer membrane
C) intermembrane space
D) matrix
E) The citric acid cycle does not occur in the mitochondria.

Question 47

Which statement about glycolysis is FALSE?

A) Glycolysis is the only energy-producing metabolic pathway in the brain.
B) Glycolysis requires oxygen.
C) Anaerobic microorganisms use glycolysis for energy production.
D) Glycolysis is an important biochemical pathway in botulism.
E) Glycolysis produces pyruvate from glucose.

Question 48

The following is step 3 of the citric acid cycle.During this step, NAD⁺ is ________, while isocitrate is ________.

A) phosphorylated; isomerized
B) isomerized; dehydrated
C) oxidized; reduced
D) reduced; oxidized
E) hydrated; dehydrated

Question 49

The third step of β-oxidation is shown below.What type of reaction is this?

A) oxidation
B) reduction
C) hydration
D) hydrolysis
E) hydrogenation

Question 50

Every acetyl-CoA molecule that goes through the citric acid cycle provides enough energy to phosphorylate ____ ADP molecules to ATP.

A) 10
B) 5
C) 1
D) 100
E) 0

Question 51

Which parts of the mitochondria contain lipids?

A) inner membrane
B) outer membrane
C) intermembrane space
D) matrix
E) Both membranes contain lipids.

Question 52

According to the diagram below, what happens to the four atoms that begin the citric acid cycle in oxaloacetate?

A) All four atoms continue around the cycle over and over again.
B) Two of the atoms continue around the cycle a second time, and two atoms are released from the cycle.
C) One of the atoms continues around the cycle a second time, and three atoms are released from the cycle.
D) Three of the atoms continue around the cycle a second time, and one atom is released from the cycle.
E) All four atoms are released from the cycle.

Question 53

Where in the cell does β-oxidation take place?

A) the mitochondria
B) the cell membrane
C) the cytoplasm
D) the nucleus
E) everywhere

Question 54

One of the steps of glycolysis is given below.What type of reaction is this?

A) oxidation
B) hydration
C) hydrogenation
D) dehydration
E) phosphoryl transfer

Question 55

The ATP produced by cellular respiration is used in the process of _____________.

A) building proteins
B) synthesizing DNA
C) moving muscles
D) pumping ions across membranes
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 56

Which is NOT a symptom of cyanide poisoning?

A) stroke
B) headache
C) lethargy
D) respiratory arrest
E) convulsions

Question 57

Which choice BEST describes the purpose of the following step of glycolysis?

A) In this step, the molecule is phosphorylated to keep it in the cell.
B) In this step, the molecule is split into two, both of which will become pyruvate.
C) In this step, NADH is made.
D) In this step, energy is stored as ATP.
E) In this step, pyruvate is made.

Question 58

The following diagrams illustrate the two aqueous spaces and the inner membrane of the mitochondrial.In which diagram is the relative concentration of protons such that oxidative phosphorylation could occur if ATP synthase were present?

A) diagram a
B) diagram b
C) diagram c
D) diagram d
E) diagram e

Question 59

The first stage of catabolism is commonly referred to as_________.

A) metabolism
B) respiration
C) catalysis
D) transport
E) digestion

Question 60

Which statement BEST describes the electron transport chain?

A) It is a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to oxygen.
B) It is another name for the citric acid cycle.
C) It is the same thing as catabolism.
D) It is cyclic, where the same oxygens are used over and over to transport electrons.
E) All of the above describe this chain.

Question 61

Two molecules of carbon dioxide are released for every turn of the citric acid cycle.What happens to those molecules of carbon dioxide?

A) They are used in anabolic processes.
B) They stay within the citric acid cycle, contributing to the cyclic nature of the pathway.
C) They are exhaled.
D) They are excreted in urine.
E) They undergo oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 62

The net result of glycolysis is an output of energy in the form of _______ from the catabolism of a single glucose molecule.

A) 2 ATPs
B) 2 NADHs
C) 4 ATPs
D) 2 ATPs and 2 NADHs
E) 4 ATPs and 2 NADHs

Question 63

The first step of β-oxidation is shown below.What type of reaction is this?

A) oxidation
B) reduction
C) hydration
D) hydrolysis
E) hydrogenation

Question 64

Why is the metabolism of fat sometimes called "burning fat"?

A) The fat is heated.
B) Exercise is a painful activity.
C) The fat is oxidized.
D) Exercise makes a person sweat and feel hot.
E) The fat melts.

Question 65

The following figure illustrates a proton gradient.In this figure, protons are indicated by small circles.Which part of the figure has the lower pH?

A) part I because it has a lower concentration of protons
B) part II because it has a lower concentration of protons
C) part I because it has a higher concentration of protons
D) part II because it has a higher concentration of protons
E) They both have the same pH because pH has nothing to do with protons.

Question 66

Which statement BEST describes the body's purpose in making lactic acid from pyruvate?

A) to cause "the burn" during strenuous exercise
B) to raise the pH of the immediate environment
C) to produce NAD⁺ for use in glycolysis
D) to produce FADH₂ for use in glycolysis
E) to regenerate ADP

Question 67

The citric acid cycle has a unique circular appearance when written due to the regeneration of oxaloacetate.Which of the following molecules is oxaloacetate?

A) molecule a
B) molecule b
C) molecule c
D) molecule d
E) molecule e

Question 68

What is produced by β-oxidation?

A) acetyl-CoA only
B) acetyl-CoA and ATP
C) acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH₂
D) ATP only
E) ATP, NADH, and FADH₂

Question 69

Where does ATP synthase get the energy required to drive phosphorylation of ADP?

A) the potential energy of the proton motive force
B) from the reduction of NAD⁺
C) from the hydrolysis of ATP
D) from the reduction of oxygen
E) ATP synthase does not require energy.

Question 70

Whether a sugar starts out as a fructose, galactose, or glucose, it must undergo enzyme-catalyzed reactions in order to become a single type of monosaccharide so that it can go through glycolysis, the second stage of catabolism.Which monosaccharide must all of these sugars become?

A) fructose
B) galactose
C) mannose
D) talose
E) glucose

Question 71

A difference in proton concentration between adjacent regions is known as a

A) pH difference.
B) proton concentration difference.
C) proton gradient.
D) PCAR.
E) mitochondrion.

Question 72

What type of reaction occurs during the electron transport chain?

A) hydrolysis
B) condensation
C) oxidation-reduction
D) esterification
E) acetylation

Question 73

What is the purpose of coenzyme A in metabolism?

A) Coenzyme A delivers ADP so that it can be phosphorylated to become ATP.
B) Coenzyme A delivers ATP so that it can be dephosphorylated to become ADP.
C) Coenzyme A provides the energy for catabolism to occur.
D) Coenzyme A transfers electrons to where they need to go.
E) Coenzyme A transfers acyl groups.

Question 74

The ATP synthesized during catabolic processes is used to provide energy for ____ processes in the cell.

A) oxidative
B) anabolic
C) slow
D) unusual
E) downhill

Question 75

Cyanide alters the normal relative concentration of protons in the intermembrane space and the matrix of the mitochondria.What is the effect of this change in concentration?

A) The electron transport chain will run out of control.
B) NADH cannot be oxidized.
C) FADH₂ cannot be oxidized.
D) ATP cannot be synthesized.
E) All of the above are true.

Question 76

Which protein is mobile?

A) Complex I
B) Complex II
C) Complex III
D) Complex IV
E) cytochrome c

Question 77

During glucose metabolism, the following reaction occurs.What is this reaction called?

A) phosphoryl group transfer reaction
B) hydrolysis
C) hydration
D) dehydration
E) oxidation

Question 78

Where in the cell does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A) everywhere
B) in the ribosomes
C) in the mitochondria
D) in the cytoplasm
E) in the nucleus

Question 79

Which statement does NOT describe conditions under which lactic acid is formed?

A) Lactic acid is formed in aerobic conditions.
B) Lactic acid is formed when oxygen is depleted.
C) Lactic acid is formed during vigorous exercise.
D) Lactic acid is produced by the bacteria that cause tooth decay.
E) Lactic acid is produced by bacterial fermentation.

Question 80

Which part of the electron transport chain does cyanide inhibit?

A) all of it
B) Complex I
C) Complex I and III
D) Complex II
E) the reduction of oxygen